Misplaced Pages

#576423

49-581: CNRI develops the Handle System for managing and locating digital information . CNRI obtained DARPA funding for the development of JPython ( Jython ), a Python implementation in and for Java , initially created by Jim Hugunin . The MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange (MNX) is an effort located at CNRI that provides semiconductor implementation services to the United States and was established with support from DARPA. CNRI formerly operated

98-465: A federation, using common policy or additional technology to provide shared services. As one of the first persistent identifier schemes, the Handle System has been widely adopted by public and private institutions and proven over several years. (See Paradigm, Persistent identifiers.) Handle System applications may use handles as simple persistent identifiers (as most commonly used, to resolve to

147-403: A fee. As with other uses of handles in computing, the handle is opaque; that is, it encodes no information about the underlying resource and provides only the means to retrieve metadata about the resource. This may be contrasted with a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which may encode within the identifier such attributes of the resource as the protocol to be used to access the server holding

196-643: A framework to the handle application: for example, the Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Initiative brings together Handle System application with existing standards for distributed learning content, using a Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM), and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system implementation of the Handle System has adopted it together with the indecs framework to deal with semantic interoperability . The Handle System also makes explicit

245-422: A high percentage of the extant handles, are usually presented with a "doi:" prefix: doi:10.1000/182 . Any Handle may be expressed as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) through the use of the generic HTTP proxy server : Some Handle-based systems offer an HTTP proxy server that is intended for use with their own system such as: Implementation of the Handle System consists of Local Handle Services, each of which

294-437: A mix of objects required for a distance-learning course. There are thousands of handle services running today, located in 71 countries, on 6 continents; over 1000 of them run at universities and libraries. Handle services are being run by user federations, national laboratories, universities, computing centers, libraries (national and local), government agencies, contractors, corporations, and research groups. Major publishers use

343-606: A namespace within the info URI scheme ; for example, 20.1000/100 may be written as the URI, info:hdl/20.1000/100 . Some Handle System namespaces, such as Digital Object Identifiers, are "info:" URI namespaces in their own right; for example, info:doi/10.1000/182 is another way of writing the handle for the current revision of the DOI Handbook as a URI. Some Handle System namespaces define special presentation rules. For example, Digital Object Identifiers , which represent

392-477: A resource. Similar to domain names, prefixes are issued to naming authorities by one of the "multi-primary administrators" of the system upon payment of a fee, which must be renewed annually. A naming authority may create any number of handles, with unique "local names", within their assigned prefixes. Two example of handles are: In the first example, which is the handle for the HANDLE.NET software license, 20.1000

441-426: A series of implementation tools, notably the HANDLE.NET Software and HANDLE.NET Client Libraries. Handle clients can be embedded in end user software (e.g., a web browser) or in server software (e.g., a web server) and extensions are already available for Adobe Acrobat and Firefox . Handle client software libraries are available in both C and Java. Some applications have developed specific add-on tools, e.g., for

490-654: A year-long study of the need for a system to identify electronic copyright ownership and to manage the digital purchase of rights. The CNRI Handle system was first demonstrated at a February 1997 meeting of the Professional/Scholarly Publishing (PSP) division of the AAP meeting in Washington, DC . The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on

539-409: Is also available for users who intend to provide identifier or resolution services using the Handle System technology under the Handle System public license. The Handle System represents several components of a long-term digital object architecture. In January 2010 CNRI released its general-purpose Digital Object Repository software, another major component of this architecture. More information about

SECTION 10

#1732776579577

588-433: Is available, the types of access (e.g. "free" versus "paid") offered, and to whom. The processing of the metadata to determine how and where the resource should be accessed, and the provision of the resource to the user, are performed in a separate step, called "resolution", using a Resolver, a server which may be different from the ones involved in exchanging the handle for the metadata. Unlike URLs, which may become invalid if

637-498: Is defined in informational RFCs 3650, 3651 and 3652 of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ; it includes an open set of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols. Documentation, software, and related information is provided by CNRI on a dedicated website Handles consist of a prefix which identifies a "naming authority" and a suffix which gives the "local name" of

686-411: Is made up of one or more sites that provide the servers that store specific handles. The Global Handle Registry is a unique Local Handle Service which stores information on the prefixes (also known as naming authorities) within the Handle System and can be queried to find out where specific handles are stored on other Local Handle Services within this distributed system. The Handle System website provides

735-463: Is not only persistent but actionable: you can plug it into a web browser and be taken to the identified source. Of course, the issue of persistent identification predates the Internet. Over centuries, writers and scholars developed standards for citation of paper-based documents so that readers could reliably and efficiently find a source that a writer mentioned in a footnote or bibliography. After

784-415: Is that "persistence is purely a matter of service". That means that persistent identifiers are only persistent to the degree that someone commits to resolving them for users. No identifier can be inherently persistent, however many persistent identifiers are created within institutionally administered systems with the aim to maximise longevity. However, some regular URLs (i.e. web addresses), maintained by

833-490: Is the prefix assigned to the naming authority (in this case, Handle.net itself) and 100 is the local name within that namespace. The local name may consist of any characters from the Unicode UCS-2 character set. The prefix also consists of any UCS-2 characters, other than "/". The prefixes consist of one or more naming authority segments, separated by periods, representing a hierarchy of naming authorities. Thus, in

882-715: The Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) as a part of the Digital Object Architecture (DOA). The original work was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) between 1992 and 1996, as part of a wider framework for distributed digital object services, and was thus contemporaneous with the early deployment of the World Wide Web , with similar goals. The Handle System

931-707: The DOI System. The interoperable network of distributed handle resolver servers (also known as the Proxy Server System) are linked through a Global Resolver (which is one logical entity though physically decentralised and mirrored). Users of Handle System technology obtain a handle prefix created in the Global Handle Registry. The Global Handle Registry maintains and resolves the prefixes of locally maintained handle services. Any local handle service can, therefore, resolve any handle through

980-572: The Global Resolver. Handles (identifiers) are passed by a client, as a query of the naming authority/prefix, to the Handle System's Global Handle Registry (GHR). The GHR responds by sending the client the location information for the relevant Local Handle Service (which may consist of multiple servers in multiple sites); a query is then sent to the relevant server within the Local Handle Service. The Local Handle Service returns

1029-477: The Handle System as an "emerging trend". Handle System, HANDLE.NET and Global Handle Registry are trademarks of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a non-profit research and development corporation in the US. The Handle System is the subject of patents by CNRI, which licenses its Handle System technology through a public license, similar to an open source license, in order to enable broader use of

SECTION 20

#1732776579577

1078-462: The Handle System for persistent identification of commercially traded and Open Access content through its implementation with the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system . The number of prefixes, which allow users to assign handles, is growing and stands at over 12,000 as of early 2014. There are six top-level Global Handle Registry servers that receive (on average) 68 million resolution requests per month. Proxy servers known to CNRI, passing requests to

1127-415: The Internet started to become an important source of information in the 1990s, the issue of citation standards became important in the online world as well. Studies have shown that within a few years of being cited, a significant percentage of web addresses go "dead", a process often called link rot . Using a persistent identifier can slow or stop this process. An important aspect of persistent identifiers

1176-664: The Internet. The DONA System is under consideration at the ITU and has been adopted by several countries. D-Lib Magazine was an on-line magazine dedicated to digital library research and development, produced by CNRI. MNX was established with support from the United States Department of Defense (DoD), specifically, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The MNX is a design and fabrication service provider to

1225-630: The Secretariat of the Internet Engineering Task Force . Guido van Rossum , pioneer for open source software and creator of Python, at one time worked for this company. The formation and early funding of the Internet Society were led by CNRI. At the first meeting of the Internet Society board, Vint Cerf , representing CNRI, offered, "In the event a deficit occurs, CNRI has agreed to contribute up to USD102000 to offset it." In

1274-487: The United States research and development (R&D) community for micro- and nano-systems made using semiconductor-based fabrication methodologies. Since its founding in 1998, the MNX has completed over 3,000 different fabrication projects, many of these projects representing cutting-edge research having significant national security and economic importance. MNX has provided implementation services to over 1,000 organizations in

1323-442: The United States, including: defense contractors; DoD and Federal laboratories; leading academic researchers; fortune 500 companies; and many start-ups. The MNX at CNRI was founded and is managed by Dr. Michael Huff. The MEMS Clearinghouse was originally established at USC/ISI with support from the United States Department of Defense (DoD), specifically, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The MNX of CNRI took over

1372-590: The current URL of an object), or may choose to take advantage of other features. Its support for the simultaneous return as output of multiple pieces of current information related to the object, in defined data structures, enables priorities to be established for the order in which the multiple resolutions will be used. Handles can, therefore, resolve to different digital versions of the same content, to mirror sites, or to different business models (pay vs. free, secure vs. open, public vs. private). They can also resolve to different digital versions of differing content, such as

1421-524: The event, the contribution was not needed. CNRI did cover many of the expenses of the Internet Society in 1992. They also paid Cerf's salary during 1993, when much of his time was devoted to building the Internet Society. In 1996, the Association of American Publishers announced that R. R. Bowker and the CNRI had been selected to design a Digital Object Identifier system. The effort was initiated after

1470-556: The example 20 is the naming authority prefix for CNRI, while 1000 designates a subordinate naming authority within the 20 prefix. Other examples of top-level prefixes for the federated naming authorities of the DONA Foundation are 10 for DOI handles; 11 for handles assigned by the ITU ; 21 for handles issued by the German Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH Göttingen (GWDG),

1519-506: The handles can be done in a distributed environment, similar to DNS domain names. The name-to-value bindings may also be secured, both via signatures to verify the data and via challenge response to verify the transmission of the data, allowing handles to be used in trust management applications. It is possible for the same underlying information resource to be associated with multiple handles, as when two university libraries generate handles (and therefore possibly different sets of metadata) for

Corporation for National Research Initiatives - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-522: The identified entities, nor is it limited to identifying only digital objects: non-digital entities may be represented as a corresponding digital object for the purposes of digital object management. Some care is needed in the definition of such objects and how they relate to non-digital entities; there are established models that can aid in such definitions e.g., Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) , CIDOC CRM , and indecs content model . Some applications have found it helpful to marry such

1617-602: The importance of organizational commitment to a persistent identifier scheme, but does not mandate one model for ensuring such commitment. Individual applications may choose to establish their own sets of rules and social infrastructure to ensure persistence (e.g., when used in the DSpace application, and the DOI application). The Handle system is designed to meet the following requirements to contribute to persistence The identifier string: The identifier resolution mechanism: Among

1666-401: The information necessary to locate, access, and otherwise make use of the resources". As with handles used elsewhere in computing, Handle System handles are opaque, and encode no information about the underlying resource, being bound only to metadata regarding the resource. Consequently, the handles are not rendered invalid by changes to the metadata. The system was developed by Bob Kahn at

1715-410: The information needed to acquire the resource, e.g., a URL which can then be turned into an HTTP redirect. (Note: if the client already has information on the appropriate LHS to query, the initial query to GHR is omitted) Though the original model from which the Handle System derives dealt with management of digital objects, the Handle System does not mandate any particular model of relationships between

1764-577: The management of the MEMS Clearinghouse under the management of Dr. Michael Huff. It was then renamed the MEMSNet. The MEMSNet includes a number of information and service offerings including: an extensive material property database with references; MEMSTalk which is an on-line discussion groups of people interested in semiconductor technologies; news articles about semiconductor technologies; events and meetings; and more. At one time, MEMSNet

1813-427: The metadata embedded within them becomes invalid, handles do not become invalid and do not need to change when locations or other metadata attributes change. This helps to prevent link rot , as changes in the information resource (such as location) need only be reflected in changes to the metadata, rather than in changes in every reference to the resource. Each handle may have its own administrator and administration of

1862-478: The objects that are currently identified by handles are journal articles, technical reports, books, theses and dissertations, government documents, metadata, distributed learning content, and data sets. Handles are being used in digital watermarking applications, GRID applications, repositories, and more. Although individual users may download and use the HANDLE.NET software independently, many users have found it beneficial to collaborate in developing applications in

1911-427: The release, including protocol specification, source code and ready-to-use system, clients and utilities, is available. Persistent identifier A persistent identifier ( PI or PID ) is a long-lasting reference to a document, file, web page, or other object. The term "persistent identifier" is usually used in the context of digital objects that are accessible over the Internet. Typically, such an identifier

1960-411: The resource, the server host name and port number, and perhaps even location specifics such as the name of a file in the server file system containing the resource. In the Handle System, these specifics are not encoded in the handle, but are found in the metadata to which the handle is bound. The metadata may include many attributes of the information resource, such as its locations, the forms in which it

2009-560: The same book. The Handle System is compatible with the Domain Name System (DNS), but does not require it, unlike persistent identifiers such as PURLs or ARKs , which are similar to handles, but which utilise domain names. However, unlike these domain-name based approaches, handles do require a separate prefix registration process and handle servers separate from the domain name servers. Handles can be used natively, or expressed as Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) through

Corporation for National Research Initiatives - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-593: The scientific computing center of the University of Göttingen ; and 86 for the Coalition of Handle Services – China. Older "legacy" prefixes issued by CNRI before the "multi-primary administrator" (MPA) structure was instituted are typically four of five digits, as in the second example above, a handle administered by the University of Leicester . All prefixes must be registered in the Global Handle Registry through an DONA Foundation approved registrar, normally for

2107-477: The source code for reference implementations for the servers and protocols used in the system under a royalty-free "Public License", similar to an open source license. Thousands of handle services are currently running. Over 1000 of these are at universities and libraries, but they are also in operation at national laboratories, research groups, government agencies, and commercial enterprises, receiving over 200 million resolution requests per month. The Handle System

2156-587: The system on the Web, receive (on average) 200 million resolution requests per month. (Statistics from Handle Quick Facts.) In 2010, CNRI and ITU (International Telecommunication Union) entered into an agreement to collaborate on use of the Handle System (and the Digital Object Architecture more generally) and are working on the specific details of that collaboration; in April 2009 ITU listed

2205-562: The technology. Handle System infrastructure is supported by prefix registration and service fees, with the majority coming from single prefix holders. The largest current single contributor is the International DOI Foundation . The Public License allows commercial and non-commercial use at low cost of both its patented technology and the reference implementation of the software, and allows the software to be freely embedded in other systems and products. A Service Agreement

2254-538: The website owner, are intended to be long-lasting; these are often called permalinks . People and organisations: Publications: Uniform Resource Identifiers : Combined persistent identifier and archiving functionality is provided by services such as the Internet Archive perma.cc , archive.today , and WebCite such that anyone can archive a web page to prevent link rot of a URL. This article relating to library science or information science

2303-490: Was developed by the MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange program at CNRI managed by Dr. Michael Huff for semiconductor foundry network operations. DurusWorks release 1.2. Dr. David Binger and Neil Schemenaur were the principal developers of DurusWorks. Handle System The Handle System is a proprietary registry assigning persistent identifiers , or handles , to information resources, and for resolving "those handles into

2352-632: Was first implemented in autumn 1994, and was administered and operated by CNRI until December 2015, when a new "multi-primary administrator" (MPA) mode of operation was introduced. The DONA Foundation now administers the system's Global Handle Registry and accredits MPAs, including CNRI and the International DOI Foundation . The system currently provides the underlying infrastructure for such handle-based systems as Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) and DSpace , which are mainly used to provide access to scholarly, professional and government documents and other information resources. CNRI provides specifications and

2401-472: Was the most popular web site for MEMS technology. CNRI developed the Digital Object (DO) Repository software, with digital object architecture which provides a mechanism for the creation of, and access to, digital objects as discrete data structures with unique, resolvable identifiers. GNU Mailman is a free mailing list manager . Python releases 1.3 through 1.6, see Python License DurusWorks

#576423