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21-584: [REDACTED] Look up cAMP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CAMP , cAMP or camP may stand for: CAMP: Cathelicidin , or Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide Campaign Against Marijuana Planting CAMP, part of the Prague Institute of Planning and Development Central Atlantic magmatic province CAMP (company) , an Italian manufacturer of climbing equipment CAMP (studio) ,

42-596: A media studio in Mumbai CAMP factor , a substance that enhances hemolysis by the beta-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid , a GABA A -ρ agonist camP: 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase , an enzyme See also [ edit ] Camp (disambiguation) Camping (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with CAMP All pages with titles containing CAMP Topics referred to by

63-536: A media studio in Mumbai CAMP factor , a substance that enhances hemolysis by the beta-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid , a GABA A -ρ agonist camP: 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase , an enzyme See also [ edit ] Camp (disambiguation) Camping (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with CAMP All pages with titles containing CAMP Topics referred to by

84-515: A specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon. Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to

105-510: Is a second messenger , used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline , which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases . In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2 . cAMP

126-470: Is activated to bind to DNA. CRP-cAMP increases expression of a large number of genes, including some encoding enzymes that can supply energy independent of glucose. cAMP, for example, is involved in the positive regulation of the lac operon . In an environment with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP ( cAMP receptor protein ), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to

147-414: Is associated with kinases function in several biochemical processes, including the regulation of glycogen , sugar , and lipid metabolism . In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-dependent protein kinase ). PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric holoenzyme , consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory units (C 2 R 2 ), with the regulatory units blocking

168-574: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages cAMP [REDACTED] Look up cAMP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CAMP , cAMP or camP may stand for: CAMP: Cathelicidin , or Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide Campaign Against Marijuana Planting CAMP, part of the Prague Institute of Planning and Development Central Atlantic magmatic province CAMP (company) , an Italian manufacturer of climbing equipment CAMP (studio) ,

189-498: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP). The synthesis of cAMP

210-428: Is stimulated by trophic hormones that bind to receptors on cell surface. cAMP levels reach maximal levels within minutes and decrease gradually over an hour in cultured cells. Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through

231-505: The HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in age-related illnesses and ADHD, is of interest to researchers studying the brain. cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine. Disrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins. They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories: Forskolin

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252-418: The activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G ( G s )-protein-coupled receptors. Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G ( G i )-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase . cAMP

273-461: The catalytic centers of the catalytic units. Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins. The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on

294-421: The cell's ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. Not all protein kinases respond to cAMP. Several classes of protein kinases , including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent. Further effects mainly depend on cAMP-dependent protein kinase , which vary based on

315-412: The level of cAMP varies depending on the medium used for growth. In particular, cAMP is low when glucose is the carbon source. This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase , as a side-effect of glucose transport into the cell. The transcription factor cAMP receptor protein (CRP) also called CAP (catabolite gene activator protein) forms a complex with cAMP and thereby

336-432: The roles given below: Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers. Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex through its regulation of ion channels called hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates

357-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CAMP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAMP&oldid=1243156736 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

378-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CAMP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAMP&oldid=1243156736 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

399-444: The species Dictyostelium discoideum , cAMP acts outside the cell as a secreted signal. The chemotactic aggregation of cells is organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate between cells over distances as large as several centimetres. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers of territories. In bacteria ,

420-434: The type of cell. Still, there are some minor PKA-independent functions of cAMP, e.g., activation of calcium channels , providing a minor pathway by which growth hormone-releasing hormone causes a release of growth hormone . However, the view that the majority of the effects of cAMP are controlled by PKA is an outdated one. In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity

441-537: Was discovered. These are termed Exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) and the family comprises Epac1 and Epac2 . The mechanism of activation is similar to that of PKA: the GEF domain is usually masked by the N-terminal region containing the cAMP binding domain. When cAMP binds, the domain dissociates and exposes the now-active GEF domain, allowing Epac to activate small Ras-like GTPase proteins, such as Rap1 . In

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