Misplaced Pages

#181818

48-455: Examples of products that CDRH regulates include medical devices ranging from tongue depressors and personal protective equipment (PPE) to pacemakers and robotic surgical systems, and medical and non-medical radiation-emitting electronic products such as lasers , x-ray systems, ultrasound equipment, microwave ovens , and color televisions . As of October 2024, the Director of CDRH

96-536: A costume based on an already existing creative property), creating models out of card stock or paper – called papercraft . Many of these fall under the category visual arts . Writing is often taken up as a hobby by aspiring writers and usually appears in the form of personal blog , guest posting or fan fiction (literary art resulting in creation of written content based on already existing, licensed creative property under specified terms). Reading books, eBooks , magazines, comics, or newspapers, along with browsing

144-723: A framework which distinguishes the terms in a useful categorization of leisure in which casual leisure is separated from serious Leisure . He describes serious leisure as undertaken by amateurs , hobbyists and volunteers . Amateurs engage in pursuits that have a professional counterpart, such as playing an instrument or astronomy . Hobbyists engage in five broad types of activity: collecting , making and tinkering (like embroidery and car restoration), activity participation (like fishing and singing), sports and games , and liberal-arts hobbies (like languages, cuisine, literature). Volunteers commit to organizations where they work as guides, counsellors, gardeners and so on. The separation of

192-404: A logical manner. The following categorization of hobbies was developed by Stebbins. Collecting includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying and storing. Collecting is appealing to many people due to their interest in a particular subject and a desire to categorize and make order out of complexity. Some collectors are generalists, accumulating items from countries of

240-413: A long period of time. Making and Tinkering hobbies include higher-end projects, such as building or restoring a car or building a computer from individual parts, like CPUs and SSDs. For computer savvy do-it-yourself hobbyists, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining may also be popular. A CNC machine can be assembled and programmed to make different parts from wood or metal. Tinkering is 'dabbling' with

288-418: A number of English people. Over the course of subsequent centuries, the term came to be associated with recreation and leisure . In the 17th century, the term was used in a pejorative sense by suggesting that a hobby was a childish pursuit, however, in the 18th century with more industrial society and more leisure time, hobbies took on greater respectability. A hobby is also called a pastime , derived from

336-593: A real-life object in a smaller scale and dates back to prehistoric times with small clay "dolls" and other children's toys that have been found near known populated areas. Some of the earliest scale models of residences were found in Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in Eastern Europe. These artifacts were dated to be around 3000–6000 BC. Similar models dating back to the same period were found in ancient Egypt, India, China and Mesopotamia archaeological sites. At

384-504: A space referred to as the garden. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located on a roof , in an atrium , on a balcony , in a windowbox , or on a patio or vivarium . Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens ( botanical gardens or zoological gardens ), amusement and theme parks , along transportation corridors, and around tourist attractions and hotels . In these situations,

432-464: A staff of gardeners or groundskeepers maintains the gardens. Indoor gardening is concerned with growing houseplants within a residence or building, in a conservatory , or in a greenhouse . Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated into air conditioning or heating systems. Water gardening is concerned with growing plants that have adapted to pools and ponds, along with aqua-scaping in planted aquariums . Bog gardens are also considered

480-406: A traditional hobby, such as collecting , to flourish and support trading in a new environment. Hobbyists are a part of a wider group of people engaged in leisure pursuits where the boundaries of each group overlap to some extent. The Serious Leisure Perspective groups hobbyists with amateurs and volunteers and identifies three broad groups of leisure activity with hobbies being found mainly in

528-722: A type of water garden. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plants. Container gardening is concerned with growing plants in containers that are placed above the ground. Many hobbies involve performances by the hobbyist, such as singing , acting, juggling , magic , dancing, playing a musical instrument , martial arts , and other performing arts . Some hobbies may result in an end product. Examples of this would be woodworking , photography , moviemaking , jewelry making , software projects such as Photoshopping and home music or video production , making bracelets , artistic projects such as drawing , painting , Cosplay (design, creation, and wearing

SECTION 10

#1732782308182

576-425: A variety of materials. Since they are inexpensive and difficult to clean because of their porous texture, wooden tongue depressors are labeled for disposal after a single usage. Ice pops and ice cream bars have used wooden tongue depressors to hold the confection, leading to the name popsicle sticks. Hobbyists , artists, and teachers use wooden tongue depressors in sculptural projects, which has led to

624-504: Is Michelle Tarver M.D., Ph.D. CDRH is consists of seven offices that work in collaboration to assure that consumers have access to safe and effective medical products. The Office of Product Evaluation and Quality (OPEQ), one of the seven offices in CDRH, is structured to monitor the entirety of a medical product's evolution. Pre-market and post-market teams work together to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. OPEQ houses

672-561: Is a tool used in medical practice to depress the tongue to allow for examination of the mouth and throat. For this use, it is also known as a spatula. Earlier versions of depressors were made from balsa , pine , or redwood woods. Tongue depressors made from wood and metal exist from the American Civil War . The most common modern tongue depressors are flat, thin, wooden blades , smoothed and rounded at both ends, but, historically, tongue depressors have been made of

720-489: Is a demanding hobby that requires a multitude of large and expensive machine tools , such as lathes and mills . This hobby originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, later spreading and flourishing in the mid-20th century. Due to the expense and space required, it is becoming rare. 3D Printing is a relatively new technology and already a major hobby as the cost of printers has fallen sharply. It

768-460: Is a good example of how hobbyists quickly engage with new technologies, communicate with one another and become producers related to their former hobby. 3D modeling is the process of making mathematical representations of three dimensional items and is an aspect of 3D printing. Dressmaking has been a major hobby up until the late 20th century, in order to make cheap clothes, but also as a creative design and craft challenge. It has been reduced by

816-524: Is an important role in being in touch with fellow hobbyists. Some hobbies are of communal nature, like choral singing and volunteering. People who engage in hobbies have an interest in and time to pursue them. Children have been an important group of hobbyists because they are enthusiastic for collecting, making and exploring, in addition to this they have the leisure time that allows them to pursue those hobbies. The growth in hobbies occurred during industrialization which gave workers set time for leisure. During

864-404: Is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation, serious leisure which is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment, and finally project-based leisure which is a short-term, often one-off, project that is rewarding. In the 16th century, the term "hobby" had

912-505: Is socially valorized precisely because it produces feelings of satisfaction with something that looks very much like work but that is done of its own sake." "Hobbies are a contradiction: they take work and turn it into leisure, and take leisure and turn it into work." A 2018 study using survey results identified the term "hobby" to most accurately describe activities associated with making or collecting objects, especially when done alone. Cultural trends related to hobbies change with time. In

960-631: The 1970s, Congress responded to the public's desire for additional oversight over medical devices by passing the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (MDA) to the FD&;C. The MDA established a risk-based framework for the classification of medical devices and a regulatory pathway for medical devices to get to the market, created a regulatory pathway for medical device clinical trials , and established several post-market requirements including manufacturer registration and device listing with

1008-447: The 20th century there was extensive research into the important role that play has in human development. While most evident in childhood, play continues throughout life for many adults in the form of games, hobbies, and sport. Moreover, studies of aging and society support the value of hobbies in healthy aging. There have been many instances where hobbyists and amateurs have achieved significant discoveries and developments. These are

SECTION 20

#1732782308182

1056-458: The 21st century, the video game industry has been popular as a hobby involving millions of children and adults. Stamp collecting declined along with the importance of the postal system. Woodwork and knitting declined as hobbies, because manufactured goods provide cheap alternatives for handmade goods. Through the internet, an online community has become a hobby for many people; sharing advice, information and support, and in some cases, allowing

1104-458: The Depression there was an increase in the participation in hobbies because the unemployed had the time and a desire to be purposefully occupied. Hobbies are often pursued with an increased interest by retired people because they have the time and seek the intellectual and physical stimulation a hobby provides. Hobbies are a diverse set of activities and it is difficult to categorize them in

1152-671: The FDA, good manufacturing practices (GMPs), and reporting of adverse events. Another predecessor of CDRH was the Public Health Service 's Division of Radiological Health, which was formed in the late 1950s within the Environmental Health Divisions of the Bureau of State Services . In 1970, as part of the Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973 , this division was split, with part going to

1200-625: The Office of Health Technologies (OHT), which is further subdivided into 8 offices by device type. Each office performs reviews of products over their lifecycle. Medical devices first came under comprehensive regulation with the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FD&C), which replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The FD&C allowed the FDA to perform factory inspections and prohibited misbranded marketing of cosmetic and therapeutic medical devices. In

1248-526: The Serious leisure category. Casual leisure is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment. Finally, project-based leisure is a short-term often a one-off project that is rewarding. The terms amateur and hobbyist are often used interchangeably. Stebbins has

1296-660: The advent of modern plastics, the amount of skill required to get the basic shape accurately shown for any given subject was lessened, making it easier for people of all ages to begin assembling replicas in varying scales. Superheroes, aero planes, boats, cars, tanks, artillery, and even figures of soldiers became quite popular subjects to build, paint and display. Although almost any subject can be found in almost any scale, there are common scales for such miniatures which remain constant today. Model engineering refers to building functioning machinery in metal, such as internal combustion motors and live steam models or locomotives. This

1344-455: The amateur from the hobbyist is because the amateur has the ethos of the professional practitioner as a guide to practice. An amateur clarinetist is conscious of the role and procedures of a professional clarinetist. A large proportion of hobbies are mainly solitary in nature. However, individual pursuit of a hobby often includes club memberships, organized sharing of products and regular communication between participants. For many hobbies there

1392-514: The culture that is most truly native centers round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the 'nice cup of tea'." Deciding what to include in a list of hobbies provokes debate because it is difficult to decide which pleasurable pass-times can also be described as hobbies. During the 20th century the term hobby suggested activities, such as stamp collecting, embroidery, knitting, painting, woodwork, and photography. Typically

1440-405: The description did not include activities like listening to music, watching television, or reading. These latter activities bring pleasure, but lack the sense of achievement usually associated with a hobby. They are usually not structured, organized pursuits, as most hobbies are. The pleasure of a hobby is usually associated with making something of value or achieving something of value. "Such leisure

1488-445: The group of activities which occur outdoors. These hobbies include gardening, hill walking , hiking , backpacking , cycling , canoeing , climbing , caving , fishing, hunting , target shooting (informal or formal), wildlife viewing (as birdwatching ) and engaging in watersports and snowsports . One large subset of outdoor pursuits is gardening. Residential gardening most often takes place in or about one's own residence, in

FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-414: The internet is a common hobby, and one that can trace its origins back hundreds of years. A love of literature, later in life, may be sparked by an interest in reading children's literature as a child. Many of these fall under the category literary arts . Knitting or Crocheting is a calming and productive hobby. It allows for creativity while making cozy items like scarves, blankets, or hats. It's easy on

1584-485: The items being collected. An alternative to collecting physical objects is collecting records of events of a particular kind. Examples include train spotting , bird-watching , aircraft spotting , and any other form of systematic recording a particular phenomenon. The recording form can be written, photographic, online, etc. Making and tinkering includes working on self-motivated projects for fulfillment. These projects may be progressive, irregular tasks performed over

1632-816: The joints and can be done at a leisurely pace, making it perfect for staying engaged and creating thoughtful gifts. Stebbins distinguishes an amateur sports person and a hobbyist by suggesting a hobbyist plays in less formal sports, or games that are rule bound and have no professional equivalent. While an amateur sports individual plays a sport with a professional equivalent, such as football or tennis. Amateur sport may range from informal play to highly competitive practice, such as deck tennis or long distance trekking. The Department for Culture, Media, and Support in England suggests that playing sports benefits physical and mental health. A positive relationship appeared between engaging in sports and improving overall health. During

1680-473: The low cost of manufactured clothes. Cooking is for some people an interest, a hobby, a challenge and a source of significant satisfaction. For many other people it is a job, a chore, a duty, like cleaning. In the early 21st century the importance of cooking as a hobby was demonstrated by the high popularity of competitive television cooking programs. Activity participation includes partaking in "non-competitive, rule-based pursuits." Outdoor pursuits are

1728-404: The making process, often applied to the hobby of tinkering with car repairs, and various kinds of restoration: of furniture, antique cars , etc. It also applies to household tinkering: repairing a wall, laying a pathway, etc. Examples of Making and Tinkering hobbies include Scale modeling , model engineering , 3D printing , dressmaking , and cooking . Scale modeling is making a replica of

1776-409: The meaning of "small horse and pony". The term " hobby horse " was documented in a 1557 payment confirmation for a "Hobbyhorse" from Reading, England. The item, originally called a "Tourney Horse", was made of a wooden or basketwork frame with an artificial tail and head. It was designed for a child to mimic riding a real horse . By 1816 the derivative , "hobby", was introduced into the vocabulary of

1824-598: The mission of protecting and promoting public health . In order to maintain and continuously improve the vision for high-quality safe and effective medical devices for all patients, CDRH regularly develops strategic priorities. The following were established for 2022 – 2025. Promote a Modern and Diverse Workforce : CDRH strives to prepare the organization so it is exceedingly proactive, flexible, resilient, collaborative, and engaged. Enhance Organizational Agility and Resilience : CDRH makes efforts to adapt and redesign business processes, approaches, and policies to anticipate

1872-688: The name craft sticks . This article related to medical equipment is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hobbyist A hobby is considered to be a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during one's leisure time . Hobbies include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing sports , or pursuing other amusements. Participation in hobbies encourages acquiring substantial skills and knowledge in that area. A list of hobbies changes with renewed interests and developing fashions, making it diverse and lengthy. Hobbies tend to follow trends in society. For example, stamp collecting

1920-539: The needs of the future. Advance Health Equity : CDRH aims to advance the development of knowledge and safe and effective technologies to meet the needs of all patients and consumers. Tongue depressors A tongue depressor or spatula is a tool used in medical practice to depress the tongue to allow for examination of the mouth and throat. Hobbyists , artists, teachers , and confectionary makers use tongue depressors, which may also be referred to as craft sticks or popsicle sticks . A tongue depressor

1968-530: The new Environmental Protection Agency and part moving into FDA. In 1982, the organizational units at the FDA that regulated medical devices and radiation-emitting products merged to form the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). Former leaders of CDRH The CDRH vision is that patients in the U.S. have access to high-quality, safe, and effective medical devices. CDRH works diligently to advance and interweave innovation and safety priorities to fulfill

FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-462: The provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, and has rarely waned since. Initially, the bad habits were perceived to be of a sensual and physical nature, and the counter attractions, or perhaps more accurately alternatives, deliberately cultivated rationality and the intellect." The book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and

2064-550: The turn of the Industrial Age and through the 1920s, some families could afford things such as electric trains , wind-up toys (typically boats or cars) and the increasingly valuable tin toy soldiers. Scale modeling as we know it today became popular shortly after World War II . Before 1946, children as well as adults were content in carving and shaping wooden replicas from block wood kits, often depicting enemy aircraft to help with identification in case of an invasion. With

2112-628: The use of hobbies to pass the time . A hobby became an activity that is practiced regularly and usually with some worthwhile purpose. Hobbies are usually, but not always, practiced primarily for interest and enjoyment, rather than financial reward. Prior to the mid-19th century, hobbies were generally considered as an obsession, childish or trivial, with negative connotations. However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in Contemplations Moral and Divine , wrote "Almost every person hath some hobby horse or other wherein he prides himself." He

2160-415: The world. Others focus on a subtopic within their area of interest, perhaps 19th century postage stamps, milk bottle labels from Sussex, or Mongolian harnesses and tack, Firearms (both modern and vintage). Collecting is an ancient hobby, with the list of coin collectors showing Caesar Augustus as one. Sometimes collectors have turned their hobby into a business, becoming commercial dealers that trade in

2208-483: Was acknowledging that a "hobby horse" produces a legitimate sense of pride. The cultural shift towards acceptance of hobbies was thought to begin during the mid 18th century as working people had more regular hours of work and greater leisure time, spending more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction. However, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. "The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by

2256-488: Was popular during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as postal systems were the main means of communication; as of 2023 , video games became more popular following technological advances. The advancing production and technology of the nineteenth century provided workers with more leisure time to engage in hobbies. Because of this, the efforts of people investing in hobbies has increased with time. Hobbyists may be identified under three sub-categories: casual leisure which

2304-492: Was responsive to the changing interests of hobbyists. In 1941, George Orwell identified hobbies as central to English culture at the time: "Another English characteristic which is so much a part of us that we barely notice it … is the addiction to hobbies and spare-time occupations, the privateness of English life. We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All

#181818