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74-466: CLL is an abbreviation that can stand for: Canadian Lacrosse League Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Collington railway station , a railway station in Sussex, England Community language learning Easterwood Airport , Texas, USA, IATA code Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

148-518: A Richter's transformation i.e. conversion to a far more aggressive form that has the histopathology of diffuse large B cell lymphoma or Hodgkin's lymphoma . CLL has also been reported to convert into other more aggressive diseases such as lymphoblastic lymphoma , hairy cell leukemia , high grade T cell lymphomas , acute myeloid leukemia , lung cancer, brain cancer, melanoma of the eye or skin, salivary gland tumors , and Kaposi's sarcomas . While some of these conversions have been termed RTs,

222-446: A blue hue. The nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules that hide it. They secrete two chemicals that aid in the body's defenses: histamine and heparin . Histamine is responsible for widening blood vessels and increasing the flow of blood to injured tissue. It also makes blood vessels more permeable so neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into connective tissue more easily. Heparin

296-406: A combination of ibrutinib and venetoclax had encouraging results in a small number of people. People with CLL undergoing immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells have been found to have a high response rate. aggressive: Sézary disease White blood cell White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes ), also called immune cells or immunocytes , are cells of

370-436: A confirmatory diagnostic test, in particular flow cytometry , should be performed unless clinically unnecessary. The combination of the microscopic examination of the peripheral blood and analysis of the lymphocytes by flow cytometry to confirm clonality and marker molecule expression is needed to establish the diagnosis of CLL. Both are easily accomplished on a small amount of blood. A flow cytometer instrument can examine

444-451: A diagnosis of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) is made. Less commonly, the disease comes to light only after the cancerous cells overwhelm the bone marrow, resulting in low red blood cells, neutrophils, or platelets. Symptoms can be fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. CLL can be grouped with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) as one disease with two clinical presentations. Whereas, with CLL, diseased cells propagate from within

518-422: A family history of the disease, with 10% of those who develop CLL having such ancestry. Exposure to Agent Orange , certain insecticides , sun exposure , exposure to hepatitis C virus , and common infections are also considered risk factors. CLL results in the buildup of B cell lymphocytes in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and blood . These cells do not function well and crowd out healthy blood cells . CLL

592-446: A highly aggressive leukemia most commonly diagnosed in children, and highly treatable in the pediatric setting. Hematologic disorders that may resemble CLL in their clinical presentation, behavior, and microscopic appearance include mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. All the B cell malignancies of the blood and bone marrow can be differentiated from one another by

666-422: A median overall survival (OS) of more than 20–25 years, while no mutations in this region is associated with a median OS of 8–10 years; deletion of chromosome 13q is associated with a median OS of 17 years; and trisomy of chromosome 12, as well as deletion of chromosome 11q, is associated with a median OS of 9–11 years. While prognosis is highly variable and dependent on various factors including these mutations,

740-412: A number of epigenetic changes , which are adaptations that add a tag to specific DNA sequences, rather than altering the sequence itself. In CLL, these changes can be classified into the addition of three different methyl subgroups (naïve B-cell-like, memory B-cell-like, and intermediate), which impact how much that DNA sequence is transcribed. Some relevant genetic mutations may be inherited. Since there

814-577: A rate of 1-2% per year. Thus, CLL may present in individuals with a long history of having high-count CLL/SLL MBL. There is no established treatment for these individuals except monitoring for development of the disorder's various complications (see treatment of MBL complications ) and for their progression to CLL. Complications include a low level of antibodies in the bloodstream ( hypogammaglobulinemia ), leading to recurrent infection, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in 10–15% of patients, and bone marrow failure. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia may also develop

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888-613: A single ancestral B-cell, and have some of the same cell marker proteins, chromosome abnormalities , and gene mutations found in CLL. CLL/SLL MBL consist of two groups: low-count CLL/SLL MBL has monoclonal B-cell blood counts of <0.5x10 cells/ liter (i.e. 0.5x10 /L) while high-count CLL/SLL MBL has blood monoclonal B-cell counts ≥0.5x10 /L but <5x10 /L. Individuals with blood counts of these monoclonal B-cells >5x10 /L are diagnosed as having CLL. Low-count CLL/SLL MBL rarely if ever progresses to CLL while high-count CLL/SLL MBL does so at

962-448: A stew of different antibody-producing cells, resulting in a mixture of both kappa- and lambda-expressing cells. The lack of the normal distribution of these B cells is one basis for demonstrating clonality , the key element for establishing a diagnosis of any B cell malignancy (B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma ). The Matutes's CLL score allows the identification of a homogeneous subgroup of classical CLL, that differs from atypical/mixed CLL for

1036-528: A thin strand. The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink-orange color with eosin staining. Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing the dilation of blood vessels . Because they are the rarest of the white blood cells (less than 0.5% of the total count) and share physicochemical properties with other blood cells, they are difficult to study. They can be recognized by several coarse, dark violet granules, giving them

1110-590: A weakened immune system. The name "white blood cell" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation . White cells are found in the buffy coat , a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma . The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek roots leuk - meaning "white" and cyt - meaning "cell". The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in

1184-522: Is qualitatively . There are various disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally. Neoplasia of white blood cells can be benign but is often malignant . Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph , cancers of white blood cells can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas , although those categories overlap and are often grouped together. A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells. This type of white blood cell decreased

1258-430: Is a disease that no longer responds favorably to treatment within six months following the last cancer therapy. In this case, more aggressive targeted therapies, such as BCR or BCL2 pathway inhibitors, have been associated with increased survival. Leukemia is rarely associated with pregnancy, affecting only about one in 10,000 pregnant women. Treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemias can often be postponed until after

1332-653: Is a lack of response to BCL-2 inhibitors. Researchers at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine reported preliminary success in the use of gene therapy , through genetically modified T cells , to treat CLL. The findings, which were published in August 2011, were based on data from three patients who had modified T cells injected into their blood. The T cells had been modified to express genes that would allow

1406-470: Is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes the movement of white blood cells into an area. Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site. Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus that may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. Lymphocytes include: Monocytes,

1480-469: Is an important subset of the complete blood count . The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 10 /L and 1.1 × 10 /L. In the US, this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. White blood cells make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult, making them substantially less numerous than the red blood cells at 40% to 45% . However, this 1% of

1554-583: Is believed that early-stage CLL intervention does not improve survival time or quality of life. Instead, the condition is monitored over time to detect any change in the disease pattern. There are two widely used staging systems in CLL to determine when and how to treat the patient: The Rai staging system, used in the United States, and the Binet system in Europe. Both these systems attempt to characterize

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1628-638: Is by lineage: Myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) are distinguished from lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) by hematopoietic lineage ( cellular differentiation lineage). Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell, constituting 60–70% of the circulating leukocytes. They defend against bacterial or fungal infection. They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in large numbers form pus . They are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, although, in

1702-607: Is divided into two main types: Diagnosis is typically based on blood tests finding high numbers of mature lymphocytes and smudge cells. Early-stage CLL in asymptomatic cases responds better to careful observation, as there is no evidence that early intervention treatment can alter the course of the disease. Immune defects occur early in the course of CLL and these increase the risk of developing serious infection, which should be treated appropriately with antibiotics. In those with significant symptoms, chemotherapy , immunotherapy , or chemoimmunotherapy may be used. Depending on

1776-426: Is less frequently used now. Produced in the bone marrow , white blood cells defend the body against infections and disease . An excess of white blood cells is usually due to infection or inflammation. Less commonly, a high white blood cell count could indicate certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease , and thus the white blood cell count

1850-427: Is most commonly caused by inflammation . There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues. Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis. Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in

1924-444: Is no one single mutation that is associated with CLL in all cases, an individual's susceptibility may be impacted when multiple mutations that are associated with an increase in the risk of CLL are co-inherited. Up until 2020, 45 susceptibility loci have been identified. Of these loci, 93% are linked to the alteration of 30 gene expressions involved in immune response, cell survival, or Wnt signaling. Exposure to Agent Orange increases

1998-472: Is not complete. Symptoms of neutropenia are associated with the underlying cause of the decrease in neutrophils. For example, the most common cause of acquired neutropenia is drug-induced, so an individual may have symptoms of medication overdose or toxicity. Treatment is also aimed at the underlying cause of the neutropenia. One severe consequence of neutropenia is that it can increase the risk of infection. Defined as total lymphocyte count below 1.0x10 /L,

2072-539: Is not curative. Younger individuals, if at high risk for dying from CLL, may consider allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Myeloablative (bone marrow killing) forms of allogeneic stem cell transplantation , a high-risk treatment using blood cells from a healthy donor, may be curative, but treatment-related toxicity is significant. An intermediate level, called reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation , may be better tolerated by older or frail patients. "Refractory" CLL

2146-418: Is usually the neutrophil. In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia. Less commonly, a decrease in lymphocytes (called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia) may be seen. Neutropenia can be acquired or intrinsic . A decrease in levels of neutrophils on lab tests is due to either decreased production of neutrophils or increased removal from the blood. The following list of causes

2220-424: The immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. White blood cells are generally larger than red blood cells. They include three main subtypes: granulocytes , lymphocytes and monocytes . All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells . Leukocytes are found throughout

2294-464: The peripheral circulation . Normal blood values vary by age. Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells (primary disease). It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease (secondary). Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation. Primary causes Secondary causes A normal eosinophil count is considered to be less than 0.65 × 10 /L. Eosinophil counts are higher in newborns and vary with age, time (lower in

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2368-595: The DNA changes with fluorescent probes by FISH . CLL treatment focuses on controlling the disease and its symptoms rather than on an outright cure. In those without or only minimal symptoms watchful waiting is generally appropriate. CLL is treated by chemotherapy , radiation therapy , biological therapy , or bone marrow transplantation . Symptoms are sometimes treated surgically ( splenectomy – removal of enlarged spleen) or by radiation therapy ("de-bulking" swollen lymph nodes). Initial CLL treatments vary depending on

2442-446: The United States. It represents less than 1% of deaths from cancer. Most people are diagnosed as having CLL based on the result of a routine blood test that shows a high white blood cell count, specifically a large increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes . These people generally have no symptoms. Less commonly, CLL may present with enlarged lymph nodes . If enlarged lymph nodes are caused by infiltrating CLL-type cells,

2516-599: The Western world compared to non-Western regions such as Asia, Latin America, and Africa. It is observed globally that males are twice as likely than females to acquire CLL. CLL is primarily a disease of older adults, with 9 out of 10 cases occurring after the age of 50 years. The median age of diagnosis is 70 years. In young people, new cases of CLL are twice as likely to be diagnosed in men than in women. In older people, however, this difference becomes less pronounced: after

2590-743: The World Health Organization and most reviews have defined RT as a conversion of CLL/SLL into a disease with DLBCL or HL histopathology. The incidence of this transformation is estimated to be around 5% in people with CLL. Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement can rarely occur with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Some of the reported manifestations include intussusception , small intestinal bacterial contamination, colitis, and others. Usually, GI complications with CLL occur after Richter transformation . Two cases to date have been reported of GI involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia without Richter's transformation. CLL can also be caused by

2664-634: The age of 70. That is, small clones of B cells with the characteristic CLL phenotype can be identified in many healthy elderly persons. The clinical significance of these cells is unknown. In contrast, CLL is rare in Asian countries, such as Japan, China, and Korea, accounting for less than 10% of all leukemias in those regions. A low incidence is seen in Japanese immigrants to the US, and in African and Asian immigrants to Israel. Of all cancers involving

2738-481: The age of 80 years, new cases of CLL are diagnosed equally between men and women. According to the American Cancer Society , in the United States, 13,040 males and 8,210 females (total of 21,250 people) are expected to be newly diagnosed with CLL in 2021. In that same year, 2,620 males and 1,700 females (total of 4,320 people) are expected to die from CLL. Because of the prolonged survival, which

2812-427: The average 5-year relative survival is 86.1%. Telomere length has been suggested to be a valuable prognostic indicator of survival. In addition, a person's sex has been found to have an impact on CLL prognosis and treatment efficacy. More specifically, females have been found to survive longer (without disease progression) than males, when treated with certain medications. CLL is the most common type of leukaemia in

2886-404: The blood makes a large difference to health, because immunity depends on it. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis . It is normal when it is part of healthy immune responses, which happen frequently. It is occasionally abnormal, when it is neoplastic or autoimmune in origin. A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia . This indicates

2960-451: The bloodstream of the patients six months after the procedure, meaning they would be able to fight the disease should leukemia cells return. This was the first time scientists "have used gene therapy to successfully destroy cancer tumors in patients with advanced disease". Research is also investigating therapies targeting B cell receptor signalling. Syk inhibitors fostamatinib and entospletinib are currently in trials. The trial of

3034-1205: The body, including the blood and lymphatic system . All white blood cells have nuclei , which distinguishes them from the other blood cells , the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets . The different white blood cells are usually classified by cell lineage ( myeloid cells or lymphoid cells ). White blood cells are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), and agranulocytes ( monocytes , and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)). Myeloid cells ( myelocytes ) include neutrophils , eosinophils , mast cells , basophils , and monocytes . Monocytes are further subdivided into dendritic cells and macrophages . Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are phagocytic . Lymphoid cells ( lymphocytes ) include T cells (subdivided into helper T cells , memory T cells , cytotoxic T cells ), B cells (subdivided into plasma cells and memory B cells ), and natural killer cells . Historically, white blood cells were classified by their physical characteristics ( granulocytes and agranulocytes ), but this classification system

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3108-517: The bone marrow, in SLL they propagate from within the lymphatic tissue. CLLs are, in virtually all cases, preceded by a particular subtype of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL). This subtype, termed chronic lymphocytic leukemia-type MBL (CLL-type MBL) is an asymptomatic, indolent, and chronic disorder in which people exhibit a mild increase in the number of circulating B-cell lymphocytes. These B-cells are abnormal: they are monoclonal , i.e. produced by

3182-444: The cell surface. CLL is usually first suspected by a diagnosis of lymphocytosis , an increase in a type of white blood cell, on a complete blood count test. This frequently is an incidental finding on a routine physician visit. Most often the lymphocyte count is greater than 5000 cells per microliter (μL) of blood but can be much higher. The presence of lymphocytosis in a person who is elderly should raise strong suspicion for CLL, and

3256-406: The cells most commonly affected are CD4+ T cells. Like neutropenia, lymphocytopenia may be acquired or intrinsic and there are many causes. This is not a complete list. Like neutropenia, symptoms and treatment of lymphocytopenia are directed at the underlying cause of the change in cell counts. An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis . This increase

3330-467: The cells to proliferate in the body and destroy B cells including those causing the leukemia. Two patients went into remission , while the presence of leukemia in the third patient reduced by 70%. One of the patients had been diagnosed with CLL for 13 years, and his treatment was failing before he participated in the clinical trial. One week after the T cells were injected, the leukemia cells in his blood had disappeared. The T cells were still found in

3404-427: The combination of cellular microscopic morphology, marker molecule expression, and specific tumor-associated gene defects. This is best accomplished by evaluation of the patient's blood, bone marrow, and occasionally lymph node cells by a pathologist with specific training in blood disorders. A flow cytometer is necessary for cell marker analysis, and the detection of genetic problems in the cells may require visualizing

3478-768: The day, seasonally, and during menstruation . It rises in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, and disease of the spleen and central nervous system. They are rare in the blood, but numerous in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and lower urinary tracts. They primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives; and parasitic infections. They secrete chemicals that destroy large parasites, such as hookworms and tapeworms, that are too big for any one white blood cell to phagocytize. In general, their nuclei are bi-lobed. The lobes are connected by

3552-609: The disease based on the bulk and marrow failure. A "watchful waiting" strategy is used for most patients with CLL. The International Workshop on CLL (iwCLL) has issued guidelines with specific markers that should be met to initiate treatment, generally based on evidence for progressive symptomatic disease (summarized as "active disease"). Combination chemotherapy regimens are effective in both newly diagnosed and relapsed CLL. Combinations of fludarabine with alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) produce higher response rates and longer progression-free survival than single agents: Although

3626-478: The end of the pregnancy. If treatment is necessary, then giving chemotherapy during the second or third trimesters is less likely to result in pregnancy loss or birth defects than treatment during the first trimester . Prognosis can be affected by the type of genetic mutation that the person with CLL has. Some examples of genetic mutations and their prognoses are: mutations in the IGHV region are associated with

3700-413: The enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase ), as well as monoclonal antibodies against CD20 ( rituximab , ofatumumab and obinutuzumab ) and CD52 ( alemtuzumab ). Notably, some of the effects of the targeted therapies such as BCR inhibitors can be attributed to disrupting the interaction of CLL cells with tumour promoting T cells. Autologous stem cell transplantation , using the recipient's own cells,

3774-405: The estimated incidence of CLL in the United States is 21,250 new cases and 4,320 deaths. The disease most commonly occurs in people over the age of 65, due to the accumulation of genetic mutations that occur over time. Men are diagnosed around twice as often as women (6.8 to 3.5 ratio). It is much less common in people from Asia . Five-year survival following diagnosis is approximately 83% in

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3848-471: The exact diagnosis and the progression of the disease, and even with the preference and experience of the health care practitioner. Any of dozens of agents may be used for CLL therapy. While it is generally considered incurable, CLL progresses slowly in most cases. Many people with CLL lead normal and active lives for many years—in some cases for decades. Because of its slow onset, asymptomatic early-stage CLL (Rai 0, Binet A) is, in general, not treated since it

3922-442: The expression of molecules on individual cells in fluids. This requires the use of specific antibodies to marker molecules, with fluorescent tags recognized by the instrument. In CLL, the lymphocytes are all genetically identical since they are derived from the same B cell lineage, expressing common B-cell markers CD19 and CD20, with abnormal expression of surface markers CD5 and CD23. These B cells resemble normal lymphocytes under

3996-528: The first clinical trial demonstrating that the choice of a first-line therapy can improve the overall survival of people with CLL. Alkylating agents approved for CLL include bendamustine and cyclophosphamide . Targeted therapy attacks cancer cells at a specific target, with the aim of not harming normal cells. Targeted drugs used in CLL include venetoclax (a Bcl-2 inhibitor), ibrutinib and acalabrutinib ( Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors), idelalisib and duvelisib (inhibitors of some forms of

4070-635: The five main types: neutrophils , eosinophils , basophils , lymphocytes , and monocytes . A good way to remember the relative proportions of WBCs is "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas". These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic . Further subtypes can be classified. Granulocytes are distinguished from agranulocytes by their nucleus shape (lobed versus round, that is, polymorphonuclear versus mononuclear) and by their cytoplasm granules (present or absent, or more precisely, visible on light microscopy or not thus visible). The other dichotomy

4144-496: The five markers' expression (CD5, CD23, FMC7 , CD22, and immunoglobulin light chain) Matutes's CLL scoring system is very helpful for the differential diagnosis between classical CLL and the other B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, but not for the immunological distinction between mixed/atypical CLL and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL malignant B cells). Discrimination between CLL and MCL can be improved by adding non-routine markers such as CD54 and CD200. Among routine markers,

4218-510: The individual's age, physical condition, and whether they have the del(17p) or TP53 mutation, different first line treatments may be offered. As of 2021, BTK inhibitors such as ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are often recommended for first line treatment of CLL. The medications fludarabine , cyclophosphamide , and rituximab were previously the initial treatment in those who are otherwise healthy. CLL affected about 904,000 people globally in 2015 and resulted in 60,700 deaths. In 2021,

4292-539: The largest type of white blood cell, share the "vacuum cleaner" ( phagocytosis ) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an extra role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes an antibody response to be mounted. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages , which remove dead cell debris as well as attack microorganisms. Neither dead cell debris nor attacking microorganisms can be dealt with effectively by

4366-655: The liver, which become known as Kupffer cells . These cells still serve a role in the immune system. The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers ( proliferative disorders) and those causing insufficient numbers ( leukopenias ). Leukocytosis is usually healthy (e.g., fighting an infection ), but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative. Proliferative disorders of white blood cells can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative . Some are autoimmune , but many are neoplastic . Another way to categorize disorders of white blood cells

4440-459: The microscope, although slightly smaller, and are fragile when smeared onto a glass slide, giving rise to many broken cells, which are called "smudge" or "smear" cells and can indicate the presence of the disease. Smudge cells are due to cancer cells lacking in vimentin , a type of cytoskeleton proteins which is a structural component in a cell which maintains the cell's internal shape and mechanical resilience). The atypical molecular pattern on

4514-448: The morning and higher at night), exercise, environment, and exposure to allergens. Eosinophilia is never a normal lab finding. Efforts should always be made to discover the underlying cause, though the cause may not always be found. The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall white blood cell count and differential count, a count of each type of white blood cell. Reference ranges for blood tests specify

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4588-553: The most discriminating feature is the CD20/CD23 mean fluorescence intensity ratio. In contrast, FMC7 expression can surprisingly be misleading for borderline cases. Staging, determining the extent of the disease, is done with the Rai staging system or the Binet classification (see details ) and is based primarily on the presence of a low platelet or red cell count. Early-stage disease does not need to be treated. CLL and SLL are considered

4662-504: The neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life. They have the kidney-shaped nucleus and are typically not granulated. They also possess abundant cytoplasm. Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood. Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in, such as fixed macrophages in

4736-414: The past, cases with similar microscopic appearance in the blood but with a T cell phenotype were referred to as T-cell CLL. However, these are now recognized as a separate disease group and are currently classified as T-cell prolymphocytic leukemias (T-PLL). An accurate diagnosis of T-PLL is important as it is a rare and aggressive disease. CLL should not be confused with acute lymphoblastic leukemia ,

4810-465: The purine analogue fludarabine was shown to give superior response rates to chlorambucil as primary therapy, no evidence shows early use of fludarabine improves overall survival, and some clinicians prefer to reserve fludarabine for relapsed disease. Chemoimmunotherapy with FCR has shown to improve response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival in a large randomized trial in CLL patients selected for good physical fitness. This has been

4884-498: The pus of wounds. These cells are not able to renew their lysosomes (used in digesting microbes) and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens. Neutrophils are the most common cell type seen in the early stages of acute inflammation. The average lifespan of inactivated human neutrophils in the circulation has been reported by different approaches to be between 5 and 135 hours. Eosinophils compose about 2–4% of white blood cells in circulating blood. This count fluctuates throughout

4958-435: The risk of CLL, and exposure to hepatitis C virus may increase the risk. There is no clear association between ionizing radiation exposure and the risk of developing CLL. Blood transfusions have been ruled out as a risk factor. The diagnosis of CLL is based on the demonstration of an abnormal population of B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, or tissues that display an unusual but characteristic pattern of molecules on

5032-460: The same class of blood cell , 7% of cases are CLL/SLL. People who live near areas with considerable industrial pollution have an elevated risk of developing leukemia, particularly CLL. In light of new therapies such as targeted agents, the role of bone marrow transplants is decreasing. Bone marrow transplants are not recommended as a front-line therapy, and only recommended in specific cases where front-line therapies have either failed or there

5106-562: The same underlying disease, just with different appearances. Rai staging system (most commonly used in the United States) Binet classification (most commonly used in Europe) Array-based karyotyping is a cost-effective alternative to FISH for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in CLL. Several clinical validation studies have shown >95% concordance with the standard CLL FISH panel. In

5180-467: The sample, due to the heme -containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce. All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets. Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure ( granulocytes or agranulocytes ) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into

5254-431: The surface of the cell includes the coexpression of cell surface markers clusters of differentiation 5 (CD5) and 23 . In addition, all the CLL cells within one individual are clonal , that is, genetically identical. In practice, this is inferred by the detection of only one of the mutually exclusive antibody light chains , kappa or lambda, on the entire population of the abnormal B cells. Normal B lymphocytes consist of

5328-445: The technical sense, PMN refers to all granulocytes. They have a multi-lobed nucleus, which consists of three to five lobes connected by slender strands. This gives the neutrophils the appearance of having multiple nuclei, hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac when stained. Neutrophils are active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in

5402-481: The title CLL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLL&oldid=1157073594 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Risk factors include having

5476-548: Was typically about 10 years in past decades, but which can extend to a normal life expectancy, the prevalence (number of people living with the disease) is much higher than the incidence (new diagnoses). CLL is the most common type of leukemia in the UK, accounting for 38% of all leukemia cases. Approximately 3,200 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011. In Western populations, subclinical "disease" can be identified in 3.5% of normal adults, and in up to 8% of individuals over

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