In physical chemistry and materials science , texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample (it is also part of the geological fabric ). A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no distinct texture. If the crystallographic orientations are not random, but have some preferred orientation, then the sample has a weak, moderate or strong texture. The degree is dependent on the percentage of crystals having the preferred orientation.
33-598: [REDACTED] Look up CPO in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CPO may refer to: Occupations [ edit ] Certified Professional Organizer Certified Protection Officer , a professional certification for security officers from the International Foundation for Protection Officers Chief people officer , a corporate official in charge of human resources Chief Performance Officer of
66-1002: A Prosthetist and Orthotist City Police Officer, the city police chief in Pakistan, previously referred to as the Superintendent of Police Civil Police Officer , a designation held by a police constable assigned to a local police unit in Kerala, India Orchestras [ edit ] Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra , in Calgary, Alberta, Canada Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra , in Cape Town, South Africa China Philharmonic Orchestra , in Beijing, China Cleveland Philharmonic Orchestra , in Cleveland, Ohio Other [ edit ] Chelsea Pitch Owners , owners of
99-606: A Prosthetist and Orthotist City Police Officer, the city police chief in Pakistan, previously referred to as the Superintendent of Police Civil Police Officer , a designation held by a police constable assigned to a local police unit in Kerala, India Orchestras [ edit ] Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra , in Calgary, Alberta, Canada Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra , in Cape Town, South Africa China Philharmonic Orchestra , in Beijing, China Cleveland Philharmonic Orchestra , in Cleveland, Ohio Other [ edit ] Chelsea Pitch Owners , owners of
132-433: A polarized microscope . Neutron and synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction are suitable for determining textures of bulk materials and in situ analysis, whereas laboratory x-ray diffraction instruments are more appropriate for analyzing textures of thin films. Texture is often represented using a pole figure , in which a specified crystallographic axis (or pole) from each of a representative number of crystallites
165-475: A critical when making decisions about the selection of some materials and methods employed to manufacture parts with those materials. When parts fail during use or abuse, understanding the textures that occur within those parts can be crucial to meaningful interpretation of failure analysis data. As the result of substrate effects producing preferred crystallite orientations, pronounced textures tend to occur in thin films . Modern technological devices to
198-739: A crystal (often the close-packed planes) grow more rapidly than others, and the crystallites for which one of these planes faces in the direction of growth will usually out-compete crystals in other orientations. In the extreme, only one crystal will survive after a certain length: this is exploited in the Czochralski process (unless a seed crystal is used) and in the casting of turbine blades and other creep -sensitive parts. Material properties such as strength , chemical reactivity, stress corrosion cracking resistance, weldability , deformation behavior, resistance to radiation damage , and magnetic susceptibility can be highly dependent on
231-595: A football ground in London CPO (group) , a 1990s rap duo from California CPO Commerce, Inc. , an American online retail company Certified Pre-Owned , a qualification for a used vehicle Chamonate Airport (IATA airport code), Copiapó, Chile Charge Point Operator installs and maintains charge stations Chloride peroxidase , an enzyme Classic Produktion Osnabrück , a German classical music record label Code of Openness , or Code of PLM Openness, initiative of ProSTEP iViP Association for openness in
264-536: A football ground in London CPO (group) , a 1990s rap duo from California CPO Commerce, Inc. , an American online retail company Certified Pre-Owned , a qualification for a used vehicle Chamonate Airport (IATA airport code), Copiapó, Chile Charge Point Operator installs and maintains charge stations Chloride peroxidase , an enzyme Classic Produktion Osnabrück , a German classical music record label Code of Openness , or Code of PLM Openness, initiative of ProSTEP iViP Association for openness in
297-418: A great influence on materials properties. The texture forms in materials during thermo-mechanical processes, for example during production processes e.g. rolling . Consequently, the rolling process is often followed by a heat treatment to reduce the amount of unwanted texture. Controlling the production process in combination with the characterization of texture and the material's microstructure help to determine
330-418: A large extent rely on polycrystalline thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer and micrometer ranges. This holds, for instance, for all microelectronic and most optoelectronic systems or sensoric and superconducting layers. Most thin film textures may be categorized as one of two different types: (1) for so-called fiber textures the orientation of a certain lattice plane is preferentially parallel to
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#1732772887950396-469: A process known as grain flow . However, cold work destroys much of the crystalline order, and the new crystallites that arise with annealing usually have a different texture. Control of texture is extremely important in the making of silicon steel sheet for transformer cores (to reduce magnetic hysteresis ) and of aluminium cans (since deep drawing requires extreme and relatively uniform plasticity ). Texture in ceramics usually arises because
429-533: Is a perfect single crystal, which likely has anisotropic properties by geometric necessity. Texture can be determined by various methods. Some methods allow a quantitative analysis of the texture, while others are only qualitative. Among the quantitative techniques, the most widely used is X-ray diffraction using texture goniometers, followed by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method in scanning electron microscopes . Qualitative analysis can be done by Laue photography, simple X-ray diffraction or with
462-482: Is given by the orientation distribution function (ODF) which can be achieved through evaluation of a set of pole figures or diffraction patterns. Subsequently, all pole figures can be derived from the ODF. The ODF is defined as the volume fraction of grains with a certain orientation g {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {g}}} . The orientation g {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {g}}}
495-533: Is normally identified using three Euler angles . The Euler angles then describe the transition from the sample’s reference frame into the crystallographic reference frame of each individual grain of the polycrystal. One thus ends up with a large set of different Euler angles, the distribution of which is described by the ODF. The orientation distribution function, ODF, cannot be measured directly by any technique. Traditionally both X-ray diffraction and EBSD may collect pole figures. Different methodologies exist to obtain
528-434: Is plotted in a stereographic projection, along with directions relevant to the material's processing history. These directions define the so-called sample reference frame and are, because the investigation of textures started from the cold working of metals, usually referred to as the rolling direction RD , the transverse direction TD and the normal direction ND . For drawn metal wires the cylindrical fiber axis turned out as
561-420: The ODF from the pole figures or data in general. They can be classified based on how they represent the ODF. Some represent the ODF as a function, sum of functions or expand it in a series of harmonic functions. Others, known as discrete methods, divide the ODF space in cells and focus on determining the value of the ODF in each cell. In wire and fiber , all crystals tend to have nearly identical orientation in
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627-583: The axial direction, but nearly random radial orientation. The most familiar exceptions to this rule are fiberglass , which has no crystal structure , and carbon fiber , in which the crystalline anisotropy is so great that a good-quality filament will be a distorted single crystal with approximately cylindrical symmetry (often compared to a jelly roll ). Single-crystal fibers are also not uncommon. The making of metal sheet often involves compression in one direction and, in efficient rolling operations, tension in another, which can orient crystallites in both axes by
660-484: The case of oxide compounds intended for transparent conducting films or surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, for instance, the polar axis should be aligned along the substrate normal. Another example is given by cables from high-temperature superconductors that are being developed as oxide multilayer systems deposited on metallic ribbons. The adjustment of the biaxial texture in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ layers turned out as
693-506: The crystallites in a slurry have shapes that depend on crystalline orientation, often needle- or plate-shaped. These particles align themselves as water leaves the slurry, or as clay is formed. Casting or other fluid-to-solid transitions (i.e., thin-film deposition ) produce textured solids when there is enough time and activation energy for atoms to find places in existing crystals, rather than condensing as an amorphous solid or starting new crystals of random orientation. Some facets of
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#1732772887950726-472: The decisive prerequisite for achieving sufficiently large critical currents. The degree of texture is often subjected to an evolution during thin film growth and the most pronounced textures are only obtained after the layer has achieved a certain thickness. Thin film growers thus require information about the texture profile or the texture gradient in order to optimize the deposition process. The determination of texture gradients by x-ray scattering , however,
759-418: The free dictionary. CPO may refer to: Occupations [ edit ] Certified Professional Organizer Certified Protection Officer , a professional certification for security officers from the International Foundation for Protection Officers Chief people officer , a corporate official in charge of human resources Chief Performance Officer of the United States Chief petty officer ,
792-696: The internet of things Commodity pool operator , a person of business that pools together investments for trading in commodity futures or commodity options Community post office , a type of post office in the United States Postal Service Complete partial order , a term used in mathematical order theory Compulsory purchase order , a legal function in the UK and Ireland whereby the government can appropriate real property Crude palm oil, unprocessed palm oil Crystallographic preferred orientation, see Texture (crystalline) ,
825-553: The internet of things Commodity pool operator , a person of business that pools together investments for trading in commodity futures or commodity options Community post office , a type of post office in the United States Postal Service Complete partial order , a term used in mathematical order theory Compulsory purchase order , a legal function in the UK and Ireland whereby the government can appropriate real property Crude palm oil, unprocessed palm oil Crystallographic preferred orientation, see Texture (crystalline) ,
858-436: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CPO&oldid=1231128087 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages CPO [REDACTED] Look up CPO in Wiktionary,
891-429: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CPO&oldid=1231128087 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Texture (crystalline) Texture is seen in almost all engineered materials, and can have
924-424: The materials properties, i.e. the processing-microstructure-texture-property relationship . Also, geologic rocks show texture due to their thermo-mechanic history of formation processes. One extreme case is a complete lack of texture: a solid with perfectly random crystallite orientation will have isotropic properties at length scales sufficiently larger than the size of the crystallites. The opposite extreme
957-581: The material’s texture and related changes in microstructure . In many materials, properties are texture-specific, and development of unfavorable textures when the material is fabricated or in use can create weaknesses that can initiate or exacerbate failures. Parts can fail to perform due to unfavorable textures in their component materials. Failures can correlate with the crystalline textures formed during fabrication or use of that component. Consequently, consideration of textures that are present in and that could form in engineered components while in use can be
990-515: The preferred orientation of crystal axes as a result of deformation See also [ edit ] Central Post Office (disambiguation) , the main post office located in every city of United Arab Emirates C-3PO , a character from the Star Wars franchise Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CPO . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
1023-458: The preferred orientation of crystal axes as a result of deformation See also [ edit ] Central Post Office (disambiguation) , the main post office located in every city of United Arab Emirates C-3PO , a character from the Star Wars franchise Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CPO . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
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1056-454: The sample direction around which preferred orientation is typically observed (see below). There are several textures that are commonly found in processed (cubic) materials. They are named either by the scientist that discovered them, or by the material they are most found in. These are given in Miller indices for simplification purposes. The full 3D representation of crystallographic texture
1089-467: The substrate plane; (2) in biaxial textures the in-plane orientation of crystallites also tend to align with respect to the sample. The latter phenomenon is accordingly observed in nearly epitaxial growth processes, where certain crystallographic axes of crystals in the layer tend to align along a particular crystallographic orientation of the (single-crystal) substrate. Tailoring the texture on demand has become an important task in thin film technology. In
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