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71-563: CPP and cpp may refer to: Economics and finance [ edit ] Canada Pension Plan , a contributory, earnings-related social insurance program in Canada Capital Purchase Program , a preferred stock and equity warrant purchase program in the US Consistent pricing process , any representation of "prices" of assets in a market Cost per point ,

142-585: A 9-year-old boy suggest a pineal gland tumor. The tumor is called a chorionic gonadotropin secreting pineal tumor . Radiotherapy and chemotherapy reduced tumor and beta-hCG levels normalized. In a study using neonatal melatonin on rats, results suggest that elevated melatonin could be responsible for some cases of early puberty. Familial cases of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) have been reported, leading researchers to believe there are specific genetic modulators of ICPP. Mutations in genes such as LIN28 , and LEP and LEPR, which encode leptin and

213-460: A chemical Controllable-pitch propeller , is a type of propeller used in Marine propulsion . It may also refer to a controllable-pitch propeller used in aeronautics. Cycloparaphenylene Cast Polypropylene , a type of wrapping plastic with good thermic properties. Medicine [ edit ] Cell-penetrating peptide , are short polycationic sequences Central precocious puberty ,

284-466: A condition in which puberty begins abnormally early Cerebral perfusion pressure , regarding blood flow to the brain Coronary perfusion pressure , regarding blood flow to the heart muscle Certificate of pharmaceutical product , a certificate which establishes the status of a pharmaceutical product Chronic pelvic pain , a medical condition Critical process parameters , key variables affecting

355-417: A dyadic psychotherapy for children and parents who have experienced trauma, especially through domestic-violence See also [ edit ] CP (disambiguation) CP2 (disambiguation) CCP (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CPP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

426-409: A maximum reduction of 36%, at age 60). For those who defer, the adjustment rate is 0.7% for each month that one delays in receiving it, to a maximum increase of 42% at age 70. There is no financial benefit to delaying beyond age 70. The CPP also provides disability pensions to eligible workers under the age of 65 who become disabled in a severe and prolonged fashion, and a monthly survivor's pension to

497-772: A political party in Togo Professional certifications [ edit ] Certified Payroll Professional, a professional certification conferred by the American Payroll Association Certified Pharmacist Practitioner, a certification on licenses of pharmacists in the state of Montana Certified Professional Photographer, degree or certification given by the Professional Photographers of America and used after your signature as initials, CPP Certified Protection Professional ,

568-1016: A political party of Cambodia Chin Progressive Party , a political party in Myanmar Collaborating Political Parties , a political alliance in Liberia Communist Party of Pakistan , a political party in Pakistan Communist Party of the Philippines , a political party in the Philippines Convention People's Party , a socialist political party in Ghana Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (French: Convergence patriotique panafricaine ),

639-433: A result, "early puberty" in children as young as 8 and 9 is no longer considered abnormal, particularly with girls. Although it is not considered as abnormal, it may be upsetting to parents and can be harmful to children who mature physically at a time when they are immature mentally. No age reliably separates normal from abnormal processes in children, but the following age thresholds for evaluation are thought to minimize

710-448: A security management designation conferred by ASIS International Science and technology [ edit ] C preprocessor , a program that processes the C programming language before it is compiled C++ (file extension: .cpp ), a programming language Carte parallelogrammatique projection , an equirectangular map projection Chinese postman problem , a mathematical problem in graph theory meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine ,

781-476: A supplementary provincial pension plan intended to begin in 2018. Unlike the existing, or base, CPP, the enhancement to the Canada Pension Plan will be fully funded, meaning that benefits under the enhancement will slowly accrue each year as an individual works and makes contributions. Additionally, the enhancement will be phased in over a period of seven years, starting in 2019. When fully mature,

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852-412: A very rare genetic condition called aromatase excess syndrome – in which exceptionally high circulating levels of estrogen are present – usually develop precocious puberty. Males and females are hyper-feminized by the syndrome. The "opposite" case would be the hyper-masculinisation of both male and female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency , in which there

923-537: Is a contributory, earnings-related social insurance program. It is one of the two major components of Canada 's public retirement income system, the other being Old Age Security (OAS). Other parts of Canada's retirement system are private pensions, either employer-sponsored or from tax-deferred individual savings (known in Canada as a registered retirement savings plan ). As of June 30, 2024, CPP Investments (CPPI) manages over C$ 646 billion in investment assets for

994-558: Is a hybrid between a fully funded one and a " pay-as-you-go " plan. In other words, assets held in the CPP fund are by themselves insufficient to pay for all future benefits accrued to date but sufficient to prevent contributions from rising any further. While a sustainable path for this particular plan, given the indefinite existence of a government, it is not typical of other public- or private-sector pension plans. A study published in April 2007 by

1065-641: Is an excess of androgens. Thus, in the aromatase excess syndrome the precocious puberty is isosexual in females and heterosexual in males, whilst in the CAH it is isosexual in males and heterosexual in females. Although the causes of early puberty are still somewhat unclear, girls who have a high-fat diet and are not physically active or are obese are more likely to physically mature earlier. "Obese girls, defined as at least 10 kilograms (22 pounds) overweight, had an 80 percent chance of developing breasts before their ninth birthday and starting menstruation before age 12 –

1136-523: Is associated with advancement in bone age, which leads to early fusion of epiphyses, thus resulting in reduced final height and short stature. Adrenocortical oncocytomas are rare with mostly benign and nonfunctioning tumors. There have been only three cases of functioning adrenocortical oncocytoma that have been reported up until 2013. Children with adrenocortical oncocytomas will present with "premature pubarche, clitoromegaly, and increased serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone" which are some of

1207-399: Is being considered as a medical problem. Stricter definitions of "precocity" may refer only to central puberty starting before a statistically specified age based on percentile in the population (e.g., 2.5 standard deviations below the population mean), on expert recommendations of ages at which there is more than a negligible chance of discovering an abnormal cause, or based on opinion as to

1278-443: Is called isosexual precocity. In some cases, a patient may develop characteristics of the opposite sex. For example, a male may develop breasts and other feminine characteristics, while a female may develop a deepened voice and facial hair. This is called heterosexual or contrasexual precocity. It is very rare in comparison to isosexual precocity and is usually the result of unusual circumstances. As an example, children with

1349-413: Is considered idiopathic or constitutional. Secondary sexual development induced by sex steroids from other abnormal sources is referred to as peripheral precocious puberty or precocious pseudopuberty. It typically presents as a severe form of disease with children. Symptoms are usually as a sequelae from adrenal hyperplasia (because of 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency ,

1420-400: Is still some uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of GnRHas when utilized for other conditions. Overall, puberty blockers have demonstrated an excellent safety and efficacy profile in the treatment of precocious puberty. The most common side effects reported include nonspecific headaches, hot flashes, and implant-related skin reactions. A systematic review of studies investigating

1491-460: The French Code of criminal procedure Concrete Pavement Preservation Conditioned place preference , a form of Pavlovian conditioning Celebrity Paranormal Project , an American reality TV show which aired in 2006 Counter promenade position , a dance position Clean Power Plan , US policy attempting to curb emissions from electricity generation Child-Parent Psychotherapy ,

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1562-565: The Quebec Pension Plan . Because the Constitutional authority for pensions is shared between the provincial and federal governments, stewardship for the CPP is jointly shared. As a result, major changes to the CPP (including those that alter how benefits are calculated) require the approval of at least seven Canadian provinces representing at least two-thirds of the country's population. A province may choose to opt out of

1633-560: The Régie des rentes du Québec (RRQ) in 2016. Closely mirroring the CPP, the QPP is a contributory earnings-related pension plan that pays benefits in the event of the earner becoming disabled, retiring, or dying. Both Quebec and the federal tax benefits are paid from the QPP. The QPP's contribution rate was 9.9% prior to 2012. In accordance with the 2011–12 Budget of the Government of Quebec,

1704-430: The pituitary hormones that induce sex steroid production. The opposite condition is delayed puberty . The term is used with several slightly different meanings that are usually apparent from the context. In its broadest sense, and often simplified as early puberty , "precocious puberty" sometimes refers to any physical sex hormone effect, due to any cause, occurring earlier than the usual age, especially when it

1775-537: The "pay-as-you-go" structure would lead to excessively high contribution rates within about 20 years, due to Canada's changing demographics , increased life expectancy , a changing economy , benefit improvements, and increased usage of disability benefits (all referenced in the Chief Actuary's study of April 2007, noted above). The same study reports that the reserve fund was expected to run out by 2015. This impending pension crisis sparked an extensive review by

1846-463: The CPP a monthly retirement pension. Currently, this is equal to 25% of the average earnings on which CPP contributions were made over the entire working life of a contributor from age 18 to 65 in constant dollars. The earnings upon which contributions are made are subject to an annual limit, which was $ 58,700 as of 2020. However, under changes being phased in by 2025, the pension benefit will rise to 33.33% of earnings on which contributions were made, and

1917-421: The CPP's chief actuary showed that this type of funding method is "robust and appropriate" given reasonable assumptions about future conditions. The enhancement to the CPP will be fully funded, meaning that each generation will pay for the benefits it receives. Contributions made to the enhancement will be directed into a separate account. The chief actuary submits a report to Parliament every three years on

1988-561: The CPPI created the CPP Reserve Fund. The CPP Investment Board is a Crown corporation created by an Act of Parliament. It reports quarterly on its performance, has a professional management team to oversee the operation of various aspects of the CPP reserve fund and to plan changes in direction, and a board of directors that is accountable to but independent from the federal government. The board reports annually to Parliament through

2059-520: The Canada Pension Plan on behalf of 22 million Canadians. CPPI is one of the world's largest pension funds. The CPP mandates all employed Canadians 18 years of age and over to contribute a prescribed portion of their earnings income (with an equal matching amount contributed by their employer) to a federally administered pension plan. The plan is administered by Employment and Social Development Canada on behalf of employees in all provinces and territories except Quebec, which operates an equivalent plan,

2130-510: The Canada Pension Plan to provide working Canadians with more income in retirement. These changes were principally motivated by the declining share of the workforce that was covered by an employer defined-benefit pension plan, which had fallen from 48% of men in 1971 to 25% by 2011. They were given additional impetus by moves on the part of the government of Ontario to launch the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan ,

2201-548: The Canada Pension Plan, as Quebec did in 1965, but must offer a comparable plan to its residents. Any province may establish an additional or supplementary plan anytime, as under section 94A of the Canadian Constitution, pensions are a provincial responsibility. The CPP Fund is a professionally managed investment fund, overseen by the CPP Investments (CPPI), an independent organization that reports to

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2272-528: The Canadian Pension Plan in 1965. Beginning in January 2024, a second earnings ceiling will be introduced, also known as CPP2. The first ceiling will be $ 68,500, while the second ceiling will be $ 73,200. The second ceiling is calculated "in accordance with the CPP legislation and [taking] into account the growth in average weekly wages and salaries in Canada". The primary benefit provided by

2343-515: The Consumer Price Index. CPP benefit payments are taxable as ordinary income. The standard age for receiving the retirement pension is age 65; however, individuals may begin collecting a permanently reduced pension as early as age 60 or defer payment until age 70 to increase the monthly payment. For those who take the pension early (the majority), the reduction factor is 0.6% for each month that benefits are received before age 65 (to

2414-644: The Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology published a consensus statement highlighting the effectiveness of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) in early onset central precocious puberty. They confirmed that the use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) has had a positive effect on increasing adult height. However these Endocrine Societies believe additional research should be conducted before routinely suggesting GnRHAs for other conditions. There

2485-732: The age at which early puberty may have adverse effects. A common definition for medical purposes is onset before 8 years in girls or 9 years in boys. Early pubic hair , breast , or genital development may result from natural early maturation or from several other conditions. If the cause can be traced to the hypothalamus or pituitary , the cause is considered central. Other names for this type are complete or true precocious puberty. Causes of central precocious puberty can include: Central precocious puberty can also be caused by brain tumors , infection (most commonly tuberculous meningitis , especially in developing countries), trauma, hydrocephalus , and Angelman syndrome . Precocious puberty

2556-408: The balance sheet of the Canada Pension Plan's financial statements. Consequently, the balance sheet reports that the CPP's assets exceed its liabilities by $ 269 billion as of March 31, 2015. Under the direction of then Finance Minister Paul Martin , CPP Investments (CPPI) was created in 1997 as an organization independent of the government to monitor and invest the funds held by the CPP. In turn,

2627-410: The base portion of the CPP, there is a general drop-out provision that enables the lower-earnings years in a contributor's contributory period to be dropped from the calculation of the average. Since 2014, the lowest 17% of earnings are dropped in this way, accounting for up to eight years of contributory earnings. Benefits under the CPP enhancement will be calculated based on a forty-year period, using

2698-447: The best forty years to calculate the benefit. This calculation effectively allows seven years to be dropped from the benefit calculation (for an individual who begins contributing at age 18 and ends at age 65). In October 2018, the average monthly benefits for a new retirement pension (taken at age 65) was just over $ 664.00 per month, and the maximum amount in 2019 was $ 1,154.58 per month. Monthly benefits are adjusted every year based on

2769-454: The cause for ICPP However, this is still a controversial area of research, and some investigators found no association of mutations in the LIN28 and KISS1/KISS1R genes to be the common cause underlying ICPP. The gene MKRN3, which is a maternally imprinted gene, was first cloned by Jong et al. in 1999. MKRN3 was originally named Zinc finger protein 127. It is located on human chromosome 15 on

2840-416: The contribution rate was 3.6%. The rate was 1.8% for employees (and a like amount for their employers) and 3.6% in respect of self-employed earnings. Contribution rates began rising by 0.2% per year in 1987. By 1997, this had reached combined rates of 6% of pensionable earnings. By the mid-1990s, the 3.6% contribution rate was not sufficient to keep up with Canada's aging population, and it was concluded that

2911-654: The contribution rate was increased by 0.15% per year for six years from 2012 to 2017. Consequently, the contribution rate increased to 10.8% for 2017 and subsequent years. Central precocious puberty Even when there is no underlying disease, unusually early puberty can have adverse effects on social behavior and psychological development (having more mature knowledge than one's peers, feeling inadequate, trying to attend and establish friendships with older people, depression ). Affected children also face shorter adult height potential and possible lifelong health risks. Central precocious puberty can be treated by suppressing

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2982-472: The cost of an advertising campaign, relative to the rating points delivered Companies [ edit ] Cleveland Public Power , an electricity generation and distribution company in Ohio, US CPP Group , a British company selling life assistance products CPP Investments , Canadian pension fund Organizations [ edit ] Political parties [ edit ] Cambodian People's Party ,

3053-413: The enhanced CPP will provide a replacement rate of one third (33.33%) of covered earnings, up from the quarter (25%) provided previously. Additionally, the maximum income covered by the CPP will increase by 14% by 2025 (projected by the Chief Actuary of Canada to be $ 79,400 in 2025, compared to the projected normal limit of $ 69,700 in the same year in the 28th Actuarial Report on the CPP ). The combination of

3124-459: The expanded pensions and maintain the soundness of the plan, contributions to the CPP by workers and their employers will each rise 1% from current levels to 5.95% over the existing band of covered earnings. This increase will be phased in over five years starting in 2019. The increase to the earnings threshold will be phased in over two years starting in 2024. Workers and their employers will contribute 4% on earnings in this range (i.e., earnings above

3195-525: The federal Minister of Finance . Quebec is the only province that opted out of the CPP upon its formation in 1965; the government of Quebec runs its own pension program. The Quebec Pension Plan ( QPP ; French: Régime des rentes du Québec; RRQ ) is Quebec's version of the Canada Pension Plan. The QPP is managed by Retraite Québec , which was formed from a merger of the Commission administrative des régimes de retraite et d'assurances (CARRA) and

3266-468: The federal and provincial governments in 1996. As a part of the review, the federal government actively conducted consultations with the Canadian public to solicit suggestions, recommendations, and proposals on how the CPP could be restructured to achieve sustainability again. As a result of this public consultation process and internal review, the following key changes were proposed and jointly approved by

3337-584: The federal and provincial governments in 1997: As of 2019 , the prescribed employee contribution rate was 4.95% of a salaried worker's gross employment income between $ 3,500 and $ 57,400, to a maximum contribution of $ 2,668. The employer matches the employee contribution, effectively doubling the employee's contributions. Self-employed workers must pay both halves of the contribution, or 9.9% of their pensionable income, when filing their income tax return. These rates have been in effect since 2003. The federal government and its provincial counterparts moved to enhance

3408-462: The federal and provincial governments. The CPPI's investment strategy is guided by a set of principles that emphasize long-term benefits security, a focus on quality, and a commitment to sustainability and responsible investment practices. CPPI also regularly reports on its investment performance and activities and is subject to oversight by the federal and provincial governments. The Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson established

3479-446: The financial status of the plan. Future reports will report on both the base and enhanced components of the plan. As noted in the 27th Actuarial Report on the Canada Pension Plan, if one uses the "closed group approach", the plan has an enormous unfunded liability. As of December 31, 2015, the CPP's unfunded liability was $ 884 billion, which is the difference between its liabilities ($ 1.169 trillion) and its assets ($ 285 billion). While

3550-422: The former being more common), which includes but is not limited to hypertension, hypotension, electrolyte abnormalities, ambiguous genitalia in females, signs of virilization in females. Blood tests will typically reveal high level of androgens with low levels of cortisol. Causes can include: Generally, patients with precocious puberty develop phenotypically appropriate secondary sexual characteristics . This

3621-410: The future, that is, over an extended time horizon"), the plan is reported to have assets in excess of $ 2.5 trillion. This approach uses a different definition of the term "assets". "Assets" are the sum of (1) the CPP's current assets and (2) the present value of future contributions for the next 150 years, totalling $ 2.544 trillion. Unlike most pension plans, the unfunded liability is not reported on

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3692-613: The higher prevalence of early puberty in black versus white girls." While more girls are increasingly entering puberty at younger ages, new research indicates that some boys are actually starting later ( delayed puberty ). "Increasing rates of obese and overweight children in the United States may be contributing to a later onset of puberty in boys, say researchers at the University of Michigan Health System." High levels of beta-hCG in serum and cerebrospinal fluid observed in

3763-484: The increased replacement rate and increased earnings limit will result in individuals receiving retirement pensions that are 33% to 50% higher, depending on their earnings across their working years. (The maximum retirement pension will increase by 50% but will require 40 years of contributions on earnings at the new maximum.) Workers earning the 2016 maximum covered wage of $ 54,900 a year would receive an additional $ 4,390 annually (approximately $ 365.83 monthly). To finance

3834-518: The leptin receptor, have been associated with precocious puberty. The association between LIN28 and puberty timing was validated experimentally in vivo, when it was found that mice with ectopic over-expression of LIN28 show an extended period of pre-pubertal growth and a significant delay in puberty onset. Mutations in the kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor, KISS1R (also known as GPR54), involved in GnRH secretion and puberty onset, are also thought to be

3905-488: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CPP&oldid=1243708190 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Canada Pension Plan The Canada Pension Plan ( CPP ; French : Régime de pensions du Canada )

3976-533: The long arm in the Prader-Willi syndrome critical region2, and has since been identified as a cause of premature sexual development or CPP. The identification of mutations in MKRN3 leading to sporadic cases of CPP has been a significant contribution to better understanding the mechanism of puberty. MKRN3 appears to act as a "brake" on the central hypothalamic-pituitary access. Thus, loss of function mutations of

4047-651: The long-term effects of treating precocious puberty with GnRH agonists found that bone mineral density decreases during treatment but normalizes afterward, with no lasting effects on peak bone mass . Early puberty is posited to put girls at higher risk of sexual abuse ; however, a causal relationship is, as yet, inconclusive. Early puberty also puts girls at a higher risk for teasing or bullying, mental health disorders and short stature as adults. Girls as young as 8 are increasingly starting to menstruate , develop breasts and grow pubic and underarm hair; these "biological milestones" typically occurred only at 13 or older in

4118-438: The maximum amount of income covered by the CPP will rise by 14% from the projected 2025 limit of $ 69,700 to $ 79,400. The CPP enhancement will serve as a top-up to the existing, or base, CPP. For individuals who work and make contributions in 2019 or later, enhanced components of benefits will be calculated and added to the base portion of the benefit. These calculations are similar but follow different formulae. When calculating

4189-453: The normal earnings limit and below the new, higher one). To ease the impact of the increased contribution on near-term disposable income, worker contributions will become tax-deductible. The base CPP is funded on a "steady-state" basis, with its current contribution rate set so that it will remain constant for the next 75 years, by accumulating a reserve fund sufficient to stabilize the asset/expenditure and funding ratios over time. This system

4260-723: The onset of puberty before 6 years of age; however there is variability in height outcomes across studies which can be attributed to varying study designs, time of symptom presentation, and time of treatment termination. A study investigating the effects of puberty blockers on reproductive health showed no significant difference in the number of irregular menstrual cycles, pregnancies, or pregnancy outcomes between women who received treatment for precocious puberty and those who opted out of treatment. Individuals with precocious puberty, early adrenarche, and early normal puberty show less stress after treatment compared to individuals without preexisting developmental conditions. Blockers are also used in

4331-736: The past. African-American girls are especially prone to early puberty. Though boys face fewer problems from early puberty than girls do, early puberty is not always positive for boys. Early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of pubertal hormones. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, although their cognitive and social development may lag behind their physical development. Studies have shown that early-maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors. Pubertas praecox

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4402-499: The pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Triptorelin depot is widely used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP) in children. Puberty blockers work by stabilizing puberty symptoms, decreasing growth velocity, and slowing skeletal maturation. The outcomes of treatment are assessed in terms of height, reproduction, metabolic, and psychosocial measures. The most pronounced effects on height have been seen in children experiencing

4473-567: The presentations associated with precocious puberty. Precocious puberty in girls begins before the age of 8. The youngest mother on record is Lina Medina , who gave birth at the age of either 5 years, 7 months and 17 days or 6 years 5 months as mentioned in another report. "Central precocious puberty (CPP) was reported in some patients with suprasellar arachnoid cysts (SAC), and SCFE ( slipped capital femoral epiphysis ) occurs in patients with CPP because of rapid growth and changes of growth hormone secretion." If no cause can be identified, it

4544-485: The production process Chronic pain patients , a medical group with multiple painful conditions Other uses [ edit ] California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), a four-year university in California, US Canadian Public Policy , a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal Coal preparation plant , a processing facility for washing raw coal Code de procédure pénale ,

4615-426: The protein allow early activation of the GnRH pathway and cause phenotypic CPP. Patients with a MKRN3 mutation all display the classic signs of CCP including early breast and testes development, increased bone aging and elevated hormone levels of GnRH and LH. Studies indicate that breast development in girls and the appearance of pubic hair in both girls and boys are starting earlier than in previous generations. As

4686-488: The risk of missing a significant medical problem: Medical evaluation is sometimes necessary to recognize the few children with serious conditions from the majority who have entered puberty early but are still medically normal. Early sexual development warrants evaluation because it may: One possible treatment is with anastrozole . GnRH agonists, including histrelin , triptorelin , or leuprorelin , are other possible treatments. Non-continuous use of GnRH agonists stimulates

4757-502: The spouse or common-law partners of contributors who die (having made sufficient contributions). An application must be filed at least six months in advance in order to receive CPP benefits. If an application for disability pension is denied, an appeal can be made for reconsideration, and then to the Social Security Tribunal. All CPP benefits in pay are indexed annually to the Consumer Price Index. From 1966 to 1986,

4828-546: The treatment of central precocious puberty resulting from conditions like hypothalamic hamartomas or congenital adrenal hyperplasia, where early onset of puberty is a symptom. Additionally, puberty blockers can be prescribed for children with severe forms of idiopathic short stature, allowing for more time for growth before the closure of growth plates. In the USA, since 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA ) has supported

4899-416: The unfunded liability has been increasing with every published Actuarial Report, the assets as a percentage of liabilities using the closed group approach has also been increasing since the 1996 reforms. The unfunded liabilities reported in the last few reports are: Using the "open group approach" ("one that includes all current and future participants of a plan, where the plan is considered to be ongoing into

4970-489: The use of puberty blockers to treat precocious puberty. Currently under FDA regulation the use of puberty blockers is considered on-label for the treatment of central precocious puberty. ] For years, the FDA , Endocrine Society , American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) and many other pediatric associations have supported the use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) in central precocious puberty (CPP). In 2009,

5041-431: The western average for menstruation is about 12.7 years." In addition to diet and exercise habits, exposure to chemicals that mimic estrogen (known as xenoestrogens ) is another possible cause of early puberty in girls. Bisphenol A , a xenoestrogen found in hard plastics , has been shown to affect sexual development. "Factors other than obesity, however, perhaps genetic and/or environmental ones, are needed to explain

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