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85-424: In 2021 government and naval vessels accounted for 60% of CSBC’s operations. As of 2019 ship repair accounted for 3–5% of CSBC revenues, with the company working to increase that share because of favorable margins in the space. In 2019 CSBC Corp. completed a green retrofit of a 13,000 TEU container ship owned by Orient Overseas Container Line . Modifications included a flue gas desulfurization system to bring

170-483: A building inherently carries the constraints of the existing building and site. For example, the orientation of a building in regard to the sun has a great impact on its energy performance, but it's generally not within the scope of a retrofit to rotate the building. Budgetary constraints also often impact the energy conservation measures proposed. Until recently, green retrofits have generally been considered as one-off projects for specific buildings or clients, but given

255-581: A building over and above maintenance to change its capacity, function or performance' in other words, any intervention to adjust, reuse, or upgrade a building to suit new conditions or requirements". Refurbishment can be done to a part of a building, an entire building, or a campus. Sustainable refurbishment takes this a step further to modify the existing building to perform better in terms of its environmental impact and its occupants' environment. Most sustainable refubrishments are also green retrofits : any refurbishment of an existing building that aims to reduce

340-514: A considerable structural load. The existing roof also needs to be evaluated for stripping or re-waterproofing. Some roofs can simply be laid over with sedum mats, while others require additional work to prepare. A peaked or sloped roof does not preclude the installation of a green roofing system but can influence the installation costs and product choices available. Hai Kun-class submarine The Hai Kun -class submarine ( Chinese : 海鯤級潛艦 , translation " Narwhal " ), alternatively known as

425-518: A door with a fan and a gauge is installed into one of the doorways and the house is depressurized. The gauge can then measure the air changes per hour (ACH), or how many times the volume of air in the house is completely replaced in one hour. The draftier a house is, the higher the air changes per hour will be. Windows are the weakest point of insulation in a building's envelope and contribute greatly to how thermally effective that envelope is. Because of this, windows are another common area of focus for

510-545: A green retrofit. Similar to a lighting retrofit, windows are a relatively straightforward aspect of a building to retrofit, with easy-to-calculate payback periods. Modern, efficient windows are generally sized for existing window openings and can usually be installed without much additional work on the building envelope. Most green retrofits will replace older single-pane windows with more efficient triple-paned varieties that are filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton. These windows have greater R-values , so they insulate

595-496: A green roof for a green retrofit. Extensive green roofs use a thin substrate layer for the often shorter vegetation that needs less room for roots to grow. Intensive green roofs use a thicker growing substrate to accommodate larger plant species that require more space for their roots. Semi-intensive green roofs fall somewhere in between the two. The strength of the existing structure must be considered; many existing structures were not designed for an intensive green roof, which can carry

680-606: A joint venture with DEME Wind Engineering to offer wind farm construction in East Asia. In 2019 they were hired by Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners to transport and install wind turbines at two new wind farm off Taiwan. The two wind farms have a combined capacity of 600MW and are expected to be completed by 2023. CSBC has been contracted to build eight conventional attack submarines for the Republic of China Navy . The model featured an X-form rudder. The initial project contract

765-599: A loading deck bearing strength 20 metric tons per square meter. It is 41 meters wide by 140 meters long and cost NT$ 700 million to build. In October 2021 CSBC launched the YM Cooperation for Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation, the 2,940 TEU containership has a high level of modularity and environmental sustainability. In September 2023, CSBC launched Taiwan's first domestically built submarine Haikun ( Chinese : 海鯤 ) at its shipyard in Kaohsiung. The event

850-437: A new building construction. This section lays out a timeline and progression of the development of the goals of sustainable refurbishment from a few different authors: The main goals of "sustainable development", by Baldwin in 1996, include minimizing the impact on human health and the environment, optimal use of non-renewable resources, utilizing renewable resources, and future planning and adaptability. Minimizing impact on

935-491: A number of building rating systems, such as the USGBC 's LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance, Passive House EnerPHit, and Green Globes for Existing Buildings. Some governments offer funding towards green retrofits as existing buildings make up a majority of operational buildings and have been identified as a growing area of consideration in the fight against climate change . Sustainable refurbishment

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1020-423: A popular form of green retrofit because, compared to other methods of improving energy efficiency, they are relatively straightforward to plan and execute, and the energy savings often provide a quick return on investment. Most modern LED and compact fluorescent bulbs are designed to work with existing light fixtures and rarely involve any additional work than removing and screwing in a new lightbulb. The installation

1105-420: A space far better than single-pane windows. Some windows have low-e coatings to control the solar heat gain coefficient . Green roofs , also called living roofs, have a number of major benefits, including reducing stormwater runoff and urban heat island effect, increasing roof insulation, improving building acoustics , and providing biodiversity. There are many factors to account for when considering

1190-500: Is a full or partial lighting retrofit. A lighting retrofit usually consists of replacing all or some of the lightbulbs in a building with newer, more efficient models. This can also include changing light fixtures, ballasts , and drivers. LED bulbs are generally the preferred choice in a lighting retrofit because of their greatly increased efficiency compared to incandescent bulbs, but other types of bulbs like compact fluorescent or metal halides may be used as well. Lighting retrofits are

1275-399: Is a proper energy-education of users". Green retrofits can involve training building occupants in sustainable practices and building systems that they'll interact with, which helps ensure that any energy conservation measures used will reach their full design potential. Training can be handled by system manufacturers or the project design team. One of the most common forms of a green retrofit

1360-443: Is also relatively quick compared to more invasive energy conservation measures. Lighting retrofits can also include implementing new lighting controls like occupancy sensors, daylight sensors, and timers. When correctly implemented, these controls can reduce the demand for lighting. However, due to the complicated nature of lighting controls, there is debate as to whether or not they are an effective energy conserving measure because of

1445-651: Is believed to have provided technical support. The design of the Hai Kun class is thought to be derived from the Dutch Zwaardvis class , which is currently operated by Taiwan , with some similarities to the Dutch Walrus class as well. The submarine features a hybrid double-single hull structure with a light outer hull, but replaces the cruciform control surfaces of the Zwaardvis class with

1530-563: Is difficult to characterize strategies that apply to all buildings. Green retrofits have recently garnered considerable research attention due to government emphasis on retrofitting old building stock to address climate change. It is estimated that up to half of building stock is always over 40 years old. Older buildings have significantly worse energy performance than their modern counterparts due to shortcomings in their design, deterioration in mechanical system efficiency, and increases in envelope permeability. The energy use intensity of houses in

1615-455: Is for US$ 3.3 billion with projected procurement costs of US$ 10bn for a fleet of ten boats. CSBC is set to deliver ten 2,800 TEU container vessels to Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation between January 2020 and February 2021. In July 2019 CSBC launched the CSBC No. 15, a barge designed to support CSBC’s offshore wind power business. The barge has a loading capacity of 23,000 metric tons and

1700-637: Is not a new concept but is gaining recognition and importance owing to current concerns about high energy use leading to climate change , overheating in buildings, the need for healthy internal environments, waste and environmental damage associated with materials production. Many governments are beginning to realize the importance of sustainably renovating their existing building stock, rather than just raising standards for new buildings and developments, and are producing guidance and grants and other support and stimulation activities. Think-tanks, lobby groups and voluntary organizations continue to publicize and promote

1785-559: Is preserved by increasing ventilation and air filtration of indoor spaces and by avoiding potentially harmful construction materials that can impact respiratory health. This can also be achieved by encouraging the reuse or recycling of materials to reduce or eliminate material waste. The goal of renewable resource use can be achieved in a refurbishment by electrifying the home's heating and cooling systems, by installing on-site renewables generation and storage, or by using renewable resource products as building materials – like timber. Building for

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1870-598: Is the belief that green buildings are healthier and more satisfactory for occupants. The specifications for sustainable refurbishments take measures to ensure that the materials and building framework does not radiate dangerous particulates and gasses, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, into the indoor environment, and further measures are taken to filter indoor air for inhabitants. The "Citizen's Healthcare Principle" states that sustainable refurbishments must ensure that buildings are safe and improve living quality for those inside. The refurbishment design must consider both

1955-487: Is the ecological conditions, like the average temperature, humidity, soil quality , natural resources, topography, etc.. Green retrofits utilize an integrated design strategy . This is in opposition to the traditional waterfall design strategy, in which architects, engineers, and contractors operate independently from one another. In an integrated design strategy, these teams work together to leverage their areas of expertise and solve design problems while also considering

2040-518: Is the equivalent of sustainable development which relates to new developments of cities, buildings or industries etc. Sustainable refurbishment includes insulation and related measures to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, installation of renewable energy sources such as solar water heating and photovoltaics , measures to reduce water consumption , and changes to reduce over heating , improve ventilation and improve internal comfort. The process of sustainable refurbishment includes minimizing

2125-539: Is the utilization of both renewable energy sources and low-impact materials regarding the indoor micro-environment, as well as the exterior macro-environment. They claim to achieve improvement in living conditions in terms of human health, user-friendly controls, and adaptability for future needs. The goal is that this all be achieved through innovation planning to develop a design that is environmentally, economically, and socially beneficial. Sustainable refurbishments aim to reach "total building performance optimization" with

2210-443: Is when project teams consider all these aspects from the project start. Many sustainable building practices are passive and can be automated, like insulation or light controls. Others depend on the behavior of the building's occupants to realize their full energy efficiency potential. An energy efficient heating system does very little good if the windows are left open in winter. Per Ascione et al., "the first lever of energy efficiency

2295-475: The Hai Lung -class's Hai Hu (SS-794) would not accommodate the planned eight boats. After launch harbor acceptance trials will start on 1 October 2023 and preliminary evaluations are expected to be completed by 1 April 2024. Following the launch, Kuomintang politician Ma Wen-chun was publicly accused of attempting to hinder Taiwan's domestic submarine program through outing foreign individuals involved in

2380-631: The Indigenous Defense Submarine (IDS) program, is a class of attack submarines built by CSBC Corporation, Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy . While the Hai Kun class is thought to be based on the Dutch Zwaardvis class , which is currently operated by Taiwan , the design has been brought up to date by incorporating many new and more modern systems. Since 2001, Taiwan has been attempting to procure new submarines to bolster its aging underwater fleets, which consisted of two Dutch-built Hai Lung -class submarines from

2465-638: The Republic of China Navy , patrol vessels for the Coast Guard Administration , and research vessels for the Taiwan Ocean Research Institute . CSBC is participating in the development of the first domestic Taiwanese AUV . In 2018 CSBC entered into an alliance with Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation , Taiwan Navigation Co Ltd, and Taiwan International Ports Corporation to provide marine services to Taiwan's burgeoning offshore wind power sector. CSBC has

2550-555: The United States dropped 9% from 1985 to 2004 due to improvements in end-use energy efficiency and code improvements. Unfortunately, this is offset by the overall increase in the total number of houses. One of the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. More specifically,

2635-450: The carbon emissions and environmental impact of the building. This can include improving the energy efficiency of the HVAC and other mechanical systems, increasing the quality of insulation in the building envelope , implementing sustainable energy generation, and aiming to improve occupant comfort and health. Green retrofits have become increasingly prominent with their inclusion in

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2720-519: The 1980s and two US-built GUPPY-class submarines that saw action in the Second World War . In 2003, the US offered to provide the subs for Taiwan, but as the US has not been building diesel-powered submarines since the 1950s, and after an offer of eight refurbished Italian Nazario Sauro -class submarines was declined by Taiwan due to their age, the attempt to acquire foreign-built submarines

2805-517: The People's Republic of China. In 2008 CSBC’s production value reached 1.131b USD, 54% of Taiwan’s total shipbuilding industry output for that year. According to its website, the company has built container ships, one-of-a-kind commercial ships and semi-submersible heavy-lift transport ships, including the MV ; Blue Marlin . Furthermore, it has built ships, submarines and advanced naval weapons for

2890-606: The Taiwan Dockyard Corporation. Following Japan's defeat in World War II , the Republic of China authorities established Taiwan Machinery and Shipbuilding Company by merging the existing Taiwan Dockyard Corporation with Taiwan Steel Works and Tōkō Kōgyō Corporation. Two years later, in 1948, the company split into two state-owned companies called Taiwan Machinery Corporation and Taiwan Shipbuilding Corporation (TSBC). China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC)

2975-538: The UN supports the immediate reduction of building-related greenhouse gas emissions. Building refurbishment plays a key role in the decarbonization of the current building stock. Other than tearing down existing buildings, it is the only way to improve building performance or to develop zero-emission buildings. Energy-efficient refurbishments are a tool to reduce energy consumption in buildings, which will result in lower greenhouse gas emissions and resource use. Studies present

3060-524: The United States Department of State approved the sale of 18 MK-48 Mod6 Advanced Technology Heavy Weight Torpedoes and related equipment to Taiwan for an estimated cost of $ 180 million. In November 2020, President Tsai Ing-wen opened the submarine construction facility in Kaohsiung (not Keelung) with plans to build eight submarines. Construction was to begin with a prototype boat which was to be built over 78 months. Anticipated delivery

3145-410: The area between the door and the doorframe or windows that can open. These drafty areas can be found by feeling for temperature differences and drafts on days when the temperature inside the house is dramatically different than the temperature outside the house, burning incense and watching how the smoke moves to detect drafts, or hiring a professional to perform a blower door test. In a blower door test,

3230-480: The basis of a common bottom line, through life cycle analysis, an optimum path for the design appears. Ultimately, since the refurbishment will require additional construction materials, there will be a negative environmental impact, but the aim of sustainable refurbishment is to minimize these impacts. For example, reusing on-site timber, using reclaimed timber, and using timber from renewable certified sources are sustainable material choices based on taking advantage of

3315-648: The boat features domestic content. In October 2019 it was reported that construction of the class would commence at the Heping Island yard in Keelung (Northeast Taiwan) rather than in Kaohsiung (Southwest Taiwan). Later in October 2019 it was reported that personnel working on the project were forbidden from traveling to or transiting through Macao or Hong Kong (their travel to Mainland China had already been restricted) due to security concerns. In May 2020,

3400-404: The building are often considered. Heat recovery ventilation is recommended for newly air-sealed homes as it uses the heat from the warm, moist, stale air that is being vented from the home to warm the cool, fresh, and filtered air that is entering the home. This allows for minimal heat loss while mitigating concerns of carbon monoxide poisoning, radon gas, or harmful particulates accumulating in

3485-471: The building as a whole. This is imperative for a green retrofit, where the design solutions are often constrained by the existing site. This could relate to the orientation and geometry of the existing building form, the size of the site, or the installation requirements of the existing and proposed mechanical systems. Because these constraints affect all aspects of building design, the only way sustainable, effective, and cost-efficient solutions can be synthesized

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3570-432: The building, the associated greenhouse gas emissions during the operation phase, and the overall environmental impact. Sustainable refurbishment ensures energy efficiency by improving the following systems: There are typical strategies to improve upon each of the above systems. Innovative insulation materials can be utilized that have a lower environmental impact, but even non-sustainable insulation additions can improve

3655-460: The building. Designing and constructing buildings that are not sustainable for long lifetimes allows for the construction and demolition of buildings with short lifetimes, which wastes construction materials that are not used for their entire lifetime capacity. Reusing existing buildings enables building owners to use the embodied energy that is already invested in the building composition, rather than wasting that embodied carbon and consuming more with

3740-464: The climate and ecological system is achieved through a reduction of emissions of greenhouse gasses, which is connected to the other goal of optimizing the use of non-renewable resources. By reducing the non-renewable energy sources used to construct and operate buildings, the embodied greenhouse gas emissions from buildings are also reduced. The refurbishment could also attempt to protect and enhance local ecology through landscape architecture. Human health

3825-438: The degree of refurbishment necessary: 3. Modeling phase: 4. Selection Phase: 5. Implementation Phase In the modeling phase, it is important to consider the greater environment that the refurbishment is impacting because decisions cannot be made separate from this context. The social and political conditions of the community need to be considered, specifically the living conditions and standards. The other context to consider

3910-422: The electricity used for lighting can be reduced by optimizing daylighting in occupiable spaces. The overall environmental impact of a sustainable refurbishment is highly dependent on the material choices for the refurbishment. The Rational Resources Principle for refurbishment encourages the efficient use of construction materials and natural resources. This is quantified through life cycle analysis that measures

3995-597: The embodied carbon that has already been invested in those materials. As was mentioned prior, the analysis of the life cycle of building materials' primary energy demand and global warming potential is becoming more important as buildings are consuming less energy during their operation. The human health impact of materials is also included in their life cycle assessment, meaning that a construction material cannot be sustainable if it harms its occupants. Therefore, sustainable refurbishments should not include adhesives, paints, or glues that expel low-volatile organic compounds into

4080-437: The energy performance of the building after renovation is significantly better than it was before the work. The increase in energy performance must meet the current building regulations for new buildings. The sustainable approach would be to even design beyond the code minimum and plan for future requirements. A deep energy refurbishment should include the integration of energy generation on-site from renewable energy sources, with

4165-538: The energy performance of the building. The building envelope can be improved by replacing the existing windows with efficient windows in terms of thermal bridging and optimizing solar gain. The use of passive ventilation strategies or hybrid systems that use both passive and active strategies reduces the energy required for conditioning. Buildings' heating and cooling systems can be powered with solar energy, or even use solar-heated water, which both reduce non-renewable energy consumption through heating and cooling. Finally,

4250-419: The epitome of sustainability is to not build at all, which equites to preservation and refurbishment. As a society, we have a finite amount of many resources, nonrenewable energy sources for example. Non-sustainable buildings, in terms of their operation, also consume a significant amount of non-renewable energy resources, relative to other industries. Again, it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of

4335-479: The existing building conditions. For example, sustainable buildings are socially sustainable because they are healthier for occupants due to the use of materials that do not negatively impact health. The indoor environmental quality of the existing building stock is known to often be more unsatisfactory and unhealthy than the outdoor environment due to the design and materials used. The leading argument for sustainable refurbishment, and sustainable building in general,

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4420-402: The existing building stick to reduce non-renewable energy resource consumption, or even replace that with renewable sources entirely. Efficiency can be improved through sustainable building refurbishments that modify the building systems and building operations. With buildings becoming more energy efficient it is increasingly important to look at the life cycle impact of the materials that make up

4505-448: The existing building stock is likely to be in use for many years to come since demolition and replacement is often unacceptable owing to cost, social disruption or because the building is of architectural and/or historical interest. The solution is to refurbish or renovate such buildings to make them appropriate for current and future use and to satisfy current requirements and standards of energy use and comfort. Sustainable refurbishment

4590-414: The first step towards improving the building's envelope is to evaluate its current shortcomings. Air-sealing is an easily accessible and cost-efficient way to improve the energy efficiency of a home that is mechanically heated or cooled. Caulking can be used to fill gaps in immobile areas like window and door frames and or poorly sealed appliances. Weather stripping can be used where moving parts meet, such as

4675-450: The future can be achieved through refurbishment by making an existing building more durable and extending the previous lifespan of the building. In 1996, Keeping and Shiers described the goals of "green refurbishments" as having three parts. The first part includes lower utility costs since less energy is consumed due to a combination of efficient and passive heating and cooling systems. The second part ensures lower maintenance costs since

4760-482: The goal of developing a nearly zero-energy building. The energy efficiency gained through the architectural retrofit makes the integration of renewable energy sources cost-effective. A study in the United Kingdom showed that, after a refurbishment, buildings had lower operating costs even if sustainability was not a priority of the retrofit. A study of energy refurbishments of residential buildings showed that

4845-443: The home. Other green HVAC retrofits can include implementing a newer, more efficient model of the same type as the existing system, such as replacing an old water boiler with a more efficient one to feed a hydronic heating system. Sometimes a larger system overhaul is merited—for example, exchanging an old boiler for a newer ground or air source heat pump system. Thermal insulation and building envelope performance are key to

4930-438: The impact of a material over its lifetime, which stretches into the "D phase" that includes end-of-life waste after the building is demolished. Waste transportation adds costs to both construction and building maintenance. Designing refurbishments that reduce waste, and maximize reuse, minimize waste hauling costs in the short-term and long-term by using materials for their entire intended life. When materials can be compared on

5015-462: The increased emphasis on improving the energy efficiency of existing building stock in the face of climate change , they are beginning to be reviewed systematically and at scale. The main challenge this presents for governments and advocacy groups is that the existing building stock is characterized by different uses, located in disparate climatic areas, and uses different construction traditions and system technologies. Because of these disparities, it

5100-415: The indoor air of the building. Materials that harm indoor occupants or the exterior ecology are considered lethal and are therefore not utilized in sustainable refurbishments. The image shown is a conceptual model of sustainable refurbishment. The dimensions of the model include technical, economic, architectural, social, ecological, and cultural. The dimensions are all related and influence each other and

5185-445: The indoor microclimate and the external environment around the building when developing the program. The microclimate parameters that should be considered include: The preservation of historic buildings is inherently sustainable since it maximizes the lifespan of existing materials and infrastructure. Conserving the materials and existing structures reduces waste and preserves the character of small historic communities. Many argue that

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5270-414: The integrates of multiple systems throughout the building and the community. The refurbishment not only decreases energy consumption but also improves occupant comfort in terms of noise, temperature, lighting, etc. It extends the life cycle of the building, reduces environmental impact, and creates healthy occupant conditions. Sustainable refurbishments aim to minimize the negative environmental impacts of

5355-502: The launch date was confirmed to be 28 September 2023, and the name of the first boat and hull number were announced. The first boat will be named Hai Kun , after a mythological fish mentioned in the ancient Chinese text Zhuangzi , written during the Warring States period by Zhuang Zhou , which was described as being of an unfathomable size. The hull number was given as SS-711, as the existing numbers remaining if continued from

5440-476: The lead boat was reported to have occurred in November 2021. In mid-2022 it was reported that the launch of the first submarine remained on track for September 2023. The date for service entry was still envisaged as 2025. In November 2021 Reuters reported that Taiwan had recruited engineers and retired submariners from the US, UK, Australia, South Korea, India, Spain and Canada to work on the program and advise

5525-486: The more prevalent X-form type rudders, resembling Japan's Sōryū -class and the Dutch Walrus -class SSKs. It does not feature air independent power (AIP) and is believed to lack anechoic coating. When it comes to speed, the submarine will likely reach a surface speed of 8 knots and a submerged speed of 17 knots. In addition, it has a expected range of up to 11,000 kilometers. The vessels are estimated to be in

5610-522: The navy. The UK government has granted licenses to companies to export some £167 million worth of submarine technology and parts to Taiwan, more than the prior six years of investment since 2017 combined. Current and former UK officials have warned against disclosing specific information about support given to Taiwan publicly. In May 2023 CSBC Corp. announced that the prototype would undergo final tests in September of that year. On 21 September 2023,

5695-440: The need for and practice of sustainable refurbishment. Examples and demonstration projects abound in many countries. The techniques of sustainable refurbishment have been developing over many years and though the principles are very similar to those used on new buildings, the practice and details appropriate for the wide range of situations found in old buildings has required development of specific solutions and guidance to optimize

5780-425: The overall energy performance of any building. Many older buildings are not insulated up to current standards, let alone up to the standards recommended in many green building rating systems. Many of these buildings spend energy and money heating, cooling, or conditioning the air inside them only to see it seep out through leaks in the building envelope or through poorly insulated windows. During many green retrofits,

5865-617: The prevalence of over-optimistic energy usage reduction estimates and the difficulty in predicting the actions of human occupants. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) account for around 50% of a building's operating energy consumption, and HVAC retrofits can account for 40-70% of energy savings. Reducing this consumption can provide both energy and cost savings, so it is the main focus of many green retrofits, especially in colder climates where heating accounts for over 60% of energy use. The heating system, cooling system, air handling systems, humidification systems, and ductwork in

5950-470: The process and avoid subsequent problems. Detailed technical guidance is widely available from government-sponsored sources. Most retrofits can be considered somewhat "green" because rather than constructing a new building, an existing one is improved. This saves resources that would otherwise be used to build an entirely new structure. A green retrofit typically aims to incorporate sustainability and save energy costs with each design decision. Retrofitting

6035-811: The program and through providing information on the program to the People's Republic of China. Following comments by the head of the submarine program about an unspecified legislator who had interfered with the program Ma posted on Facebook “If you name me, I’ll have to sue you” following which she was named by her legislative colleagues. According to a report by a Ma Wen-Chun to the Korean Mission in Taipei on 3 January 2024, former Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering 's submarine designers, who are under investigation by South Korean police for leaking design drawings of Korean DSME-1400 submarines to Taiwan, are participating in submarine development after signing

6120-441: The refurbished systems are simpler and were installed to be accessible for repairs. Finally, the third portion claims that buildings with green refurbishments are healthier and more comfortable for occupants. Ultimately, in 2006, Sitar et al. defined the principles of "sustainable refurbishments". The goals include decreasing the energy used during operation, which includes heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, etc. Another goal

6205-414: The refurbishment design itself. The model depicts how stakeholders expect the refurbishment design to yield energy savings, increased occupant comfort and health, extension of the building's lifetime, environmental protection, and, of course, an economic outcome. These expectation align with the goals for sustainable refurbishment that were developed in the previous section. The concept model also introduces

6290-400: The refurbishment led to an average thermal energy savings of 59% during the heating season. The savings consisted of 25% from thermal insulation addition in exterior walls and floor, 10% from window insulation improvements, 6% from a reduction in air exchange, and 18% from the installation of heating controls. The retrofit of the building envelope and operation reduced the energy consumption of

6375-700: The renovation by reducing quantities of harmful materials, utilizing energy-saving technology, and retrofitting the building for renewable energy use, as opposed to non-renewable energy sources. Some responsible environmental measures that can be incorporated in a building retrofit include energy and water efficiency, waste reduction and recycling, use of low environmental impact materials, and effective building operation. An example of energy-efficient designs could include high-efficiency lighting and smart controls. Similarly, an example of water-efficient design could include dual-flushing toilets, greywater recycling, or aerating water fixtures. A sustainable retrofit ensures that

6460-562: The ship into compliance with United Nations IMO 2020 emissions goals. CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, formerly known as China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC, Chinese : 中國造船 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Zàochuán ), is the result of the merger of Taiwan Shipbuilding Corporation and China Shipbuilding Corporation. Shipbuilding in Taiwan began in 1937 during the Japanese colonial period when Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Corporation founded

6545-489: The significance of the possible impact of widespread refurbishment implementation on individual GHG emissions, but also worldwide emissions and energy consumption. Social sustainability relates to the impacts of a building on the surrounding or occupying society, community, and individuals. This is considered in environmental impact assessment tools, such as life cycle assessment (LCA). Sustainable refurbishment integrates economic, social, and environmental needs to improve upon

6630-400: The steps of the refurbishment process that will be discussed next in this article. The principle of sustainable refurbishment should be incorporated into the project development from the first schematic through building commissioning and turnover. This section provides a generalized list of steps in the design process for a sustainable refurbishment: 1. Data collection: 2. Determination of

6715-510: The technology transfers that would enable Taiwan to build its own submarines, and in the following years multiple design proposals from countries that reportedly includes India and Japan were considered. In May 2019, Taiwan revealed a scale model of its chosen design for an indigenous built diesel-electric attack submarine. The boats will be assembled using Japanese construction techniques in Taiwan. A Japanese team consisting of retired engineers from Mitsubishi and Kawasaki Heavy Industries

6800-433: The waste of existing components, recycling and using environmentally friendly materials, and minimizing energy use , noise and waste during the refurbishment. The importance of sustainable refurbishment is that the majority of buildings in use are not new and thus were constructed when energy standards were low or non-existent, and are otherwise incompatible with current standards or the expectations of users. Much of

6885-404: The ~2,500-ton class and 70 metres (230 ft) in length. CSBC Corporation, Taiwan was awarded a contract to build eight submarines. The initial project contract is for US$ 3.3 billion with projected procurement costs of US$ 10bn for a fleet of ten boats. The first submarine of the class, Hai Kun , is estimated to have cost approximately 1.54 billion dollars. It is estimated that around 40% of

6970-434: Was founded in 1973 and reverted to a government-owned company in 1977. CSBC and TSBC merged in 1978 and was known as China Shipbuilding Corporation until 2007. On 9 February 2007, the board approved the name change to CSBC Corporation, Taiwan. Critics argued that the name change was another case of Chen Shui-bian 's de-Sinicization act, while proponents argued that the name change would help to avoid potential confusion with

7055-551: Was in 2025, though a 78-month build time suggested a somewhat later delivery. Between December 2020 and February 2021, the United States reportedly approved the export of three key systems to Taiwan for the program: digital sonar systems, integrated combat systems and auxiliary equipment systems (periscopes). In 2021 it was announced that the production timeline had been moved up with the prototype vessel expected to be launched in September 2023. The ceremonial keel laying of

7140-502: Was presided over by Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen. CSBC and one of its ships is featured in episode two of the National Geographic Channel ’s Superstructures: Engineering Marvels . Green retrofit Sustainable refurbishment describes working on existing buildings to improve their environmental performance using sustainable methods and materials. A refurbishment or retrofit is defined as: "any work to

7225-543: Was set aside in favor of domestic options. The Ministry of National Defense announced in 2014 that Taiwan will construct its own diesel-electric attack submarines (SSKs) with help from the United States , and in 2016 a submarine development center was established by CSBC Corporation, Taiwan to oversee the Indigenous Defense Submarine program under the code name "Hai Chang" ( Chinese : 海昌 ). In April 2018, President Donald Trump approved

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