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53-647: The path computed using CSPF could be exactly same as that of computed from OSPF and IS-IS , or it could be completely different depending on the set of constraints to be met. Consider the network to the right, where a route has to be computed from router-A to the router-C satisfying bandwidth constrained of x- units, and link cost for each link is based on hop-count (i.e., 1). If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → B → C. If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C. If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C. In all of these cases OSPF and IS-IS will result in path A → B → C. However, if

106-487: A designated router (DR) and a backup designated router (BDR) which act as a hub to reduce traffic between routers. OSPF uses both unicast and multicast transmission modes to send "hello" packets and link-state updates. As a link-state routing protocol, OSPF establishes and maintains neighbor relationships for exchanging routing updates with other routers. The neighbor relationship table is called an adjacency database . Two OSPF routers are neighbors if they are members of

159-620: A transport protocol such as UDP or TCP . It encapsulates its data directly in IP packets with protocol number 89 . This is in contrast to other routing protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). OSPF implements its own transport error detection and correction functions. OSPF also uses multicast addressing for distributing route information within

212-474: A broadcast domain. It reserves the multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 (IPv4) and ff02::5 (IPv6) for all SPF/link state routers (AllSPFRouters) and 224.0.0.6 (IPv4) and ff02::6 (IPv6) for all Designated Routers (AllDRouters). For non-broadcast networks, special provisions for configuration facilitate neighbor discovery. OSPF multicast IP packets never traverse IP routers, they never travel more than one hop. The protocol may therefore be considered

265-420: A connection to area 0.0.0.1. Area 0.0.0.2 can use a virtual link through the transit area 0.0.0.1 to reach the backbone. To be a transit area, an area has to have the transit attribute, so it cannot be stubby in any way. A regular area is just a non-backbone (nonzero) area without specific feature, generating and receiving summary and external LSAs. The backbone area is a special type of such area. A stub area

318-575: A link layer protocol, but is often also attributed to the application layer in the TCP/IP model. It has a virtual link feature that can be used to create an adjacency tunnel across multiple hops. OSPF over IPv4 can operate securely between routers, optionally using a variety of authentication methods to allow only trusted routers to participate in routing. OSPFv3 (IPv6) relies on standard IPv6 protocol security ( IPsec ), and has no internal authentication methods. For routing IP multicast traffic, OSPF supports

371-450: A list: Secondly, the bits at which the common pattern of digits ends are located. These common bits are shown in red. Lastly, the number of common bits is counted. The summary route is found by setting the remaining bits to zero, as shown below. It is followed by a slash and then the number of common bits. The summarized route is 192.168.96.0/20. The subnet mask is 255.255.240.0. This summarized route also contains networks that were not in

424-538: A maximum of eight conditions defined by a state machine: In broadcast multiple-access networks, neighbor adjacency is formed dynamically using multicast hello packets to 224.0.0.5 . A network where OSPF adverts the network, but the OSPF will not start neighbour adjacency. In a non-broadcast multiple-access (NBMA) network, a neighbor adjacency is formed by sending unicast packets to another router. A non-broadcast network can have more than two routers, but broadcast

477-521: A point-to-point WAN connection) because the two routers on either side of the link must become fully adjacent and the bandwidth between them cannot be further optimized. DR and non-DR routers evolve from 2-way to full adjacency relationships by exchanging DD, Request, and Update. A designated router (DR) is the router interface elected among all routers on a particular multiaccess network segment, generally assumed to be broadcast multiaccess. Special techniques, often vendor-dependent, may be needed to support

530-406: A router in each office connected with a Frame Relay link to its corporate headquarters. Without supernetting, the routing table on any given router might have to account for 150 routers in each of the 50 districts, or 7500 different networks. However, if a hierarchical addressing system is implemented with supernetting, then each district has a centralized site as an interconnection point. Each route

583-669: A router sends an update, it sends it to the DR and BDR on the multicast address 224.0.0.6 . The DR will then send the update out to all other routers in the area, to the multicast address 224.0.0.5 . This way all the routers do not have to constantly update each other, and can rather get all their updates from a single source. The use of multicasting further reduces the network load. DRs and BDRs are always setup/elected on OSPF broadcast networks. DR's can also be elected on NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access) networks such as Frame Relay or ATM. DRs or BDRs are not elected on point-to-point links (such as

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636-467: A second area, an interface must be configured as a secondary interface. The OSPF can have different operation modes on the following setups on an interface or network: Virtual link over Virtual links, tunneling and sham links, are a form of connections that goes over the routing engine, and is not a direct connection to the remote host. Each OSPF router within a network communicates with other neighboring routers on each connecting interface to establish

689-444: A single routing domain, such as an autonomous system . It gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network. The topology is presented as a routing table to the internet layer which routes packets based solely on their destination IP address . OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures, and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds. It computes

742-430: A supernet is a block of contiguous subnetworks addressed as a single subnet from the perspective of the larger network. Supernets are always larger than their component networks. Supernetting is the process of aggregating routes to multiple smaller networks, thus saving storage space in the routing table, simplifying routing decisions and reducing route advertisements to neighboring gateways. Supernetting has helped address

795-562: Is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS). OSPF gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network. The topology is presented as a routing table to the internet layer for routing packets by their destination IP address . OSPF supports Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) networks and

848-489: Is an area that does not receive route advertisements external to the AS and routing from within the area is based entirely on a default route. An ABR deletes type 4 and 5 LSAs from internal routers, sends them a default route of 0.0.0.0 and turns itself into a default gateway. This reduces LSDB and routing table size for internal routers. Modifications to the basic concept of stub area have been implemented by systems vendors, such as

901-507: Is an extension of the stub area feature that allows the injection of external routes in a limited fashion into the stub area. A case study simulates an NSSA getting around the stub-area problem of not being able to import external addresses. It visualizes the following activities: the ASBR imports external addresses with a type 7 LSA, the ABR converts a type 7 LSA to type 5 and floods it to other areas,

954-403: Is designated router or backup designated router (on multiaccess-type networks), or they are interconnected by a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint network type. For forming a neighbor relationship between, the interfaces used to form the relationship must be in the same OSPF area. While an interface may be configured to belong to multiple areas, this is generally not practiced. When configured in

1007-404: Is historic, in the sense that many OSPF domains can coexist in the same Internet-visible autonomous system, RFC 1996. All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone area. This connection, however, can be through a virtual link. For example, assume area 0.0.0.1 has a physical connection to area 0.0.0.0. Further assume that area 0.0.0.2 has no direct connection to the backbone, but this area does have

1060-409: Is not supported. Examples of non-broadcast networks: A network is divided into OSPF areas that are logical groupings of hosts and networks. An area includes its connecting router having an interface for each connected network link. Each router maintains a separate link-state database for the area whose information may be summarized towards the rest of the network by the connecting router. Thus,

1113-532: Is omitted, most implementations expand area 1 to the area identifier 0.0.0.1 , but some have been known to expand it as 1.0.0.0 . Several vendors (Cisco, Allied Telesis, Juniper, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, Quagga), implement totally stubby and NSSA totally stubby area for stub and not-so-stubby areas. Although not covered by RFC standards, they are considered by many to be standard features in OSPF implementations. OSPF defines several area types: The backbone area (also known as area 0 or area 0.0.0.0 ) forms

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1166-487: Is on the edge of a totally stubby area. In such a case, the ASBR does send externals into the totally stubby area, and they are available to OSPF speakers within that area. In Cisco's implementation, the external routes can be summarized before injecting them into the totally stubby area. In general, the ASBR should not advertise default into the TSA-NSSA, although this can work with extremely careful design and operation, for

1219-453: Is summarized before being advertised to other districts. Each router now only recognizes its own subnet and the other 49 summarized routes. The determination of the summary route on a router involves the recognition of the number of highest-order bits that match all addresses. The summary route is calculated as follows. A router has the following networks in its routing table: Firstly, the addresses are converted to binary format and aligned in

1272-416: Is used to reducing network traffic by providing a source for routing updates. This is done using multicast addresses: The DR and BDR maintains a complete topology table of the network and sends the updates to the other routers via multicast. All routers in a multi-access network segment will form a leader/follower relationship with the DR and BDR. They will form adjacencies with the DR and BDR only. Every time

1325-650: Is widely used in large enterprise networks . IS-IS , another LSR-based protocol, is more common in large service provider networks. Originally designed in the 1980s, OSPF version 2 is defined in RFC 2328 (1998). The updates for IPv6 are specified as OSPF version 3 in RFC 5340 (2008). OSPF supports the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing model. OSPF is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) for routing Internet Protocol (IP) packets within

1378-484: The IP Protocol field . OSPF defines five different message types, for various types of communication. Multiple packets can be sent per frame. OSPF uses 5 packet types: Route summarization A supernetwork , or supernet , is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that is formed by aggregation of multiple networks (or subnets ) into a larger network. The new routing prefix for the aggregate network represents

1431-594: The Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocol. Cisco does not include MOSPF in their OSPF implementations. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) in conjunction with OSPF or other IGPs, is widely deployed. OSPF version 3 introduces modifications to the IPv4 implementation of the protocol. Except for virtual links, all neighbor exchanges use IPv6 link-local addressing exclusively. The IPv6 protocol runs per link, rather than based on

1484-611: The designated router (DR) and the backup designated router (BDR). For other non (B)DR, the adjacency stops at 2-ways State. The DR is elected based on the following default criteria: Unlike other routing protocols, OSPF does not carry data via a transport protocol, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Instead, OSPF forms IP datagrams directly, packaging them using protocol number 89 for

1537-487: The shortest-path tree for each route using a method based on Dijkstra's algorithm . The OSPF routing policies for constructing a route table are governed by link metrics associated with each routing interface. Cost factors may be the distance of a router ( round-trip time ), data throughput of a link, or link availability and reliability, expressed as simple unitless numbers. This provides a dynamic process of traffic load balancing between routes of equal cost. OSPF divides

1590-516: The subnet . All IP prefix information has been removed from the link-state advertisements and from the hello discovery packet making OSPFv3 essentially protocol-independent. Despite the expanded IP addressing to 128 bits in IPv6, area and router Identifications are still based on 32-bit numbers. OSPF supports complex networks with multiple routers, including backup routers, to balance traffic load on multiple links to other subnets. Neighboring routers in

1643-462: The totally stubby area (TSA) and the not-so-stubby area (NSSA), both an extension in Cisco Systems routing equipment. A totally stubby area is similar to a stub area. However, this area does not allow summary routes in addition to not having external routes, that is, inter-area (IA) routes are not summarized into totally stubby areas. The only way for traffic to get routed outside

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1696-428: The ABR acts as an ASBR for other areas. The ASBRs do not take type 5 LSAs and then convert to type 7 LSAs for the area. An addition to the standard functionality of an NSSA, the totally stubby NSSA is an NSSA that takes on the attributes of a TSA, meaning that type 3 and 4 summary routes are not flooded into this type of area. It is also possible to declare an area both totally stubby and not-so-stubby, which means that

1749-449: The ASBR. OSPF defines the following overlapping categories of routers: The router type is an attribute of an OSPF process. A given physical router may have one or more OSPF processes. For example, a router that is connected to more than one area, and which receives routes from a BGP process connected to another AS, is both an area border router and an autonomous system boundary router. Each router has an identifier, customarily written in

1802-401: The DR function on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) media. It is usually wise to configure the individual virtual circuits of an NBMA subnet as individual point-to-point lines; the techniques used are implementation-dependent. A backup designated router (BDR) is a router that becomes the designated router if the current designated router has a problem or fails. The BDR is the OSPF router with

1855-421: The IP address of a main router in an area as the area identifier. Each additional area must have a connection to the OSPF backbone area. Such connections are maintained by an interconnecting router, known as an area border router (ABR). An ABR maintains separate link-state databases for each area it serves and maintains summarized routes for all areas in the network. OSPF runs over IPv4 and IPv6, but does not use

1908-439: The area is a default route which is the only Type-3 LSA advertised into the area. When there is only one route out of the area, fewer routing decisions have to be made by the route processor, which lowers system resource utilization. A not-so-stubby area (NSSA) is a type of stub area that can import autonomous system external routes and send them to other areas, but still cannot receive AS-external routes from other areas. NSSA

1961-428: The area will receive only the default route from area 0.0.0.0, but can also contain an autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) that accepts external routing information and injects it into the local area, and from the local area into area 0.0.0.0. A newly acquired subsidiary is one example of where it might be suitable for an area to be simultaneously not-so-stubby and totally stubby if the practical place to put an ASBR

2014-852: The constituent networks in a single routing table entry. The process of forming a supernet is called supernetting , prefix aggregation , route aggregation , or route summarization . Supernetting within the Internet serves as a strategy to avoid fragmentation of the IP address space by using a hierarchical allocation system that delegates control of segments of address space to regional Internet registries . This method facilitates regional route aggregation. The benefits of supernetting are efficiencies gained in routers in terms of memory storage of route information and processing overhead when matching routes. Supernetting, however, can introduce interoperability issues and other risks. In IP networking terminology,

2067-440: The core of an OSPF network. All other areas are connected to it, either directly or through other routers. OSPF requires this to prevent routing loops . Inter-area routing happens via routers connected to the backbone area and to their own associated areas. It is the logical and physical structure for the 'OSPF domain' and is attached to all nonzero areas in the OSPF domain. In OSPF the term autonomous system boundary router (ASBR)

2120-517: The dotted-decimal format (e.g., 1.2.3.4) of an IP address. This identifier must be established in every OSPF instance. If not explicitly configured, the highest logical IP address will be duplicated as the router identifier. However, since the router identifier is not an IP address, it does not have to be a part of any routable subnet in the network, and often isn't to avoid confusion. On networks (same subnet) with networks type of: A system of designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR),

2173-486: The increasing size of routing tables as the Internet has expanded. Supernetting in large, complex networks can isolate topology changes from other routers. This can improve the stability of the network by limiting the propagation of routing changes in the event of a network link failure. If a router only advertises a summary route to the next router, then it does not need to advertise any changes to specific subnets within

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2226-414: The limited special cases in which such an advertisement makes sense. By declaring the totally stubby area as NSSA, no external routes from the backbone, except the default route, enter the area being discussed. The externals do reach area 0.0.0.0 via the TSA-NSSA, but no routes other than the default route enter the TSA-NSSA. Routers in the TSA-NSSA send all traffic to the ABR, except to routes advertised by

2279-471: The link costs in this topology are different, CSPF may accordingly determine a different path. For example, suppose that as before, hop count is used as link cost for all links but A → B and B → C, for which the cost is 4. In this case: If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C. If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C. If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C. OSPF Open Shortest Path First ( OSPF )

2332-456: The network into routing areas to simplify administration and optimize traffic and resource utilization. Areas are identified by 32-bit numbers, expressed either simply in decimal, or often in the same octet-based dot-decimal notation used for IPv4 addresses. By convention, area 0 (zero), or 0.0.0.0, represents the core or backbone area of an OSPF network. While the identifications of other areas may be chosen at will, administrators often select

2385-419: The same broadcast domain or at each end of a point-to-point link communicate with each other via the OSPF protocol. Routers form adjacencies when they have detected each other. This detection is initiated when a router identifies itself in a hello protocol packet. Upon acknowledgment, this establishes a two-way state and the most basic relationship. The routers in an Ethernet or Frame Relay network select

2438-573: The same subnet and share the same area ID, subnet mask, timers and authentication. In essence, OSPF neighborship is a relationship between two routers that allow them to see and understand each other but nothing more. OSPF neighbors do not exchange any routing information – the only packets they exchange are hello packets. OSPF adjacencies are formed between selected neighbors and allow them to exchange routing information. Two routers must first be neighbors and only then, can they become adjacent. Two routers become adjacent if at least one of them

2491-526: The second-highest priority at the time of the last election. A given router can have some interfaces that are designated (DR) and others that are backup designated (BDR), and others that are non-designated. If no router is a DR or a BDR on a given subnet, the BDR is first elected, and then a second election is held for the DR. A router that has not been selected to be designated router (DR) or backup designated router (BDR). The router forms an adjacency to both

2544-414: The states of all adjacencies. Every such communication sequence is a separate conversation identified by the pair of router IDs of the communicating neighbors. RFC 2328 specifies the protocol for initiating these conversations ( Hello Protocol ) and for establishing full adjacencies ( database description packets , link-state request packets ). During its course, each router conversation transitions through

2597-447: The subnet mask information required for supernetting. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) supports CIDR. By default, EIGRP summarizes the routes within the routing table and forwards these summarized routes to its peers. Other routing protocols with CIDR support include RIPv2, Open Shortest Path First , EIGRP, IS-IS and Border Gateway Protocol . A company that operates 150 accounting services in each of 50 districts has

2650-504: The summarized group, namely, 192.168.96.0, 192.168.97.0, 192.168.103.0, 192.168.104.0, 192.168.106.0, 192.168.107.0, 192.168.108.0, 192.168.109.0, 192.168.110.0, and 192.168.111.0. It must be assured that the missing networks do not exist outside of this route. In another example, an ISP is assigned a block of IP addresses by a regional Internet registry (RIR) of 172.1.0.0 to 172.1.255.255. The ISP might then assign subnetworks to each of their downstream clients, e.g., Customer A will have

2703-546: The summarized range. This can significantly reduce any unnecessary routing updates following a topology change. Hence, it increases the speed of convergence resulting in a more stable environment. Supernetting requires the use of routing protocols that support Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). Interior Gateway Routing Protocol , Exterior Gateway Protocol and version 1 of the Routing Information Protocol (RIPv1) assume classful addressing , and therefore cannot transmit

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2756-495: The topology of an area is unknown outside the area. This reduces the routing traffic between parts of an autonomous system. OSPF can handle thousands of routers with more a concern of reaching capacity of the forwarding information base (FIB) table when the network contains lots of routes and lower-end devices. Modern low-end routers have a full gigabyte of RAM, which allows them to handle many routers in an area 0. Many resources refer to OSPF guides from over 20 years ago where it

2809-422: Was impressive to have 64 MB of RAM. Areas are uniquely identified with 32-bit numbers. The area identifiers are commonly written in the dot-decimal notation, familiar from IPv4 addressing. However, they are not IP addresses and may duplicate, without conflict, any IPv4 address. The area identifiers for IPv6 implementations (OSPFv3) also use 32-bit identifiers written in the same notation. When dotted formatting

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