42-581: Cobdogla is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia , The town is on the Murray River , 232 kilometres (144 mi) north-east of the state capital, Adelaide . At the 2006 census , Cobdogla had a population of 232. Cobdogla is the home of the Irrigation and Steam Museum , centred on a pair of Humphrey pumps , one of which is operable, and boasts a working 3 km railway with both
84-403: A midden of ancient river mussel shells, confirmed the occupation of the site by Aboriginal people for at least 29,000 years. The find has expanded the scarce knowledge of the area's ancient history. A study reporting the find and describing the dating as "based on 31 radiocarbon age determinations " was published on 14 July 2020, saying that this pushes back the previously known occupation of
126-471: A clear central area. Many are known from Japan and the southeastern United States, and at least one from South America. The word is of Scandinavian via Middle English derivation (from early Scandinavian; Danish: mødding , Swedish regional: mödding ). The word "midden" is still in everyday use in Scotland and has come by extension to refer to anything that is a mess, a muddle, or chaos. The word
168-542: A diesel and a steam locomotive (originally used by Humes Ltd. to transport pipes for the Loveday pipeline), a traction engine and numerous stationary engines, all in working order, maintained and operated by enthusiasts, as well as static displays on various river topics – Village Settlements , Loveday Internment Camp and Irrigation maintained by the National Trust of South Australia . Open days are infrequent as
210-421: A distant location. Some shell middens are directly associated with villages, as a designated village dump site. In other middens, the material is directly associated with a house in the village. Each household would dump its garbage directly outside the house. In all cases, shell middens are extremely complex and very difficult to excavate fully and exactly. The fact that they contain a detailed record of what food
252-401: A diversity of crops, fruit fly free status and proximity to markets. The area is Australia's largest wine-producing region, growing over half (63 per cent in 2014) of South Australia's wine grapes. In 2013 the region produced 22 per cent of Australia's wine grape crush with approximately 21,000 hectares (52,000 acres) under wine grapes, which was produced by over 1,000 growers. The Riverland
294-546: A few degrees above Adelaide ’s temperatures. The average winter temperature is 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 32.5 °C (90.5 °F), with a mean of24.3 °C (75.7 °F). Average rainfall of Renmark is 260.6 millimetres (10.26 in). The Riverland's economy is driven by primary production . The region has sustainable comparative advantages for high value irrigated horticulture , including soils, climate, reliability of water supply, best practice water supply systems, ability to grow
336-808: A few tens of metres long are claimed to be middens, but are in fact shell cheniers (beach ridges) re-worked by nest mound-building birds. Some shell middens are regarded as sacred sites, linked to the Dreamtime , such as those of the Anbarra group of the Burarra people of Arnhem Land . The Ohlone and Coast Miwok peoples built over 425 shell mounds in the San Francisco Bay Area. These mounds were used as: The mounds were constructed over thousands of years. They were often discovered by accident during construction, mining, or farming. Some of
378-606: A great deal of (voluntary) labour is involved. The historic Cobdogla Homestead Ruins and the Humphrey pumps at the former Cobdogla Pumping Station are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register . This South Australia geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Riverland The Riverland is a region of South Australia . It covers an area of 9,386 square kilometres (3,624 sq mi) along
420-578: A handful of individuals, others are many metres in length and width and represent centuries of shell deposition. In Brazil , they are known as sambaquis , having been created over a long period between the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of European colonisation. European shell middens are primarily found along the Atlantic seaboard and in Denmark and primarily date to the 5th millennium BCE ( Ertebølle and Early Funnel Beaker cultures), containing
462-547: A popular event with locals and visitors alike. Destination Riverland is the Riverland's tourism body; the industry is worth about $ 148 million annually to the region. The Riverland is currently represented at state level in the South Australian House of Assembly by Liberal Member for Chaffey , Tim Whetstone . Federally, Liberal Member for Barker , Tony Pasin is the region's representative in
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#1732783381566504-513: A strong motorsports culture with its facilities for 4-wheel driving, trail bike or motocross riding, go-kart and speedway. Renmark is well known for its annual Rose Festival, a 10-day long event held in October each year, which is a major tourist attraction. The very first Rose Week was run in 1994, and was the brainchild of Eithne Sidhu, who collaborated with David Ruston, who owns Australia's largest rose garden (11 hectares (27 acres)) and houses
546-728: Is also a significant almond and stone fruit-growing region, producing 18 per cent of Australia's almonds and 7 per cent of Australia's fresh stone fruit, and Riverland juices and milk drinks are stocked on supermarket shelves across Australia and internationally. The agriculture industry is the largest employer in the area. As of 2020 the Central Irrigation Trust manages irrigation water for 1,600 growers who irrigate 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) of horticultural crops in 12 private irrigation districts (Berri, Cadell, Chaffey, Cobdogla, Kingston, Loxton, Moorook, Mypolonga , Waikerie, Lyrup, Golden Heights and Sunlands). There
588-538: Is also the Renmark Irrigation Trust, which supplies water to 4,700 ha. All the water is supplied from the River Murray. Many of the towns were established for the re-settlement of soldiers after their return from World War I or World War II. Most towns were established as separate irrigation districts. The Riverland is located on the main eastern state transit link, which connects Adelaide to
630-495: Is an archaeological feature consisting mainly of mollusc shells. The Danish term køkkenmøddinger (plural) was first used by Japetus Steenstrup to describe shell heaps and continues to be used by some researchers. A midden, by definition, contains the debris of human activity, and should not be confused with wind- or tide-created beach mounds. Some shell middens are processing remains: areas where aquatic resources were processed directly after harvest and prior to use or storage in
672-473: Is an old dump for domestic waste . It may consist of animal bones , human excrement , botanical material, mollusc shells , potsherds , lithics (especially debitage ), and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation. These features provide a useful resource for archaeologists who wish to study the diets and habits of past societies. Middens with damp, anaerobic conditions can even preserve organic remains in deposits as
714-541: Is examining a midden or a beach mound. There are good examples on the Freycinet Peninsula in Tasmania where wave action currently is combining charcoal from forest fire debris with a mix of shells into masses that storms deposit above high-water mark. Shell mounds near Weipa in far north Queensland that are mostly less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high (although ranging up to 10 metres (33 ft) high) and
756-476: Is filled with a magnificent display of Christmas lights and images, ranging from Bethlehem scenes to popular characters dressed for the festive season. Held in mid-October each year, the Riverland Food and Wine is the region's main food and wine event showcasing local wines, ales, ciders and spirits, along with local cuisine. Held on the banks of the river, the day includes entertainment, and has become
798-409: Is now used internationally. The English word "midden" (waste mound) derives from the same Old Norse word that produced the modern Danish one. Shell middens are found in coastal or lakeshore zones all over the world. Consisting mostly of mollusc shells, they are interpreted as being the waste products of meals eaten by nomadic groups or hunting parties. Some are small examples relating to meals had by
840-650: Is used by farmers in Britain to describe the place where farm yard manure from cows or other animals is collected. Grants are sometimes available to protect these from rain to avoid runoff and pollution . In the animal kingdom, some species establish ground burrows , also known as middens, that are used mostly for food storage. For example, the North American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) usually has one large active midden in each territory with perhaps an inactive or auxiliary midden. A midden may be
882-619: The House of Representatives . Local Liberal politician Nicola Centofanti is a Member of the Legislative Council , while Anne Ruston is a Liberal federal senator for South Australia. Public Private and religious Public high schools across the Riverland region Private secondary TAFE SA has a centrally located campus in Berri. The predominant natural environment consists of River Red Gum and Black Box forests that line
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#1732783381566924-566: The River Murray from where it flows into South Australia from New South Wales and Victoria downstream to Blanchetown . The major town centres are Renmark , Berri , Loxton , Waikerie , Barmera and Monash , and many minor townships. The population is approximately 35,000 people. The Riverland is located about 1.75 to 3 hours (or 150 to 280 km (93 to 174 mi)) north-east of Adelaide, and 90 minutes west (or 120 to 250 kilometres (75 to 155 mi)) from Mildura, Victoria via
966-494: The Sturt Highway . The region has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and relatively mild winters, and temperatures a few degrees above those of the state capital, Adelaide . The average summer temperature is 32.5 °C (90.5 °F), with a winter average of 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) and an average rainfall of 260.6 millimetres (10.26 in). At the time of British colonisation of South Australia in
1008-510: The 1830s, and for tens of thousands of years before then, the area today known as the Riverland was inhabited by Aboriginal Australian people, whose name for it is Moorundie Ruwe. At the time of colonisation, these were (from west to east) the Ngaiawang , Ngawait , and Erawirung , sometimes collectively referred to as the Meru people. Based on available data, the pre-European population along
1050-552: The 1890s, where the aim was to keep energy, talent and capital from leaving South Australia using Village Settlement Schemes . In 1901 a Royal Commission recommended that the settlements be subdivided and leased to individual settlers instead of village associations, and over time most of these areas became government irrigation areas. Soldier settlement schemes were later allotted for returned servicemen at: Berri , Chaffey, Cadell and Cobdogla from 1917. Loxton and Cooltong were allotted from 1946 on. During World War II ,
1092-708: The National Rose Collection. Starting with a single Christmas light display out on a property in Loxton North, the Loxton Christmas Lights Festival today incorporates many homes throughout the township, and attracts thousands of visitors to the region over the period from November through December each year. It began when Peter Mangelsdorf was inspired to start a small Christmas display known as Christmas Wonderland. The 250 metres (270 yd) frontage of Peter's property
1134-564: The River Murray within South Australia is estimated to have been several thousand people, with a density of up to 0.3 to 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) per person. Ceremonial exchanges were major events, with people travelling from far and wide to participate. At this time, the people of the central River Murray area were "engaged in a broad-based economy embedded in a diverse and highly productive mosaic of riverine habitats". The oldest known River Murray Indigenous site,
1176-791: The River Murray. The Riverland region lies in the southern part of the Murray Darling Basin where the broad River Murray floodplain and its river meanders for approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) through red sandy Mallee dune landscapes. Several conservation reserves protect biodiversity and provide for conservation and wise use activities. Protected area associated with the River Murray include Murray River National Park , Loch Luna Game Reserve and Moorook Game Reserve . Mallee landscape reserves include Chowilla Regional Reserve , Billiatt Conservation Park , Pooginook Conservation Park, Calperum Station and several privately owned reserves including Birds Australia's Gluepot Reserve. In
1218-478: The River. Water trade enabled further growth in these properties from the early 1990s, with the Riverland purchasing water from pasture users in upstream states, or from the downstream lower Murray region, to expand the wine grape and almond industries. Some of this development was funded through managed investment schemes . The region enjoys a warm Mediterranean / temperate climate , with seasonal temperatures
1260-552: The area by 22,000 years, into the last ice age . The research was carried out as part of an ongoing collaboration between the River Murray and Mallee Aboriginal Corporation (RMMAC) and researchers from Flinders University led by Amy Roberts, and is a first step in a larger project tracking how people lived during that time. Evidence of trade in chert and large sandstone grinding dishes had already been found, but this find helps to show how their ancestors survived times of hardship and plenty. The first district to be established in
1302-544: The coast and are several meters deep. The midden in Namu, British Columbia is over 9 metres (30 ft) deep and spans over 10,000 years of continuous occupation. Shell middens created in coastal regions of Australia by Indigenous Australians exist in Australia today. Middens provide evidence of prior occupation and are generally protected from mining and other developments. One must exercise caution in deciding whether one
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1344-514: The debris of daily life are tossed on the pile. Each individual toss will contribute a different mix of materials depending upon the activity associated with that particular toss. During the course of deposition sedimentary material is deposited as well. Different mechanisms, from wind and water to animal digs, create a matrix which can also be analysed to provide seasonal and climatic information. In some middens individual dumps of material can be discerned and analysed. A shell midden or shell mound
1386-501: The eastern states. The region is known for its natural wonders, which provide opportunities for guided and self-guided walks, horse-riding, mountain biking and cycling, and canoeing and kayaking on the river and creeks. Lake Bonney , where Donald Campbell achieved the Australian water speed record of 216 miles per hour (348 km/h) in 1964, provides opportunities for sailing, zorbing and windsurfing . The region also has
1428-609: The first archaeological excavations of the Omori Shell Mounds in Tokyo, Japan in 1877, which led to the discovery of a style of pottery described as "cord-marked", translated as " Jōmon ", which came to be used to refer to the early period of Japanese history when this style of pottery was produced. Shell middens were studied in Denmark in the latter half of the 19th century. The Danish word køkkenmødding (kitchen mound)
1470-639: The largest mounds in the Bay Area include: Emeryville Shellmound Located between Oakland and Berkeley, this mound was estimated to be 60 feet high and 350 feet in diameter. It was demolished in 1924. Huichuin Located in Berkeley, this mound was 20 feet high and was the site of the first human settlement on the shores of San Francisco Bay. West Berkeley and Ellis Landing These mounds measured almost 200 meters in diameter and rose 9 meters above
1512-486: The region hosted an internment camp for people of Japanese, German and Italian origin or descent. This camp was based at Loveday but little remains today to indicate its existence. In 1956 and 1961 the privately developed Sunlands / Golden Heights schemes were established. As pumping technology became more affordable and efficient, more recent development occurred through private irrigation, where irrigators operated their own pumping infrastructure pumping water from
1554-566: The region was Renmark in 1887 by the Chaffey Brothers , who also established the Mildura Irrigation District in the neighbouring upstream region of Sunraysia . Other settlements followed in the 1890s at: Holder, Kingston , Lyrup , Moorook , Murtoa , New Era, New Renmark , Pyap, Ramco and Waikerie . Some of these irrigation schemes were developed as a government response to the economic depression of
1596-658: The remains of the earliest Neolithisation process (pottery, cereals and domestic animals). Younger shell middens are found in Latvia (associated with Comb Ware ceramics), Sweden (associated with Pitted Ware ceramics), the Netherlands (associated with Corded Ware ceramics) and Schleswig-Holstein ( Late Neolithic and Iron Age ). All these are examples where communities practised a mixed farming and hunting/gathering economy. On Canada 's west coast, there are shell middens that run for more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) along
1638-403: The river banks and flood plains, as well as steep cliffs. The Riverland is abundant in wildlife, the more common species encountered being Pelicans, Kookaburras, Brush Tail Possums and Perons Tree Frogs. Less common species include Koalas (introduced to Renmark), Bush Stone Curlews and Carpet Pythons (rated 'vulnerable' to extinction in the region). Riverlanders share an interest in the health of
1680-517: The river valley, there are several hundred wetlands including two Ramsar wetlands of international importance — Banrock Station Wetland Complex and the Riverland Wetland that encompasses Chowilla floodplain , and other wetlands including Pike River basin, Gurra Gurra wetlands and Katarapko Creek. FM AM 34°15′S 140°28′E / 34.250°S 140.467°E / -34.250; 140.467 Midden A midden
1722-675: The shoreline. Shell mounds are also credited with the creation of tropical hardwood hammocks , one example being the Otter Mound Preserve in Florida , where shell deposits from Calusa natives provided flood free high areas in otherwise large watered areas. There are instances in which shell middens may have doubled as areas of ceremonial construction or ritual significance. The Woodland period Crystal River site provides an example of this phenomenon. Some shell mounds, known as shell rings , are circular or open arcs with
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1764-485: Was eaten or processed and many fragments of stone tools and household goods makes them invaluable objects of archaeological study. Shells have a high calcium carbonate content, which tends to make the middens alkaline . This slows the normal rate of decay caused by soil acidity, leaving a relatively high proportion of organic material (food remnants, organic tools, clothing, human remains) available for archaeologists to find. Edward Sylvester Morse conducted one of
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