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27-775: The Cocopah ( Cocopah : Xawiƚƚ Kwñchawaay ) are Native Americans who live in Baja California , Mexico, and Arizona , United States. In the United States, Cocopah people belong to the federally recognized Cocopah Tribe of Arizona . The Cocopah are also called the Cucapá (in Cocopa : Kwapa or Kwii Capáy ). The Cocopah language belongs to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman family . Their self-designation

54-628: A Mayo indigenous, was one of the most active members of the Liberal Party who took part in the Cananea strike and libertarian campaign of 1911 in Mexicali and Tijuana . After the armed phase of Mexican Revolution and the death of Ricardo Flores Magón in 1922, began the rescue of magonist thought, mainly by trade unionists in Mexico and the United States. Mexican governments considered

81-487: A boss or a group, they called themselves "liberals", as they were organized in the PLM, and later "anarchists". Ricardo Flores Magón stated: "Liberal Party members are not magonistas, they are anarchists!". In his book Verdugos y Víctimas ("Executioners and Victims"), one of the characters responds indignantly when he is arrested and judged: "I'm not a magonist, I am an anarchist. An anarchist has no idols.". Magonist thinking

108-662: Is Xawiƚƚ kwñchawaay , translating to “Those Who Live on the Cloudy River” (from Xawíƚƚy - "river", kwii - "cloud", (ny)way - "to live", llyay/nyaam - "many"). According to the U.S. Census, there were 1,009 Cocopah in 2010. Alternate spellings of Cocopah in Spanish documents include: Cócopa, Cócapa, Cócope, Cósopa, Cúcapa. Ancestors of the Cocopah inhabited parts of present-day Arizona , California , and Baja California and are known by western academics as belonging to

135-546: Is not yet over", were safe until the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas . The Mexican Anarchist Federation , founded in 1941 and active for about 40 years, edited the newspaper Regeneración and spread Magonist thought. In the 1980s, Magonism survived among some youth anarcho-punk groups. The Biblioteca Social Reconstruir , founded in 1980 by the Spanish anarchist in exile Ricardo Mestre and located in Mexico City ,

162-598: The Grand Canyon . They are mostly likely ancestors of the Cocopah and other Yuman-speaking tribes in the region. The Patayan peoples practiced floodplain agriculture where possible and relied heavily on hunting and gathering . The first significant contact of the Cocopah with Europeans and Africans probably occurred in 1540, when the Spanish explorer Hernando de Alarcón sailed into the Colorado River delta. The Cocopah were specifically mentioned by name by

189-654: The Patayan culture . Patayan is a term used by archaeologists to describe prehistoric Native American cultures who inhabited parts of modern-day Arizona , west to Lake Cahuilla in California , and in Baja California , between 700 and 1550 A.D. This included areas along the Gila River , Colorado River and in the Lower Colorado River Valley , the nearby uplands, and north to the vicinity of

216-461: The United States . Cocopah language Much of the Cocopah language was passed down through speaking, rather than through writing. This, in large part, is due to the fact that the language did not have an alphabet for the majority of its existence. It was not until the 1970s that a written language was developed, when a scholar decided to approach this task for a dissertation. Although

243-693: The Cocopah allied with the Paipai and Halyikwamai and turned against the Quechan, after accumulating tension between the two tribes. War broke out in May 1853, when the Cocopah besieged three Quechan villages holding them hostage. In retaliation, the Quechan-allied Mohave backed the Quechan and raided the Cocopah. The Yuma War came to an end when the U.S. threatened the Mojave that they would intervene on

270-624: The Flores Magón brothers precursors of the revolution. Both the insurrection of 1910 and the social rights enshrined in the Mexican Constitution of 1917 were due largely to the magonistas , which since 1906 took up arms and drafted an economic and social program. However, although the demands that led to the revolution in theory were resolved in the Constitution and in the speeches of the revolutionary governments, there

297-645: The Flores Magón contravened official discourse of Porfirian Peace by which the protesters were rated as the Revoltosos Magonistas (i.e. "Magonist rioters") to isolate any social basis and preserve the image of peace and progress imposed by force. Both of Flores Magón's brothers, like other members of the Mexican Liberal Party (PLM), used the term magonista to refer to the libertarian movement that promoted; as they felt they were fighting for an ideal and not to elevate in power to

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324-641: The Magonistas, as Jiménez smuggled US arms to Mexico with the support of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). On January 29, the Magonistas and the Cocopah captured Mexicali and provided further logistical support throughout their lands. Jiménez carried out a campaign with the Cocopah, Paipai, and Kiliwa armies from El Rosario to Ensenada , raiding small towns and looting Chinese-Mexican businesses. The Cocopah were eventually defeated by

351-760: The Mexican forces in the following months and were forced off of their land by the Colorado River Land Company. In 1964, the Cocopah Tribe of Arizona, on the U.S. side of the border, ratified its first constitution and formed a five-person Tribal Council in the Cocopah Indian Reservation . In the late 1970s and 1980s, the tribe acquired additional land, constructed homes, installed utilities, developed infrastructure, and initiated economic development. Cocopah peoples in

378-463: The Mexican newspaper Regeneración (organ of the Mexican Liberal Party ), as Práxedis Guerrero , Librado Rivera and Anselmo L. Figueroa . The Mexican government and the press of the early 20th century called as magonistas people and groups who shared the ideas of the Flores Magón brothers, who inspired the overthrow of the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and performed an economic and political revolution. The fight against tyranny encouraged by

405-516: The U.S. government alongside the Quechan and nearby Kumeyaay bands. Together, the Cocopah sieged Camp Independence but the siege fell apart after disputes with the Quechan over the distribution of sheep confiscated from white sheepherders earlier. The Cocopah also entered the Yuma War following the tax revolt initially on the side of the Quechan against the U.S. After making peace with the U.S.,

432-1367: The United States are enrolled in the Cocopah Tribe of Arizona . As of the 2000 United States Census, the Cocopah Tribe of Arizona numbered 891 people. There is a casino, speedway, resort, family entertainment center and bingo hall on the reservation as well as a Museum and Cultural Center. Another Yuman group, the Quechan , lives in the adjacent Fort Yuma Indian Reservation . On important occasions, Cocopah people wear their customary ribbon shirts and ribbon dresses. Cocopah people live in Mexicali Municipality , Baja California (settlements of Campo Camerina (Colonia Terrenos Indios), Campo del Prado (Colonia el Mayor), Campo Flores, Campo Sonora (Colonia Terrenos Indios), Colonia la Puerta, Comunidad Indígena Cucapá el Mayor [Ejido el Mayor], Ejido Cucapá Mestizo, Ejido Doctor Alberto Mota (El Indiviso), Ejido Durango, Ejido México, Familia Regalado (Ejido Sonora 2 Campos Nuevos), La Casa de las Curvas (Colonia el Mayor), Mexicali, Sainz Domínguez (Colonia el Mayor), and San Felipe) and San Luis Río Colorado Municipality , Sonora (settlements of Pozas de Arvizu (La Reserva), and San Luis Río Colorado), Mexico , and in Somerton , Arizona in

459-417: The creation of an alphabet was useful, the original proved to be less than ideal, and so a new one was developed by the tribe in the early 2000s. As the revival of the language progressed, it became apparent that the language did not have words to fit the advances made in modern society. In turn, the tribe developed new words to attribute to modern objects that did not exist in the ancient language. The elders of

486-733: The expedition of Juan de Oñate in 1605. After the Mexican-American War , Cocopah lands were split between the U.S. and Mexico through the Mexican Cession resulting from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Westward expansion in the 1840s and the discovery of gold in California in 1849 brought many migrants through the area near the mouth of the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon region. The strategic importance of

513-699: The magonists. Indigenous thought influenced magonism through the teachings of Teodoro Flores, a mestizo Nahua and father of the Flores Magón brothers, as well as the coexistence of other PLM members with indigenous groups during PLM's organizing and insurrection between 1905 and 1910, such as the Popoluca in Veracruz , the Yaqui and Mayo in Sonora , and the Cocopah in Baja California . Fernando Palomares ,

540-549: The rights of endangered languages. Cocopah has 21 consonants : Cocopah has 4 vowels . Cocopah has both short and long vowels. The Cocopah syllable : Magonistas Magonism ( Spanish : Magonismo ) is an anarchist , or more precisely anarcho-communist , school of thought precursor of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. It is mainly based on the ideas of Ricardo Flores Magón , his brothers Enrique and Jesús , and also other collaborators of

567-575: The river crossing was recognized by the U.S. government, and the United States Army established Camp Independence in 1850 to protect the entry route through the tribe's territories. Many tribes along the Colorado River entered the ferry business given its profitability, creating many jobs for the Cocopah. The Cocopah agreed to join Garra's Tax Revolt of 1851, led by the Cupeño , to fight against

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594-490: The same time they were influenced by the Mexican liberal tradition of the 19th century and the self-government system of the indigenous people . Indigenous peoples, since the Spanish conquest of Mexico , sought to preserve the practice of direct democracy , decision-making in assembly , rotation of administrative duties, defense of communal property, mutual aid and community use and rational use of natural resources . Those principles were anarchist principles also upheld by

621-758: The side of the Cocopah. During the Mexican Revolution, the Magonistas gained the support of the Cocopah, under the influence of Camilo Jiménez, who was the tribal leader of the Cocopah in the Mexicali Valley. The Cocopah were sympathetic of the Magonist struggle against imperialism from both Mexico and the U.S., and the privatized ownership of their land. The Cocopah were joined by the Paipai, Kiliwa , and Kumeyaay, and prepared to fight alongside

648-539: The tribe were given the responsibility of developing these new words and/or phrases. While the Cocopah tribe inhabits parts of Arizona and parts of Mexico, the written language differs based on the location of the tribe. For instance, Cocopah in Mexico use a different orthography than Cocopah in Arizona. The Mexican-based Cocopah use an orthography that was designed by the INALI , an organization that examines and protects

675-640: Was a library where to find anarchist literature and works on Ricardo Flores Magón or copies of Regeneración . In 1994, when the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) took up arms in Chiapas , claimed the ideas of the Flores Magón brothers. In 1997, indigenous organizations, social groups of libertarians and municipal councils of the state of Oaxaca , declared the "Citizen Year of Ricardo Flores Magón" from 21 November (1997) to 16 September 1998. In August 2000, driven by indigenous organizations in

702-526: Was influenced by anarchist philosophers such as Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , and others such as Élisée Reclus , Charles Malato , Errico Malatesta , Anselmo Lorenzo , Emma Goldman , Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Max Stirner . They were also influenced by the works of Marx , Gorky and Ibsen . However, the most influential works were the ones of Peter Kropotkin The Conquest of Bread and Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution , at

729-421: Was no significant change in the lives of the most vulnerable populations. Also the magonistas goal was not to change the state administrators, but to abolish them. For this reason, surviving magonistas continued to spread anarchist propaganda. Librado Rivera was persecuted and imprisoned during the government of Plutarco Elías Calles and Enrique Flores Magón , who believed that "the Mexican social revolution

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