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65-498: The novel focuses on Coelebs—whose name is a Latin word meaning "single, unmarried"—a well-to-do young man who tries to find a wife who can meet the lofty moral requirements laid down by his now-deceased mother. Coelebs in Search of a Wife was extremely popular when it was published. It combined its novelistic narrative with religious lessons, which helped it to become the first nineteenth century novel to be accepted enthusiastically by

130-544: A villain who wore a mask made from the skin of a dead man's face. Edgeworth's first published work was Letters for Literary Ladies in 1795. This work was a response to Thomas Day's, a member of the Lunar Society, belief that women should not be authors or taught to think. Her work, "An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification" (1795) is written for a female audience in which she convinces women that

195-508: A Swedish courtier, Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz . Her letter on the subject seems very cool, but her stepmother assures us in the Augustus Hare Life and Letters that Maria loved him very much and did not get over the affair quickly. They came home to Ireland in 1803 on the eve of the resumption of the wars and Maria returned to writing. Tales of Fashionable Life , The Absentee and Ormond are novels of Irish life. Edgeworth

260-671: A former member of the academy and a relative of hers. After a visit to see her relations in Trim, Maria, now in her eighties, began to feel heart pains and died suddenly of a heart attack in Edgeworthstown on 22 May 1849. Though Maria Edgeworth spent most of her childhood in England, her life in Ireland had a profound impact on both her thinking and views on Irish culture. Fauske and Kaufman conclude, "[She] used her fiction to address

325-491: A friend, Olivia Sparrow , after many years that she thought the "business over". She became engaged to Galbraith Lowry Cole , the second son of the Earl of Enniskillen , but Sparrow, who was in contact with Wellesley, revealed that he still considered himself attached to her. After much soul-searching, Pakenham broke off the engagement to Cole, although she believed the stress of the affair had damaged her health. Pakenham had been

390-523: A friendly manner with her ... but it was impossible ... & it drove him to seek that comfort & happiness abroad that was denied him at home". Harriet, the nature of whose own relations with Wellesley remains a subject of speculation, had a rather low opinion of Pakenham—"she is such a fool"—but disputed Wellesley's claim that she cared nothing for his happiness; in a rare moment of sympathy, she wrote that Pakenham wanted above all to make her husband happy, but had no idea how to do it. She became

455-422: A great concern of educators. To help illustrate the care that must be taken in teaching children and to emphasise the necessity of properly directing and managing their attentiveness, Maria Edgeworth drew several comparisons with non-European peoples. In making the point that any mode of instruction that tired the attention was hurtful to children, her reasoning was that people can pay attention only to one thing at

520-432: A pretty, vivacious girl when Wellesley had met her ten years before, but she had been very ill in 1795–6, during his absence, and was thin, pale and in poor health by the time he informed their mutual friend Olivia Sparrow that he was returning to England and that she should "renew the proposition he had made some years ago" on his behalf. Pakenham feared that Wellesley felt bound by promises he had made ten years earlier and

585-448: A publication now in the public domain :  Wood, James , ed. (1907). " More, Hannah ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . London and New York: Frederick Warne. This article about an 1800s novel is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Maria Edgeworth Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1768 – 22 May 1849)

650-409: A rational being, can go through the world as it now is, without forming any opinion on points of public importance. You cannot, I conceive, satisfy yourself with the common namby-pamby little missy phrase, 'ladies have nothing to do with politics'." She sympathised with Catholics and supported gradual, though not immediate, Catholic Emancipation. In her 1798 book Practical Education , she advanced

715-645: A scientific approach to education, acknowledging the difficulty of doing such research which was "patiently reduced to an experimental science". She claimed no adherence to a school of thought, no new theory and purposefully avoided religion and politics. In the book's 25 chapters, she presages modern improvements to age-related educational materials, for example: in geography, maps bordered with suitable illustrated biographies; in chronology, something "besides merely committing names and dates to memory"; in chemistry, safe chemical experiments that children might undertake. She maintained that unnecessarily causing fatigue should be

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780-562: A sociocultural foundation, and thereby opens a space in which change can happen. Maria agreed with the Acts of Union 1800 , but thought that it should not be passed against the wishes of the Irish people. Concerning education, she thought boys and girls should be educated equally and together, drawing upon Rousseau 's ideas. She believed a woman should only marry someone who suits her in "character, temper, and understanding". Becoming an old maid

845-405: A special focus on the linguistic differences between Irish and British culture, attempting to showcase the dynamism and intricacies of Irish society. Irish novelist Seamus Deane connected Edgeworth's depiction of Ireland and its relationship to Britain as being in line with wider Enlightenment ideals, noting that Edgeworth "was not the first novelist to have chosen Ireland as her ‘scene’; but she

910-631: A time, and because children can appear resistant to repetition, teachers naturally should vary things. However, educators should always be mindful of the fact that, "while variety relieves the mind, the objects which are varied must not all be entirely new, for novelty and variety when joined, fatigue the mind" as Edgeworth states. The teaching of children needed to follow carefully considered methods, needed to evidence concern for appropriateness and proper sequencing, and needed to be guided by consideration from forms of teaching that would be empowering and enabling, not fatiguing or disabling. In Edgeworth's work,

975-585: A year younger than Maria, became her lifelong confidante. The family travelled first to London in 1800. In 1802 the Edgeworths toured The Midlands . They then travelled to Continental France , first to Brussels and then to France (during the Peace of Amiens , a brief lull in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ). They met all the notables, and Maria received a marriage proposal from

1040-412: Is also set in England, a conscious choice as Edgeworth found Ireland too troubling for a fictitious work in the political climate of the 1830s. Having come to her literary maturity at a time when the ubiquitous and unvarying stated defence of the novel was its educative power, Maria Edgeworth was among the few authors who truly espoused the educator's role. Her novels are morally and socially didactic in

1105-524: Is now considered a seminal regional narrative predating Castle Rackrent (1800). In addition, Edgeworth wrote many children's novels that conveyed moral lessons to their audience (often in partnership with her friend Louise Swanton Belloc , a French writer, translator, and advocate for the education of women and children, whose many translations of Edgeworth's works were largely responsible for her popularity in France). One of her schoolgirl novels features

1170-399: Is speculated that her stepmother and siblings also helped in the editing process of Edgeworth's work. Practical Education (1798) is a progressive work on education that combines the ideas of Locke and Rousseau with scientific inquiry. Edgeworth asserts that "learning should be a positive experience and that the discipline of education is more important during the formative years than

1235-782: The Peninsular War and Wellesley's regard for him helped to smooth his relations with Pakenham, until Ned's death at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Wellesley remained in Portugal and Spain during the entire Peninsular War, not returning to England until 1814. Pakenham aged quickly and became short-sighted, causing her to squint when talking. Wellesley found her vain and vacuous. It appears that she indeed loved him, but contented herself by doting on her sons and four adopted children. Wellesley confided to his closest female friend, Harriet Arbuthnot , that he had "repeatedly tried to live in

1300-452: The 1830s. Catherine Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington Catherine Sarah Dorothea Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington ( née Pakenham ; 14 January 1773 – 24 April 1831), known before her marriage as Kitty Pakenham , was the wife of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . Catherine Pakenham was born on 14 January 1773 in Dublin , Ireland. A daughter of Edward Pakenham , and

1365-988: The Duchess of Wellington on Wellesley's creation as the Duke of Wellington on 3 May 1814 and eventually joined him in France when he was appointed Ambassador after Napoleon 's exile to Elba . Lady Elizabeth Yorke commented that "her appearance, unfortunately, does not correspond with one's notion of an ambassadress or the wife of a hero, but she succeeds uncommonly well in her part". Maria Edgeworth , however, found her "delightful" and "amiable" and commented that: After comparison with crowds of other beaux spirits, fine ladies and fashionable scramblers for notoriety, her graceful simplicity rises in our opinion, and we feel it with more conviction of its superiority. Germaine de Staël described Pakenham as "adorable". She became seriously ill in 1831, which brought Wellington to her bedside. She ran

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1430-647: The Longfords' Dublin home, made his feelings towards her clear. At the time, her family disapproved of the match as Wellesley was the third son of a large family and had little in the way of prospects. After the rejection by the Pakenhams, Wellesley became serious about his military career, was posted to the Netherlands and India, enjoyed a spectacular rise, and seemingly forgot about Pakenham. Although she remained hopeful that they would be reunited, she admitted to

1495-595: The Rackrents. It is narrated by an Irish catholic worker on the estate, named Thady Quirk, and portrayed the rise of the catholic-Irish middle class. Belinda (1801), a 3-volume work published in London, was Maria Edgeworth's first full-length novel. It dealt with love, courtship, and marriage, dramatising the conflicts within her "own personality and environment; conflicts between reason and feeling, restraint and individual freedom, and society and free spirit". Belinda

1560-478: The Renaissance separation of high and low characters by their forms of speech. Throughout the eighteenth-century drama, and most noticeably in the sentimental comedy, the separation becomes more and more a means of moral judgment as well as social identification. The only coherent reason for Edgeworth's acceptance is the appeal of didactic moralism. In the first place, she is willing to suspend judgment wherever

1625-419: The acquisition of knowledge". The system attempted to "adapt both the curriculum and methods of teaching to the needs of the child; the endeavour to explain moral habits and the learning process through associationism; and most important, the effort to entrust the child with the responsibility for his own mental culture". The ultimate goal of Edgeworth's system was to create an independent thinker who understands

1690-499: The age of 14, she took charge of her many younger siblings and was home-tutored in law, Irish economics and politics, science, and literature by her father. She also started her lifelong correspondences with learned men, mainly members of the Lunar Society . She became her father's assistant in managing the Edgeworthstown estate, which had become run-down during the family's 1777–1782 absence; she would live and write there for

1755-422: The attention of the child appears as a key site for pedagogical work and interventions. Edgeworth's early literary efforts have often been considered melodramatic rather than realistic. Recent scholarship, however, has uncovered the importance of Edgeworth's previously unpublished juvenilia manuscript, The Double Disguise (1786). In particular, The Double Disguise signals Edgeworth's turn toward realism and

1820-805: The benefit of the Relieve Fund. Her letters to the Quaker Relief Committee provide a vivid account of the desperate plight facing the tenants in Edgeworthstown, the extreme conditions under which they lived, and the struggle to obtain whatever aid and assistance she could to alleviate their plight. Through her efforts she received gifts for the poor from America. During the Irish Famine Edgeworth insisted that only those of her tenants who had paid their rent in full would receive relief. Edgeworth also punished those of her tenants who voted against her Tory preferences. With

1885-466: The consequences of his or her actions. Her first novel, Castle Rackrent (1800) was written and submitted for anonymous publication in 1800 without her father's knowledge. It was an immediate success and firmly established Edgeworth's appeal. The book is a satire on Anglo-Irish landlords, before the year 1782, showing the need for more responsible management by the Irish landowning class. The story follows four generations of an Irish landholding family,

1950-501: The election of William Rowan Hamilton to president of the Royal Irish Academy, Maria became a dominant source of advice for Hamilton, particularly on the issue of literature in Ireland. She suggested that women should be allowed to participate in events held by the academy. For her guidance and help, Hamilton made Edgeworth an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837, following in the footsteps of Louisa Beaufort,

2015-406: The extreme. A close analysis of the alterations which Edgeworth's style underwent when it was pressed into the service of overt didacticism should serve to illuminate the relationship between prose technique and didactic purpose in her work. The convention which Maria Edgeworth has adopted and worked to death is basic to the eighteenth-century novel, but its roots lie in the drama, tracing at least to

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2080-450: The fair sex is endowed with an art of self-justification and women should use their gifts to continually challenge the force and power of men, especially their husbands, with wit and intelligence. It humorously and satirically explores the feminine argumentative method. This was followed in 1796 by her first children's book, The Parent's Assistant , which included Edgeworth's celebrated short story " The Purple Jar ". The Parent's Assistant

2145-516: The first decade of the 19th century she was one of the most widely read novelists in Britain and Ireland. Her name today is most commonly associated with Castle Rackrent , her first novel, in which she adopted an Irish Catholic voice to narrate the dissipation and decline of a family from her own landed Anglo-Irish class. Maria Edgeworth was born in Black Bourton , Oxfordshire. She was

2210-563: The first sympathetic Jewish characters in an English novel. Helen (1834) is Maria Edgeworth's final novel, the only one she wrote after her father's death. She chose to write a novel focused on the characters and situation, rather than moral lessons. In a letter to her publisher, Maria wrote, "I have been reproached for making my moral in some stories too prominent. I am sensible of the inconvenience of this both to reader and writer & have taken much pains to avoid it in Helen ". Her novel

2275-722: The former Catherine Rowley, she became " The Honourable Catherine Pakenham" when her father succeeded as the 2nd Baron Longford in 1776. Among her siblings were Thomas Pakenham, 2nd Earl of Longford ; Gen. Sir Edward Pakenham ; and Lt.-Gen. Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham , aide-de-camp to King William IV . Her paternal grandparents were Thomas Pakenham, 1st Baron Longford , and Elizabeth Cuffe, 1st Countess of Longford . Her maternal grandparents were Elizabeth Rowley, 1st Viscountess Langford , and Hercules Langford Rowley , Member of Parliament for County Meath and County Londonderry . Pakenham had met Wellesley in Ireland when they were both young, and Wellesley, after numerous visits to

2340-656: The foundation of the well-governed nation". More specifically, a slow process of education instils transnational understanding in the Irish people while retaining the bonds of local attachment by which the nation is secured. The centrality of education not only suggests Edgeworth's wish for a rooted yet cosmopolitan or transnational judgment, but also distinguishes her writing from constructions of national identity as national character, linking her through to earlier cosmopolitan constructions of universal human subjects. By claiming national difference as anchored in education, culture rather than nature, Edgeworth gives to national identity

2405-420: The further application of science to agriculture would raise food production and lower prices. Both Richard and Maria were also in favour of Catholic Emancipation , enfranchisement for Catholics without property restrictions (although he admitted it was against his own interest), agricultural reform and increased educational opportunities for women. She particularly worked hard to improve the living standards of

2470-503: The inherent problems of acts delineated by religious, national, racial, class based, sexual, and gendered identities". Edgeworth used works such Castle Rackrent and Harrington to express her feelings on controversial issues. In her works, Edgeworth created a nostalgic and imagined Irish past in an attempt to celebrate the culture of Ireland . Academic Suvendrini Perera argued Edgeworth's novels traced "the gradual anglicanization of feudal Irish society". Edgeworth's goal in her works

2535-410: The large religious reading public (in Britain, the novel had often been seen as an unrespectable and even immoral literary form). Maria Edgeworth , in an 1810 letter to Mrs. Ruxton, claims that the bachelor was modelled on a Mr. Harford of Blaise Castle . Frank Muir said, "It is now high on the list of the world's most unreadable books". [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

2600-425: The meaning of the denomination "Anglo-Irish", and through her interrogation she reinterpreted both cosmopolitan and national definitions of belonging so as to reconstitute "Anglo-Irish" less as a category than as an ongoing mediation between borders. In Edgeworth's Irish novels, education is the key to both individual and national improvement, according to Edgeworth, "it is the foundation of the well-governed estate and

2665-690: The necessary deductions from the negative exemplars of satire. The characteristic of Edgeworth is to connect an identifiable strain of formal realism, both philosophical and rhetorical, and therefore display an objective interest in human nature and the way it manifests itself in social custom. One would expect this from Edgeworth, an author whose didacticism often has struck modern readers as either gendered liability, technical regression, or familial obligation. Critics have responded to Edgeworth's eccentricities by attributing them to something more deep-seated, temperamental, and psychological. In their various, often insightful representation, Edgeworth's fondness for

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2730-475: The opposite claim. Edgeworth's repeated self-effacement needs to be seen in the context of the times, where learning in women was often disapproved of and even ridiculed, such as the satirical poem of the Rev. Richard Polwhele , The Unsex'd Females (1798). The Oxford English Dictionary credits Edgeworth with the earliest published usage of the word "argh." A partial list of published works: Also: During

2795-418: The period 1800–1814 (when Walter Scott 's Waverley was published) Edgeworth was the most celebrated and successful living English novelist. Her reputation equalled that of Fanny Burney (Madame d'Arblay) (1752–1840) earlier, in a time that saw a number of other female writers including Elizabeth Hamilton , Amelia Opie , Hannah More and Elizabeth Inchbald . Her only potential male competitor prior to Scott

2860-468: The poor in Edgeworthstown. In trying to improve conditions in the village she provided schools for the local children of all denominations. After her father's death in 1817 she edited his memoirs, and extended them with her biographical comments. She was an active writer to the last. She worked for the relief of the famine-stricken Irish peasants during the Great Famine . She wrote Orlandino for

2925-501: The publication of Waverley in 1814, in which he gratefully acknowledged her influence, and they formed a lasting friendship. She visited him in Scotland at Abbotsford House in 1823, where he took her on a tour of the area. The next year, Sir Walter visited Edgeworthstown. When passing through the village, one of the party wrote, "We found neither mud hovels nor naked peasantry, but snug cottages and smiles all about". A counter view

2990-502: The real, the strange, and the pedagogically useful verges on the relentless, the obsessive, and the instinctive. There is an alternative literary answer to explain Edgeworth's cultural roots and ideological aims which shifts focus away from Edgeworth's familial, psychological, and cultural predicaments to the formal paradigms by which her work has been judged. Rather than locating Edgeworth's early romances of real life exclusively within

3055-500: The rest of her life. With their bond strengthened, Maria and her father began a lifelong academic collaboration "of which she was the more able and nimble mind". Present at Edgeworthstown was an extended family, servants and tenants. She observed and recorded the details of daily Irish life, later drawing on this experience for her novels about the Irish. She also mixed with the Anglo-Irish gentry, particularly Kitty Pakenham (later

3120-530: The second child of Richard Lovell Edgeworth (who eventually fathered twenty-two surviving children by four wives) and Anna Maria Edgeworth ( née Elers); Maria was thus an aunt of Francis Ysidro Edgeworth . She spent her early years with her mother's family in England, living at The Limes (now known as Edgeworth House) in Northchurch , by Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . Her mother died when Maria

3185-596: The service of the moral is the result. Everything else may go, so long as the lesson is enforced. the lesson might be a warning against moral impropriety, as in Miss Milner's story, or against social injustice, as in The Absentee . Furthermore, the whole reliance on positive exemplars had been justified long before by Richard Steele , who argued that the stage must supply perfect heroes since its examples are imitated and since simple natures are incapable of making

3250-478: The traditions of eighteenth-century children's literature or domestic realism, they can be read primarily as responses to late eighteenth-century debates over the relation between history and romance, because the genre attempts to mediate between the two differentiating itself from other kinds of factual fiction. Edgeworth's romances of real life operate in the same discursive field but do not attempt to traverse between self-denied antinomies. In fact, they usually make

3315-460: The wife of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ), Lady Moira , and her aunt Margaret Ruxton of Blackcastle . Margaret supplied her with the novels of Ann Radcliffe and William Godwin and encouraged her in her writing. In 1798 Richard married Frances Beaufort , daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort , who instigated the idea of travelling to England and the European continent. Frances,

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3380-532: Was William Godwin . She was certainly well received by the critics and literary figures of her time. Croker (1780–1857) compared her work to Don Quixote and Gil Blas and to the work of Henry Fielding , while Francis Jeffrey (1773–1850) called her work 'perfect'. The Ulster Gaelic Society , established in 1830, succeeded in a single publication in its history, namely the translation into Irish of two stories by Maria Edgeworth: Tomás Ó Fiannachtaigh translated Forgive and Forget and Rosanna into Irish in

3445-465: Was a man of action, as well as frugal and reserved, with a sharp wit; Pakenham was protective and possessive. With little in common, Wellesley could not help but give the impression that he found her poor company and although they had two sons, Arthur , in 1807, and Charles , in 1808, they lived apart for most of the time and occupied separate rooms in the house when they were together. Her brother, Edward "Ned" Pakenham , served under Wellesley throughout

3510-462: Was a prolific Anglo-Irish novelist of adults' and children's literature. She was one of the first realist writers in children's literature and a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe. She held critical views on estate management, politics, and education, and corresponded with some of the leading literary and economic writers, including Sir Walter Scott and David Ricardo . During

3575-465: Was also notable for its controversial depiction of interracial marriage between a Black servant and an English farmgirl. Later editions of the novel, however, removed these sections. Tales of Fashionable Life (1809 and 1812) is a 2-series collection of short stories which often focus on the life of a woman. The second series was particularly well received in England, making her the most commercially successful novelist of her age. After this, Edgeworth

3640-418: Was an extremely popular author who was compared with her contemporary writers Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott . She initially earned more than them, and used her income to help her siblings. On a visit to London in 1813, where she was received as a literary lion, Maria met Lord Byron (whom she disliked) and Humphry Davy . She entered into a long correspondence with the ultra-Tory Sir Walter Scott after

3705-796: Was five, and when her father married his second wife Honora Sneyd in 1773, she went with him to his estate, Edgeworthstown , in County Longford , Ireland. Maria was sent to Mrs. Lattafière's school in Derby after Honora fell ill in 1775. After Honora died in 1780 Maria's father married Honora's sister Elizabeth (then socially disapproved and legally forbidden from 1833 until the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 ). Maria transferred to Mrs. Devis's school in London. Her father's attention became fully focused on her in 1781 when she nearly lost her sight to an eye infection. Returning home at

3770-490: Was in two minds as to whether to accept the proposal. Despite his more formal proposal after he had obtained her brother's permission, she insisted that he should see her in person before committing himself. Wellesley travelled to Ireland to meet her, and although he was obviously disappointed in the change in her (he remarked to his brother "She has grown ugly, by Jove!"), went ahead with the marriage. The couple were married on 10 April 1806, St. George's Church, Dublin (while it

3835-634: Was influenced by her father's work and perspectives on children's education. Mr. Edgeworth, a well-known author and inventor, encouraged his daughter's career. At the height of her creative endeavours, Maria wrote, "Seriously it was to please my Father I first exerted myself to write, to please him I continued". Though the impetus for Maria's works, Mr. Edgeworth has been criticised for his insistence on approving and editing her work. The tales in The Parent's Assistant were approved by her father before he would allow them to be read to her younger siblings. It

3900-668: Was preferable to an incompatible union. Tales of Fashionable Life and Patronage attacked the Whigs ' governance of Ireland as corrupt and unrepresentative. Edgeworth strove for the self-realization of women and stressed the importance of the individual. She also wanted greater participation in politics by middle-class women. Her work Helen clearly demonstrates this point in the passage: "Women are now so highly cultivated, and political subjects are at present of so much importance, of such high interest, to all human creatures who live together in society, you can hardly expect, Helen, that you, as

3965-402: Was provided by another visitor who stated that the residents of Edgeworthstown treated Edgeworth with contempt, refusing even to feign politeness. Richard Edgeworth was comparatively fair and forgiving in his dealings with his tenants and was actively involved in the estate's management. After debating the issue with the economist David Ricardo , Maria came to believe that better management and

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4030-563: Was regarded as the preeminent female writer in England alongside Jane Austen. Following an anti-Semitic remark in The Absentee , Edgeworth received a letter from an American Jewish woman named Rachel Mordecai in 1815 complaining about Edgeworth's depiction of Jews. In response, Harrington (1817) was written as an apology to the Jewish community. The novel was a fictitious autobiography about overcoming antisemitism and includes one of

4095-595: Was the first to realize that there was, within it, a missionary opportunity to convert it to Enlightenment faith and rescue it from its ‘romantic’ conditions". Edgeworth's writing on Ireland, especially her early Irish stories, offer an important rearticulation of Burkean local attachment and philosophical cosmopolitanism to produce an understanding of the nation as neither tightly bordered (like nations based on historical premises such as blood or inheritance) or not borderless (like those based on rational notions of universal inclusion). Edgeworth used her writing to reconsider

4160-510: Was to show the Irish as equal to the British, and therefore warranting an equal, though not separate, status. Essay on Irish Bulls rejects the Irish bulls stereotype and portrays the people of Ireland accurately in realistic, everyday settings. This is a common theme in her works on Ireland, combating stereotypes of Irish people with accurate representations. In her works, Edgeworth also placed

4225-532: Was using a temporary chapel in Drumcondra ), by Wellesley's clergyman brother, Gerald. After a brief honeymoon , Wellesley returned to England. Pakenham followed him and after a stay with his brother, while Wellesley continued to inhabit his bachelor's lodging, they set up home together in Harley Street . Though she regained something of her former health, the two did not get on well together. Wellesley

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