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23-530: Coiba separated from continental Panama between 12,000 and 18,000 years ago when sea levels rose. Plants and animals on the new island became isolated from mainland populations and over the millennia most animals have diverged in appearance and behaviour from their mainland counterparts. The island is home to many endemic subspecies, including the Coiba Island howler monkey , and the Coiba spinetail . In 1919,

46-596: A World Heritage Site . The park includes Coiba island, 38 smaller islands off the southwest coast of Panama, and the surrounding marine areas within the Gulf of Chiriquí providing protection for coral reefs, humpback whales, pilot whales, killer whales, dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, marlins and other marine creatures. The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of brown-backed doves , Coiba spinetails and three-wattled bellbirds . Due to

69-427: A dental formula of 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.3 or 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.2 (consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including gorillas , chimpanzees , bonobos , siamangs , gibbons , orangutans , and most humans , which share a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 . Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are arboreal , so knowledge of them

92-422: A penal colony was built on the island and during the years that Panama was under the dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega , the prison on Coiba was a feared place with a reputation for brutal conditions, extreme torture, executions and political murders. Nobody knows exactly how many people were killed in the prison during that period, but sources claim that the number could be close to 300. As such,

115-569: A single gene on the X-chromosome to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light, which contrasts with short wavelength light. As a result, males rely on a single medium/long pigment gene and are dichromatic , as are homozygous females. Heterozygous females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range, and so can display trichromatic vision. Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve premolars instead of eight; having

138-471: A third transatlantic dispersal event comes from a fossil molar belonging to Ashaninkacebus simpsoni , which has strong affinities with stem anthropoid primates of South Asian origin, the Eosimiidae . The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54. In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey . A Bayesian estimate of

161-464: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . New World monkey Incertae sedis New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico , Central and South America : Callitrichidae , Cebidae , Aotidae , Pitheciidae , and Atelidae . The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea ( / s ə ˈ b ɔɪ d i . ə / ),

184-519: Is a type of howler monkey , a type of New World monkey , endemic to Panama . Although the Coiba Island howler has been recognized as a separate species by a number of authorities since a 1987 study of its fingerprints, mitochondrial DNA testing found it does not differ from mantled howler populations in any significant way. A reason given for treating it as a separate species is that the dermal ridges of its hands and feet differ from those of

207-539: Is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of Old World monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils. New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails —in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World. Prehensility has evolved at least two distinct times in platyrrhines, in

230-708: The Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed, so ocean currents , unlike today, favoured westward dispersal, the climate was quite different, and the width of the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km (1,700 mi) width by about a third (possibly 1,000 km (600 mi) less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 millimetres per year (1 in/year)). The non-platyrrhini Ucayalipithecus of Amazonian Peru who might have rafted across

253-407: The pygmy marmoset (the world's smallest monkey), at 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) and a weight of 120 to 190 g (4.2 to 6.7 oz), to the southern muriqui , at 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which

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276-577: The African continent. Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have dispersed to South America on a raft of vegetation across the Atlantic Ocean during the Eocene epoch, possibly via several intermediate now submerged islands. Several other groups of animals made the same journey across the Atlantic, notably including caviomorph rodents. At the time the New World monkeys dispersed to South America,

299-471: The Atelidae family (spider monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and woolly monkeys), and in capuchin monkeys ( Cebus ). Although prehensility is present in all of these primate species, skeletal and muscular-based morphological differences between these two groups indicate that the trait evolved separately through convergent evolution. The fully prehensile tails that have evolved in Atelidae allow

322-461: The Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the extinct Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia, suggesting that there were at least two separate dispersal events of primates to South America, Parvimico and Perupithecus from Peru appear to be at the base of the Platyrrhini, as are Szalatavus , Lagonimico , and Canaanimico . Possible evidence for

345-545: The Gulf of Chiriquí's capacity to buffer against the effects of El Niño temperature swings, the marine ecosystems within Coiba National Park harbor a high degree of biodiversity. The park is home to 760 species of marine fishes, 33 species of sharks and 20 species of cetaceans. [REDACTED] Coiba travel guide from Wikivoyage Coiba Island howler The Coiba Island howler ( Alouatta coibensis )

368-409: The island was avoided by locals, and other than the prison, was completely undeveloped. After the prison was closed down in 2004, the island's pristine condition made it ideal as a reserve. It is now said that the prison is haunted by the ghosts of prisoners. One story is that a guard was chasing a prisoner, but the prisoner was a ghost. The guard was so scared that he shot himself. Coiba is also one of

391-689: The last places in Central America where the scarlet macaw can be found in large numbers in the wild. The island is about 75% forested with a large fraction comprising standing ancient forest. Coiba Island is home to rare flora and fauna found only on the island. The island also harbours tree species that have long disappeared from the mainland due to deforestation and overharvesting . In 1992, Panama created Coiba National Park, encompassing over 1,042 square miles of islands, forests, beaches, mangroves and coral reefs, and in July 2005, Unesco declared it

414-528: The mantled howler. A. c. coibensis is smaller than other Central American howler monkeys and has duller pelage than the Azuero howler , Alouatta coibensis trabeata . Two subspecies of this howler have been recognized by those who consider it a separate species: [REDACTED] Data related to Coiba Island Howler at Wikispecies This Panama -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This New World monkey -related article

437-551: The most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95% credible interval of 27  million years ago - 31  million years ago . The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, as defined by Rylands & Mittermeier (2009), and their position in the Order Primates: The arrangement of the New World monkey families, indeed the listing of which groups consist of families and which consist of lower taxonomic groupings, has changed over

460-457: The only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini ( / p l æ t ɪ ˈ r aɪ n aɪ / ). Platyrrhini is derived from the Greek for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey , are the only primates to have prehensile tails . New World monkeys' closest relatives are

483-519: The other simians , the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and apes . New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago. About 40 million years ago, the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys ) somewhere on

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506-524: The primates to suspend their entire body weight by only their tails, with arms and legs free for other foraging and locomotive activities. Semi-prehensile tails in Cebus can be used for balance by wrapping the tail around branches and supporting a large portion of their weight. New World monkeys (except for the howler monkeys of genus Alouatta ) also typically lack the trichromatic vision of Old World monkeys. Colour vision in New World primates relies on

529-810: The years. McKenna & Bell (1997) used two families: Callitrichidae and Atelidae, with Atelidae divided into Cebinae, Pitheciinae, and Atelinae. Rosenberger (2002 following Horowitz 1999) demoted Callitrichidae to a subfamily, putting it under the newly raised Cebidae family. Groves (2005) used four families, but as a flat structure. One possible arrangement of the five families and their subfamilies of Rylands & Mittermeier can be seen in Silvestro et al. (2017): titis sakis and uakaris howler monkeys spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys capuchins squirrel monkeys marmosets and lion tamarins tamarins and saddle-back tamarins night monkeys New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from

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