The Federal Government of Brazil ( Governo Federal ) is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil , a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district . The Brazilian federal government is divided into three branches: the executive, which is headed by the President and the cabinet ; the legislative, whose powers are vested by the Constitution in the National Congress ; and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in nine organs, including the Supreme Federal Court and lower federal courts. The seat of the federal government is located in Brasília .
16-458: Centro São Cristóvão (3 units) Tijuca (2 units) Realengo (2 units) Engenho Novo (2 units) Duque de Caxias Colégio Pedro II (Pedro II School) is a federal public school located in the state of Rio de Janeiro . Named after Pedro II of Brazil , it was established on 2 December 1837, and made official by Imperial decree on 20 December of the same year. It was named after the Emperor, since it
32-458: A court of the second instance. There are special federal court systems, in which such as Labour Court ( Justiça do Trabalho ) for labor or employment-related matters and disputes, Election Justice ( Justiça Eleitoral ) for electoral matters, and Military Justice ( Justiça Militar ) for martial criminal cases, each of them with its own courts. There are two national superior courts that grant writs of certiorari in civil and criminal cases:
48-693: A fixed term (usually three years) and had fewer powers and prerogatives. The classist ministers were abolished by a constitutional amendment in 1999, leaving only the effective ministers. By the actual legislation, the Court is integrated by 27 members, entitled Ministers ( Ministros ), pointed by the President of Brazil . The nomination only occurs after the approval of the Senate . All the nominated members must be at least 35 and no more than 65 years old, must have Brazilian nationality and moral integrity, plus all
64-917: Is both the head of state and the head of government . Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress , a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court , the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts , the National Justice Council and the regional federal courts . The bicameral National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ) consists of: There are no limits on
80-539: Is divided into Judiciary Sections ( Seções Judiciárias in Portuguese), coterminous with the territory of each state, and subdivided in Judiciary Subsections ( Subseções Judiciárias ), each with a territory that may not correspond to the states' comarcas. The Judiciary subsections have federal courts of the first instance and each Region has a Federal Regional Tribunal ( Tribunal Regional Federal ) as
96-543: Is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the federal government. It provides the framework for the organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states , to citizens, and to all people within Brazil. Executive power is exercised by the executive, headed by the President , advised by a Cabinet of Ministers . The President
112-680: Is the highest Brazilian appellate court for labor law issues. Its headquarters are located in Brasilia , near the American Embassy . It is one of the five high courts in Brazil, the highest instance in the Brazilian federalized labor courts system, which includes the Regional Labor Courts ( Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho - TRT's ), at common appeal level, and the Trial Labor Courts ( Varas do Trabalho ) in
128-485: The Federal orbit. This Brazilian school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Federal government of Brazil Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, which is based on a representative democracy . The federal government has three independent branches : executive, legislative, and judicial. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of Brazil. It
144-694: The Superior Justice Tribunal ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça , STJ) and the federal supreme court , called the Supreme Federal Court ( Portuguese : Supremo Tribunal Federal ). The STJ grants a Special Appeal ( Recurso Especial ) when a judgment of a court of the second instance offends a federal statute disposition or when two or more second instance courts make different rulings on the same federal statute. There are parallel courts for labor law , electoral law and military law . The STF grants Extraordinary Appeals ( Recurso Extraordinário ) when judgments of second instance courts violate
160-573: The constitution. The STF is the last instance for the writ of habeas corpus and for reviews of judgments from the STJ. The superior courts do not analyze any factual questions in their judgments, but only the application of the law and the constitution. Facts and evidence are judged by the courts of the second instance, except in specific cases such as writs of habeas corpus . Superior Labour Court Recent elections The Superior Labor Court ( Portuguese : Tribunal Superior do Trabalho , TST ),
176-568: The executive. That status was retained by all subsequent constitutions. Since its origins, the court was integrated by both effective Ministers and temporary class Ministers. The effective Ministers (nicknamed "togados" after the distinctive robes - "togas" - which they wear) were considered magistrates for all legal prerogatives, while the Temporary Classist Ministers ("classistas"), paritary representatives of both employers and employees ("classes"), were appointed for
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#1732764690354192-567: The first instance take office after public competitive examination . The second instance judges are promoted among the first instance judges. The Justices of the superior courts are appointed by the President for life and approved by the Senate. All the judges and justices must be graduated in law. Brazilian judges must retire at the age of 70. The national territory is divided into five regions, which are composed of two or more states. Each region
208-658: The first instance. The origin of the court was the National Labor Council, created in 1923, which was a part of the executive branch, subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. In 1946, the council was transformed into the Tribunal Superior do Trabalho . The Brazilian Constitution adopted that year recognized the TST as part of the judiciary branch, no longer subordinated to
224-479: The number of terms one may serve for either chamber. The seats are allotted proportionally to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress . Since it is common for politicians to switch parties,
240-404: The proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system . The Judicial branch is organized in states' and federal systems with different jurisdictions. The judges of the courts of
256-592: Was established on his birthday. Its first campus, downtown Rio de Janeiro , functions to this day. Its origins can be traced to the Saint Peter Orphans' School founded in 1739, and later renamed to Saint Joachim School in 1766. The Imperial Colégio de Pedro II was established in 1837 as part of a drive for national unity under the monarchy. The school is mentioned in the Brazilian Constitution , which says that it should remain under
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