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84-482: Colonials may refer to: Colonisers, implementers of colonization or colonialism Citizens of the colonies of British America Sports [ edit ] Amateur and college [ edit ] Colonials (synchronized skating team) , from West Acton, Massachusetts George Washington Colonials, the former nickname of George Washington University athletic teams, now known as " Revolutionaries " Luray Colonials,

168-601: A Canadian Supreme Court decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty". Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling

252-532: A Proclamation by Governor Bourke stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians. In R v Murrell (1836) Justice Burton of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stated, "although it might be granted that on the first taking possession of the Colony, the aborigines were entitled to be recognised as free and independent, yet they were not in such

336-567: A forcible expulsion of the remaining German population and mostly involuntary resettlement of the area with Soviet civilians. Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union. Large numbers of ethnic Russians and other Russian speakers were settled in the three Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia – after their reoccupation in 1944 , while local languages, religion and customs were suppressed. David Chioni Moore classified it as

420-594: A public law equivalent to the private law concept of res nullius . In 1909, the Italian international jurist Camille Piccioni described the island of Spitzbergen in the Arctic Circle as terra nullius . Even though the island was inhabited by the nationals of several European countries, the inhabitants did not live under any formal sovereignty. In subsequent decades, the term terra nullius gradually replaced territorium nullius. Fitzmaurice argues that

504-521: A "reverse-cultural colonization", where the colonized perceived the colonizers as culturally inferior. Colonization of the three Baltic countries was closely tied to mass executions, deportations and repression of the native population. During both Soviet occupations ( 1940–1941 ; 1944–1991 ) a combined 605,000 inhabitants of the three countries were either killed or deported (135,000 Estonians, 170,000 Latvians and 320,000 Lithuanians), while their properties and personal belongings, along with ones who fled

588-532: A colonising state. The term terra nullius was used in 1885 in relation to the dispute between Spain and the United States over Contoy Island . Herman Eduard von Hoist, wrote, “Contoy was not, in an international sense, a desert, that is an abandoned island and hence terra nullius. " In 1888, the Institut de Droit International introduced the concept of territorium nullius (nobody’s territory) as

672-539: A distinction between the legitimate occupation of land that was res nullius and illegitimate claims of sovereignty through discovery and occupation of land that was not res nullius , as in the case of the Spanish claim to the Americas. Hugo Grotius , writing in 1625, also stated that discovery does not give a right to sovereignty over inhabited land, “For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one.” By

756-433: A domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward, as noted by Paul Virilio : Some instances of the burden of endo-colonization have been noted: The colonization of Mars is the proposed process of establishing and maintaining control of Martian land for exploitation and the possible settlement of Mars. Most colonization concepts focus on settling, but colonization

840-536: A minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not. A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso–Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to

924-508: A protective order over South East New Guinea, establishing an official colony in 1888. Germany however, annexed parts of the North. This annexation separated the entire region into the South, known as "The Territory of Papua" and North, known as "German New Guinea". Due to marginalisation produced by continuous Resettlement Policy, by 1969, political tensions and open hostilities developed between

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1008-586: A state's occupation of it. There are currently three territories sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil (a strip of land between Egypt and the Sudan ), four pockets of land near the Danube due to the Croatia–Serbia border dispute , and parts of Antarctica , principally Marie Byrd Land . In international law, terra nullius is territory which belongs to no state. Sovereignty over territory which

1092-847: A version of it was imposed by Cromwell 's sword […] So the English Protestant interest […] came to regard Ireland as a kind of terra nullius ." Similarly, Bruce McLeod writes in The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745 that "although the English were familiar with Ireland and its geography in comparison to North America, they treated Ireland as though it were terra nullius and thus easily and geometrically subdivided into territorial units." Rolston and McVeigh trace this attitude back to Gerald of Wales (13th century), who wrote "This people despises work on

1176-468: Is terra nullius can be acquired by any state by occupation. According to Oppenheim : "The only territory which can be the object of occupation is that which does not already belong to another state, whether it is uninhabited, or inhabited by persons whose community is not considered to be a state; for individuals may live on as territory without forming themselves into a state proper exercising sovereignty over such territory." Occupation of terra nullius

1260-459: Is a broader ethical concept, which international space law has limited, and national space programs have avoided, instead focusing on human mission to Mars for exploring the planet . The settlement of Mars would require the migration of humans to the planet, the establishment of a permanent human presence, and the exploitation of local resources. No crewed missions to Mars have occurred, although there have been successful robotic missions to

1344-676: Is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia (specifically the Huns ) moving into the richer pasture land to the west, thus forcing the local people there to move further west and so on until eventually the Goths were forced to cross into the Roman Empire, resulting in continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire. During this period there were large-scale movements of people establishing new colonies all over western Europe. The events of this time saw

1428-408: Is one of several ways in which a state can acquire territory under international law. The other means of acquiring territory are conquest, cession by agreement, accretion through the operations of nature, and prescription through the continuous exercise of sovereignty. Although the term terra nullius was not used in international law before the late nineteenth century, some writers have traced

1512-575: The Dutch Republic , the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the Kingdom of Scotland all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling , with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s. During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to

1596-525: The English colonisation of Ireland , although the term is not used in the international law sense and is often used as an analogy. Griffen and Cogliano state that the English viewed Ireland as a terra nullius . In The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland’s Breakup With Britain , Fergal Tobin writes that "Ireland had no tradition of unified statehood and no culturally unified establishment. Indeed, it had never known any kind of political unity until

1680-588: The Government of the Philippines and Moro Muslim rebel groups in Mindanao . Many colonists came to colonies for slaves to their colonizing countries, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country. This left the indigenous natives of their lands slaves in their own countries. The Canadian Indian residential school system

1764-521: The Islamic military campaign that captured the region in the 7th and 8th centuries. The transmigration program is an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Java , but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura , to less populous areas of the country including Papua , Kalimantan , Sumatra , and Sulawesi . In 1884 Britain declared

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1848-914: The Netherlands , the Kingdom of Italy , the Kingdom of Prussia (now mostly Germany), Belgium , Denmark , and Sweden-Norway , and, beginning in the 18th century, the United States . Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the period from roughly 1500 to 1900. Beginning in the late 19th century, Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization, most notably in Hokkaido and Korea . While some European colonization focused on shorter-term exploitation of economic opportunities ( Newfoundland , for example, or Siberia ) or addressed specific goals such as settlers seeking religious freedom ( Massachusetts ), at other times long-term social and economic planning

1932-655: The Niger . At the request of Morocco , the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time. A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea , the uninhabited Pinnacle Islands , were claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895, following

2016-541: The Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island ( simplified Chinese : 黄岩岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黃巖島 ; pinyin : Huángyán Dǎo ), nearest land being the island of Luzon at 220 km (119 nmi), located in the South China Sea . The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ ( exclusive economic zone ), while both China and Taiwan continue claiming

2100-680: The Soviet Union and the United States , who reserved the right to make a claim. An undefined area from 20°W to 45°E was historically considered potentially unclaimed; the Norwegian claim in Queen Maud Land was interpreted as covering the coastal regions, but not continuing all the way to the South Pole. In 2015, the claim was extended to reach as far as 90°S. Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius . In

2184-617: The West Bank is an additional form of colonization. This view is part of a key debate in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Law professors Steven Lubet and Jonathan Zasloff describe the " Zionism as settler colonialism " theory as politically motivated, derogatory and highly controversial. According to them, there are important differences between Zionism and settler colonialism, for instance: (1) Early Zionists did not seek to transport European culture into Israel, they sought to revive

2268-537: The Abkhaz language was banned. The ruling elite was purged of ethnic Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers in Abkhazia were ethnic Georgians (there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions). For Königsberg area of East Prussia (modern Kaliningrad Oblast ) given to the Soviet Union at the 1945 Potsdam Conference Soviet control meant

2352-601: The Far Eastern provinces from the USSR. To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land. This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm. By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. In one instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told

2436-570: The Germans were to become colonists, having control over the native people. These indigenous people were planned to be reduced to slaves or wholly annihilated. Many advanced nations currently have large numbers of guest workers / temporary work visa holders who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason. Colonization may be

2520-756: The JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 92.7% of the JAO population. The JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the world's only Jewish territory with an official status. In the First Aliyah , much of the Zionist settlement consisted of legal land purchases for agricultural colonies, or moshavot , for wine and citrus production. According to Elia Zuriek in his book "Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit", Israeli settlements in

2604-698: The Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War . However, this interpretation is not accepted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands. Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone The People's Republic of China , the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Philippines claim

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2688-645: The Mediterranean. Another period of colonization in ancient times was during the Roman Empire . The Roman Empire conquered large parts of Western Europe , North Africa , and West Asia . In North Africa and West Asia, the Romans often conquered what they regarded as 'civilized' peoples. As they moved north into Europe, they mostly encountered rural peoples/tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed

2772-532: The People's Republic of China. Taiwan places the shoal under the administration of Cijin District , Kaohsiung City , but do not hold effective control of the shoal. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's claim in 2016 , where China have rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded". In 2019, Taiwan also rejected the ruling and have continued sending more naval vassals to

2856-758: The Soviet government established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border. The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese; in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek had ended cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party , which further increased the threat. Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach

2940-403: The Spanish had gained no legal right to possession through mere discovery of these lands. Nevertheless, Vitoria stated that the Spanish possibly had a limited right to rule the indigenous Americans because the latter “are unsuited to setting up or administering a commonwealth both legitimate and ordered in human and civil terms.” Alberico Gentili , in his De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1598), drew

3024-518: The Sydney area was an estimated 4,000 to 8,000 people who were organised in clans which occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate over whether Australia was colonised by the British from 1788 on the basis that the land was terra nullius . Frost, Attwood and others argue that even though the term terra nullius was not used in the eighteenth century, there was widespread acceptance of

3108-537: The USSR budget from 1946 to 1990 than it received back. And of the money transferred back, a disproportionate amount was spent on the region's militarization and funding of repressive institutions, especially in the early years of the occupation . It has been calculated by a Latvian state-funded commission that the Soviet occupation cost the economy of Latvia a total of 185 billion euros. Conversely, Marxian economist and world-systems analyst Samir Amin asserts that, in contrast to colonialism, capital transfer in

3192-678: The USSR was used to develop poorer regions in the South and East with the wealthiest regions like Western Russia , Ukraine, and the Baltic Republics being the main source of capital. Estonian researcher Epp Annus acknowledges that the Soviet rule in the Baltic states did not possess every single characteristic of traditional colonialism since the Baltic states were already modern industrial European nation states with an established sense of national identity and cultural self-confidence prior to their Soviet invasion in 1940 and proposed that

3276-457: The archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as terra nullius : The issue would have been simpler if Spitzbergen, until now terra nullius, could have been attributed to a single state, for reasons of neighbouring or earlier occupation. But this is not the case and several powers can, for different reasons, make their claims to this territory which still has no master. The territorial dispute

3360-408: The area. It has been speculated that Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for the construction of an artificial island and Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work. The term terra nullius has been applied by some modern academics in discussing

3444-425: The basis of being uncultivated) primarily in the 19th century, and argues it was a result of political developments (e.g. the decision to colonize New South Wales despite a large indigenous population) and the rise of new intellectual currents such as Scientific Racism and Legal Positivism . Several years before Blackstone, Emer de Vattel , in his Le droit des gents (1758), drew a distinction between land that

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3528-504: The coastlines of northern Europe. In time, the Vikings began trading and established colonies. The Vikings first came across Iceland and established colonies there before moving onto Greenland , where they built settlements that endured until the 15th century. The Vikings launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland , which is probably at a site now known as L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , on

3612-635: The colony as unoccupied and afforded no recognition to any form of native interest in the land." Stuart Banner states that the first known Australian legal use of the concept (although not the term) terra nullius was in 1819 in a tax dispute between Barron Field and the Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie . The matter was referred to British Attorney General Samuel Shepherd and Solicitor General Robert Gifford who advised that New South Wales had not been acquired by conquest or cession, but by possession as "desert and uninhabited". In 1835,

3696-447: The concept that a state could acquire territory through occupation of land that was not already under sovereignty and was uninhabited or inhabited by peoples who had not developed permanent settlements, agriculture, property rights or political organisation recognised by European states. Borch, however, states that, "it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless, nor

3780-472: The concept to the Roman law term res nullius , meaning nobody's thing . In Roman law, things that were res nullius , such as wild animals ( ferae bestiae ), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Benton and Straumann, however, state that the derivation of terra nullius from res nullius is "by analogy" only. Sixteenth century writings on res nullius were in

3864-490: The concepts of voluntary cession or conquest in a just war. With respect to settlement by Europeans, the defense offered (per theorists such as Locke and Vattel ) was that colonized lands were either uninhabited, or were surplus to the needs of the indigenous inhabitants and therefore able to be settled without resulting in dispossession. Borch places the shift towards the view that "uncultivated" but inhabited lands were terra nullius (and could therefore be claimed purely on

3948-548: The conquest of the areas. Many of the current cities throughout Europe began as Roman colonies, such as Cologne , Germany, originally called Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium by the Romans, and the British capital city of London , which the Romans founded as Londinium . The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large-scale movement of people in Eastern Europe and Asia. This

4032-510: The context of European colonisation in the New World and the doctrine of discovery . In 1535, Domingo de Soto argued that Spain had no right to the Americas because the lands had not been res nullius at the time of discovery. Francisco de Vitoria , in 1539, also used the res nullius analogy to argue that the indigenous populations of the Americas, although “barbarians”, had both sovereignty and private ownership over their lands, and that

4116-675: The country, were confiscated and given to the arriving colonists – Soviet military and NKVD personnel, as well as functionaries of the Communist Party and economic migrants from kolkhozes . The most dramatic case was Latvia, where the amount of ethnic Russians swelled from 168,300 (8.8%) in 1935 to 905,500 (34%) in 1989, whereas the proportion of ethnic Latvians fell from 77% in 1935 to 52% in 1989. Baltic states also faced intense economic exploitation , with Latvian SSR , for example, transferring 15.961 billion rubles (or 18.8% percent of its total revenue of 85 billion rubles) more to

4200-438: The culture of an indigenous people of the land, the culture of their ancestors (e.g., they left their European languages behind and adopted a Middle Eastern/Semitic one: Hebrew); (2) No settler colonial movement ever claimed to be "returning home"; (3) Jews had already been living in the "colonized" region for thousands of years. Both professors also point out that the academic journal where Wolfe published his essay fails to mention

4284-999: The development of many of the modern-day nations of Europe like the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo-Saxons in England. In West Asia, during Sassanid Empire , some Persians established colonies in Yemen and Oman . The Arabs also established colonies in Northern Africa , Mesopotamia , and the Levant . The Vikings of Scandinavia also carried out a large-scale colonization. The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in Denmark , southern Norway , and southern Sweden , to pillage

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4368-492: The disputed area is not terra nullius and they are negotiating with Serbia to settle the border. While several countries made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150°W to 90°W ), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except

4452-577: The eastern coastline of Canada . In the Colonial Era, colonialism in this context refers mostly to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The main European countries active in this form of colonization included Spain , Portugal , France , the Tsardom of Russia (later Russian Empire ), the Kingdom of England (later Great Britain ),

4536-533: The eighteenth century, however, some writers argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land. William Blackstone , in 1765, wrote, “Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon

4620-613: The former name of a collegiate summer baseball team now known as the Purcellville Cannons Robert Morris Colonials , the athletic teams of Robert Morris University Professional [ edit ] Hartford Colonials , a UFL American football team 2009–2010 Morris County Colonials, a National Premier Soccer League team Kingston Colonials , an American Basketball League team 1935–1940 Kingston Colonials (baseball) , an American minor-league team 1885–1951 Morris County Colonials,

4704-537: The former name of the National Premier Soccer League team now known as Jersey Blues FC Pittsfield Colonials , a Can-Am League baseball team 1997-2011 See also [ edit ] Colonial (disambiguation) , including uses of The Colonial Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Colonials . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

4788-453: The idea of colonization. The prospect of settling Mars has been explored extensively in science fiction writing, film, and art . Terra nullius Terra nullius ( / ˈ t ɛr ə ˈ n ʌ l ɪ ə s / , plural terrae nullius ) is a Latin expression meaning " nobody's land ". Since the nineteenth century it has occasionally been used in international law as a principle to justify claims that territory may be acquired by

4872-490: The initial Soviet occupation developed into a colonial rule gradually, as the local resistance turned into a hybrid coexistence with the Soviet power. The Soviet colonial rule never managed to fully establish itself and began rapidly disintegrating during perestroika , but after the restoration of independence, the Baltic states similarly had to deal with problems of a characteristically colonial nature, such as pollution , economic collapse and demographic tensions. In 1934,

4956-817: The jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States. The British penal colony of New South Wales , which included more than half of mainland Australia, was proclaimed by Governor Captain Arthur Phillip at Sydney in February 1788. At the time of British colonisation, Aboriginal Australians had occupied Australia for at least 50,000 years. They were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups. The Aboriginal population of

5040-423: The land, has little use for the money-making of towns, contemns the rights and privileges of citizenship, and desires neither to abandon, nor lose respect for, the life which it has been accustomed to lead in the woods and countryside." The semi- nomadism of the native Irish meant that some English judged them not to be productive users of land. However, Rolston and McVeigh state that Gerald made it clear that Ireland

5124-409: The law of nature, or at least upon that of nations." Borch states that many commentators erroneously interpreted this to mean that any uncultivated lands, whether inhabited or not, could be claimed by a colonising state by right of occupancy. Borch rather argues that before the 19th century, European legal sources tended to justify the extension of European sovereignty over inhabited territory through

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5208-438: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonials&oldid=1157150431 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Colonization Settler colonialism is a type of colonization structured and enforced by

5292-431: The other owns it). Bir Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. Croatia and Serbia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube . However, four pockets on the western river bank , of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. Serbia makes no claims on the land while Croatia states that the land belongs to Serbia. Croatia states that

5376-413: The planet . Public space agencies (including NASA , ESA , Roscosmos , ISRO , the CNSA , among others) have explored colonization concepts, but have primarily focused on further robotic exploration of Mars and the possibility of crewed landings. Some space advocacy groups, such as the Mars Society and the National Space Society , as well as some private organizations, such as SpaceX , have promoted

5460-416: The same concept, meaning land without sovereignty, and that property rights and cultivation of land were not part of the concept. The term terra nullius was adopted by the International Court of Justice in its 1975 Western Sahara advisory opinion. The majority wrote, "'Occupation' being legally an original means of peaceably acquiring sovereignty over territory otherwise than by cession or succession, it

5544-588: The settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country ( metropole ) maintains a connection or control through the settler's colonialism. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the assimilation or oppression of the indigenous peoples , or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away, displacing or outright killing the indigenous people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers. The European colonization of Australia , New Zealand , and other places in Oceania

5628-443: The shoal continuing from their predecessor , who claimed the shoal based on historical records that Chinese fishermen had discovered and mapped the shoal since the 13th century. Previously, the shoal was administered as part of Municipality of Masinloc , Province of Zambales for the Philippines. Since the Scarborough Shoal standoff in 2012, the shoal is administered as part of Xisha District , Sansha City , Hainan Province for

5712-429: The soil", "a farmer"), then by extension "to inhabit". Someone who engages in colonization, i.e. the agent noun, is referred to as a colonizer , while the person who gets colonized, i.e. the object of the agent noun or absolutive, is referred to as a colonizee , colonisee or the colonised . In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states of Greece and Phoenicia established colonies in other parts of

5796-418: The story of a Jewish family that fled the Great Depression in the United States to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan. Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan. The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000, about one-quarter of the region's population. By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in

5880-526: The territory Erik the Red's Land . The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim. A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by John Quincy Adams to identify supposedly unclaimed wilderness . The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within

5964-404: The time the territory therefore was not terra nullius . There are three instances where land is sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil bordering Egypt and the Sudan , four small areas along the Croatia – Serbia border, and Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica . Between Egypt and the Sudan is the 2,060 km (800 sq mi) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil , which

6048-487: The two concepts were initially distinct, territorium nullius applying to territory in which the inhabitants might have property rights but had not developed political sovereignty whereas terra nullius referred to an absence of property. Nevertheless, terra nullius also implied an absence of sovereignty because sovereignty required property rights acquired through the exploitation of nature . Michael Connor, however, argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius were

6132-422: The use of non-indigenous colonial languages to the exclusion of any indigenous languages from administrative (and often, any public) use. In the 1920s, the Soviet regime implemented the so-called korenization policy in an attempt to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state. The early Soviet regime

6216-433: Was a cardinal condition of a valid 'occupation' that the territory should be terra nullius – a territory belonging to no-one – at the time of the act alleged to constitute the 'occupation'." The court found that at the time of Spanish colonisation in 1884, the inhabitants of Western Sahara were nomadic but socially and politically organised in tribes and under chiefs competent to represent them. According to State practice of

6300-591: Was acquired by conquest and not through the occupation of terra nullius . According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates claimed an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea as the " Principality of Sealand ". The structure is now within British territorial waters and no country recognises Sealand. Denmark–Norway ,

6384-580: Was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under the Sudan's control and the Halaib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Halaib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the Red Sea , with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims

6468-474: Was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonisation. The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85 endorsed the principle that sovereignty over an unclaimed territory required effective occupation, and that where native populations had established effective occupation their sovereignty could not be unilaterally overturned by

6552-473: Was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands. Joseph Trutch , the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia , insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land . In Guerin v. The Queen ,

6636-565: Was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land" in Latin). This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization. The term colonization is derived from the Latin words colere ("to cultivate, to till"), colonia ("a landed estate", "a farm") and colonus ("a tiller of

6720-472: Was hostile to even voluntary assimilation, and tried to de-Russify assimilated non-Russians. Parents and students not interested in the promotion of their national languages were labeled as displaying "abnormal attitudes". The authorities concluded that minorities unaware of their ethnicities had to be subjected to Belarusization , Polonization , etc. By the early 1930s, the Soviet regime introduced limited Russification; allowing voluntary assimilation, which

6804-534: Was identified by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada) as colonization through depriving the youth of First Nations in Canada of their languages and cultures. During the mid 20th century, there was the most dramatic and devastating attempt at colonization, and that was pursued with Nazism. Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and their supporters schemed for a mass migration of Germans to Eastern Europe, where some of

6888-429: Was involved for both parties, but more on the colonizing countries themselves, based on elaborate theory-building (note James Oglethorpe 's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's New Zealand Company in the 1840s). Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country. One instrument to this end is linguistic imperialism , or

6972-404: Was often a popular demand. The list of nationalities was reduced from 172 in 1927 to 98 in 1939, by revoking support for small nations in order to merge them into bigger ones. For example, Abkhazia was merged into Georgia and thousands of ethnic Georgians were sent to Abkhazia. The Abkhaz alphabet was changed to a Georgian base, Abkhazian schools were closed and replaced with Georgian schools,

7056-524: Was this the basis of official policy, in the eighteenth century or before. Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century.” In Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) , Justice Dawson stated, "Upon any account, the policy which was implemented and the laws which were passed in New South Wales make it plain that, from the inception of the colony, the Crown treated all land in

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