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75-887: The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization , or CTBTO Preparatory Commission , is an international organization based in Vienna, Austria, that is tasked with building up the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The organization was established by the States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in 1996. Its main purpose

150-421: A second nuclear test on 25 May 2009. Seismic data indicated an unusually large underground explosion. The blast took place only a few kilometers from where the first nuclear device had been detonated in 2006. Considerably more seismic stations registered the explosion in 2009 than in 2006. This was due to the greater magnitude of the blast and the higher number of monitoring stations in operation. Two hours after

225-431: A bluish grey; however, considerable intermixing occurs between the two colours. The shark-like head is large in comparison to body size, given an almost swollen appearance when viewed from the side. A whitish marking, often described as a "false gill", is seen behind each eye. The lower jaw is very small and slung low. The blowhole is displaced slightly to the left when viewed from above facing forward. The dorsal fin

300-406: A continuation period of up to 60 days, more intrusive measurements can be used on-site including active and resonance seismic measurements as well as ground penetrating radar , gravity, and electric and magnetic field mappings. Argon-37 field measurement is a unique technology specially developed for the purpose of OSI. Drilling to obtain radioactive samples from a suspected underground explosion site

375-510: A detailed inspector training programme. Exercises play an integral role in efforts to build up the OSI element of the verification regime established by the Treaty and to reinforce its significant role in the international framework of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Exercises allow various inspection activities, techniques, processes and procedures to be tested and refined in the context of

450-499: A female whale is impregnated, the average gestation period lasts 9–11 months, and unusually for cetaceans , the female gives birth to a single calf head-first. Newborn calves are about 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) in length, weighing 50 kg, and are weaned around one year of age. They are believed to live up to age 23. The whale makes very inconspicuous movements. It rises to the surface slowly, with little splash or blow, and remains there motionless for some time. In Japan ,

525-476: A highly directional beam. Behind the melon, separated by a thin membrane, is the spermaceti organ . Both the melon and the spermaceti organ are encased in a thick fibrous coat, resembling a bursa . The whale produces sound by moving air through the right nasal cavity, which includes a valvular structure, or museau de singe , with a thickened vocal reed, functioning like the vocal cords of humans. The stomach has three chambers. The first chamber, or forestomach,

600-512: A known crash site. No data was detected in the event of Flight 447, even after it was reassessed once the location of the wreckage was known. As of July 2014, Flight 370 remains missing with no known crash site or confirmed debris. Since the only evidence for Flight 370's final resting site comes from an analysis of its satellite transmissions, which has resulted in an imprecise and very large search area, hydroacoustic recordings from CTBTO were analyzed to potentially determine and locate its impact with

675-444: A nuclear explosion. It detonated a nuclear device at a test site in the northeast of the country. The CTBTO's global monitoring network detected the low yield explosion with 22 of its seismic stations. Within two hours of the explosion, CTBTO Member States received initial information about the time, location and magnitude of the blast. Two weeks after the blast, a monitoring station at Yellowknife in northern Canada detected traces of

750-609: A nuclear test has occurred: the International Monitoring System, the International Data Centre, a Global Communications Infrastructure, Consultation and clarification, On-Site Inspection and Confidence-building measures. The International Monitoring System consists of 337 facilities worldwide to monitor the planet for signs of nuclear explosions. This will include 321 monitoring stations, as well as 16 laboratories. On 19 November 2018,

825-477: A precise range and migration map difficult. They are believed to prefer off-shore waters, and are most frequently sighted in waters ranging from 400 to 1,000 m (1,300 to 3,300 ft) in depth, especially where upwelling water produces local concentrations of zooplankton and animal prey. Their status is usually described as rare, but occasional patches of higher-density strandings suggest they might be more common than previously estimated. The total population

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900-519: A quality-controlled bulletin to send out to the Member States. The IDC has sent out IMS station data and IDC data bulletins to Member States since 21 February 2000. The most intrusive verification measure under the CTBT is an on-site inspection. On-site inspection (OSI), involving a comprehensive search of a designated inspection area of up to 1000 km, can only be requested by States Parties to

975-484: A result of atmospheric atomic tests conducted between 1945 and 1980. The Preparatory Commission was established in 1997 and is tasked with making preparations for effective implementation of the Treaty, in particular by establishing its verification regime. The main task is establishing and provisionally operating the 337-facility International Monitoring System (IMS), including its International Data Centre (IDC) and Global Communications Infrastructure (GCI). The Commission

1050-513: A sac in the lower portion of their intestinal tracts that contains up to 12 liters of dark reddish-brown fluid, which can be ejected to confuse or discourage potential predators. Pygmy sperm whales are found throughout the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic , Pacific , and Indian Oceans , and occasionally among colder waters such as off Russia. However, they are rarely sighted at sea, so most data come from stranded animals - making

1125-480: A significant concentration of magnetite crystals, which suggests that K. breviceps can navigate by magnetoreception . Studies have also shown that compared to the sperm whale , the pygmy sperm whale brain has significantly fewer neurons, which may be connected to a decreased complexity in social interaction and group-based living. Like all toothed whales, the pygmy sperm whale hunts prey by echolocation . Sound produced for echolocation by many odontocetes come in

1200-540: A tactical scenario environment. The organization conducts a variety of exercises, the main difference being the objectives, scope and environment in which they take place (i.e. indoors, outdoors or a combination thereof). If a Member State feels that a date bulletin from the IDC implies a nuclear explosion, it can request a consultation and clarification process. This allows a State, through the Executive Council of

1275-444: A team of inspectors (up to 40). Only State Parties to the Treaty may submit a request for an OSI. When conducting an OSI, a number of detection techniques can be used. These techniques include position finding, visual observation, passive seismic measurements and radioactivity measurements including gamma radiation and radioactive noble gases such as argon-37 and isotopes of xenon for an initial period of up to 25 days. Further, for

1350-507: A third nuclear test. The event was registered by 94 seismic stations and two infrasound stations in the CTBTO's network. The first automatic analysis of location, time and magnitude was made available to Member States in less than an hour. The analysed data showed the event's location (with a certainty of about +/- 8.1 km) was largely identical with the two previous nuclear tests (Lat.: 41.313 degrees north; long.: 129.101 degrees east). As with

1425-481: Is also allowed. Data collected from various methods have to be fused and interpreted for decision making purposes. An important task of the CTBTO is to explore how recent scientific and technical advances in these technologies can be applied to an OSI. In addition to the IMS, C&C and OSI, the verification regime of the CTBT includes also the fourth element of Confidence-Building Measures. This requires States Parties to

1500-458: Is critical for an OSI and follows a multilevel concept called inspection team functionality. This concept describes the decision making, communication, reporting structures and procedures required for the functioning of an inspection team during an OSI. The framework for the technical and scientific work of the inspection team is the information-led search logic designed to maximize efficiency and effectiveness in collecting facts and information. At

1575-535: Is divided amongst three main technical divisions: Additionally, these technical divisions are supported by the Legal and External Relations Division and the Division of Administration. The Secretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary, the current of which is Robert FLOYD of Australia. Floyd began his tenure as Executive Secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) on 1 August 2021. He

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1650-651: Is further included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia ( Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU ) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ( Pacific Cetaceans MoU ). As not much is known about this species, as well as due to

1725-407: Is not glandular, and opens directly into the second, fundic chamber, which is lined by digestive glands. A narrow tube runs from the second to the third, or pyloric, stomach, which is also glandular, and connects, via a sphincter , to the duodenum . Although fermentation of food material apparently occurs in the small intestine , no caecum is present. The rostroventral dura of the brain contains

1800-480: Is one of two extant species in the family Kogiidae in the sperm whale superfamily . They are not often sighted at sea, and most of what is known about them comes from the examination of stranded specimens. The pygmy sperm whale was first described by naturalist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1838. He based this on the head of an individual washed up on the coasts of Audierne in France in 1784, which

1875-532: Is particularly useful in the field of disaster mitigation and early warning. In 2006, the CTBTO started providing seismic and hydroacoustic data directly to tsunami warning centers. As of 2012, data is shared with tsunami warning centers in eight countries, mainly in the Indo-Pacific region. Throughout the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of March 2011, the CTBTO's radionuclide stations tracked

1950-620: Is tasked also with the development of operational manuals, including a manual to guide conduct of on-site inspections. The IMS, when completed, will consist of Data from all stations are transmitted to the CTBTO International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna through a global private data network known as GCI, which is largely based on satellite ( VSAT ) links. States Parties will have equal and direct access to all IMS data, raw or processed, for verification as well as civilian uses. The Preparatory Commission has started

2025-629: Is the fourth Executive Secretary of the CTBTO. In January 2016, the CTBTO launched the CTBTO Youth Group, an initiative to engage the next generation of policymakers, maybe legislators, as well as the thinkers and academics of the next generation. The CTBTO Youth Group has more than 1,200 members, as of late 2021. All states which are signatories to the CTBT are automatically members of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission. As of March 2024 there are 187 Member States of

2100-427: Is the wide net cast for assorted phenomena by IMS that analysis its plethora of data has discovered the song of heretofore unknown (and as yet unseen) pygmy sperm whales . The manifold data are also used by volcanologists , and to monitor ambient shipping noise and the infrasound of the aurora borealis and australis. It has even registered the infrasound of a 10 cm earth-grazing meteor. Annual conferences are held for

2175-439: Is twofold: to promote the entry into force of the CTBT, and to establish a global verification regime in preparation for the Treaty's entry into force. As the CTBTO Preparatory Commission is an interim organization, it will be dissolved once the CTBT enters into force and will be replaced by the CTBTO, with all its assets being transferred to the CTBTO. This change will occur at the close of the first Conference of States Parties of

2250-571: Is unknown. Fossils identified as belonging to K. breviceps have been recovered from Miocene deposits in Italy, Japan, and southern Africa. Pygmy sperm whales have never been hunted on a wide scale. Land-based whalers have hunted them from Indonesia , Japan , and the Lesser Antilles . This species was impacted by whaling in the 18th and 19th centuries, as sperm whales were especially sought after by whalers for their sperm oil, produced by

2325-497: Is very small and hooked; its size is considerably smaller than that of the dwarf sperm whale and may be used for diagnostic purposes. Like its giant relative, the sperm whale , the pygmy sperm whale has a spermaceti organ in its forehead (see sperm whale for a discussion of its purpose). It also has a sac in its intestines that contains a dark red fluid. The whale may expel this fluid when frightened, perhaps to confuse and disorient predators. Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales possess

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2400-440: The museau de singe or monkey's muzzle, which is an anatomical structure located within the whale's skull that produces sound when air passes through its lips. The sound from the museau de singe is transferred to the attached cone of the spermaceti organ. Unique from other odontocetes, the spermaceti organ contacts the posterior of the whale's melon. Fat from the core of the spermaceti organ helps direct sonic energy from

2475-405: The first digit to as many as 10 in the second digit. No true innominate bone exists; it is replaced by a sheet of dense connective tissue . The hyoid bone is unusually large, and presumably has a role in the whale's suction feeding. The pygmy sperm has between 20 and 32 teeth, all of which are set into the rostral part of the lower jaw. Unusually, adults lack enamel due to a mutation in

2550-579: The museau de singe may suggest that it is a sound absorber used for echoreception. Although firm details concerning pygmy sperm whale reproduction are limited, they are believed to mate from April to September in the Southern Hemisphere and March to August in the Northern Hemisphere. These whales become sexually mature at age 4-5, and like virtually all mammals, are iteroparous (reproducing many times during their lives). Once

2625-456: The museau de singe to the melon. The melon acts as a sonic magnifier and gives directionality to sound pulses, making echolocation more efficient. Fat on the interior of the melon has a lower molecular weight lipid than the surrounding outer melon. Since the sound waves move from a lower velocity material to a higher one during sound production, the sound undergoes inward refraction and becomes increasingly focused. Variation in fat density within

2700-449: The spermaceti organ . The oil was used to fuel kerosene lamps. Ambergris , a waste product produced by the whales, was also valuable to whalers as it was used by humans in cosmetics and perfume. They were not as heavily hunted as their larger counterpart Physeter macrocephalus , the sperm whale, which are typically 120,000 lb, thus preferred by whalers. The pygmy sperm whale is also rather inactive and slow rising when coming to

2775-514: The Baltic Sea. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty will enter into force 180 days after the Treaty has been ratified by 44 States, listed in Annex 2 of the Treaty, which were designated to have a nuclear reactor or at least some advanced level of nuclear technology. As of November 2023, 41 of these Annex 2 states have signed

2850-506: The CTBT following entry into force of the Treaty, and are launched in order to ascertain whether or not a nuclear explosion has been conducted in violation of the Treaty. Once an on-site inspection has been requested the State Party sought to be inspected cannot refuse to allow it to take place. The Treaty defines specific activities and techniques that can be applied during an OSI. These activities and techniques become more intrusive as

2925-588: The CTBT, which will take place when the Treaty has entered into force. For the Treaty to enter into force, the following states need to ratify the CTBT: China , North Korea , Egypt , India , Iran , Israel , Pakistan , Russia , and the United States . Entry into force will occur 180 days after these states ratify the Treaty. The commission is composed of two main organs, the Plenary Body and

3000-492: The CTBTO Preparatory Commission, the latest of which to join was Somalia, which signed the treaty on 8 September 2023. Of these, 178 have ratified the Treaty. The latest state to ratify the Treaty was Papua New Guinea, on 13 March 2024. Annex 2 States are those states that participated in the negotiations of the CTBT, and were also members of the Conference on Disarmament , which possessed nuclear power or research reactors at

3075-492: The CTBTO announced that all 21 monitoring facilities located in Australia were completed "and sending reliable, high-quality data ... in Vienna, Austria, for analysis." Regular conferences are held for the wider scientific community as well as diplomats, international media and civil society. IMS comprises: In 2022-2023 the seismic data collected from IMS detected (kinetic) Russian conventional attacks on Ukraine . Such

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3150-488: The CTBTO, to request from another State clarification on a suspected nuclear explosion. A State that has received such a request has 48 hours to clarify the event in question. However, this process can only be triggered after the CTBT enters into force. In order to fine-tune the IMS network, and to build confidence in the system, Member States are advised to notify the CTBTO Technical Secretariat in

3225-566: The GCI is used to transmit raw data from the IMS stations to Member States, as well as data bulletins from the IDC. The International Data Centre (IDC) collects, processes and analyzes data from the 337 IMS stations. It then produces data bulletins, which are sent to the Member States. The IDC also archives all data and data bulletins in its computer center. Incoming data are used to register, locate and analyze events, with an emphasis on detecting nuclear explosions. Analysts review these data and prepare

3300-502: The Indian Ocean. Analysis of available hydroacoustic recordings (including those made by a CTBTO hydrophone located off Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia ) identified one event which may be associated with Flight 370. Other potential civil and scientific applications include the use of CTBTO data and technologies in civil aviation and shipping and in climate change research. In the morning of 9 October 2006, North Korea set off

3375-608: The North Korean test site. Lower levels were picked up at another station in Ussuriysk , Russia . Using Atmospheric Transport Modelling , which calculates the three-dimensional travel path of airborne radioactivity on the basis of weather data, the North Korean test site was identified as a possible source for the emission. On 22/23 June 2020 radionuclide stations in and near Stockholm, Sweden, detected unusually high levels of caesium-134, caesium-137 and ruthenium-103 and around

3450-530: The Organization. If an event detected by the IMS (or by other means) raises concerns about violation of the basic obligations of the CTBT, an OSI may be conducted to clarify whether a nuclear explosion has taken place. Such an inspection could take place only after entry into force of the Treaty, and would require agreement by at least 30 of the 51 members of the CTBTO's Executive Council. An inspection area of up to 1000 square kilometres would be searched by

3525-679: The Provisional Technical Secretariat. The Plenary Body, sometimes called the Preparatory Commission, is composed of all States Signatories of the CTBT. The work of the Body is assisted by the following working groups: The Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) assists the Preparatory Commission in carrying out its activities, as well as working to fulfill its mandate. The work of the Secretariat

3600-477: The animals also make much lower-frequency "cries" at 1 to 2 kHz. Analysis of stomach contents suggests that pygmy sperm whales feed primarily on cephalopods , most commonly including bioluminescent species found in midwater environments. Most of the cephalopod hunting is known to be pelagic, and fairly shallow, within the first 100 m of the surface. The most common prey are reported to include glass squid , and lycoteuthid and ommastrephid squid, although

3675-455: The building and verification of the system of which as of 2023 about 90% was operational. States Parties to the Treaty are encouraged to conduct a Consultation and Clarification process (C&C) before requesting an on-site inspection. The state that has concerns about an ambiguous event should, whenever possible, make any effort to clarify it through consultations with the state in whose territory this event occurred, either directly or through

3750-457: The case of any chemical explosion using more than 300 tonnes of TNT-equivalent blasting material. This ensures that there is no misinterpretation of verification data and that they are not accused of performing nuclear explosion. However, this is done on a voluntary basis. While the data collected by the Preparatory Commission can be used to detect nuclear tests, it can also be used by civil society, as well as for scientific uses. This information

3825-563: The centre of an OSI will be a team of up to 40 inspectors, including experts in the application of the OSI techniques listed above as well as ancillary functions such as health and safety, operations and logistics support. Following the conclusion of an inspection, the inspection team will report its findings to the Director-General of the CTBTO. In preparation for EIF, the Commission is continuously developing, testing and refining

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3900-675: The coast of many Southeast Asian countries. In 1985, the International Whaling Commission ended sperm whaling. The pygmy sperm whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas ( ASCOBANS ) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area ( ACCOBAMS ). The species

3975-402: The dispersion of radioactivity on a global scale. More than 1600 detections of radioactive isotopes from the crippled nuclear reactor were picked up by over 40 CTBTO radionuclide monitoring stations. The CTBTO shared its data and analysis with its 186 Member States, as well as international organizations and some 1,200 scientific and academic institutions in 120 countries. The CTBTO also recorded

4050-414: The dwarf sperm whale with the pygmy sperm whale, with both being referred to as K. breviceps until 1998. The pygmy sperm whale is not much larger than many dolphins . They are about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) at birth, growing to about 3.5 m (11 ft) at maturity. Adults weigh about 400 kg (880 lb). The underside is a creamy, occasionally pinkish colour and the back and sides are

4125-413: The enamelysin gene , although enamel is present in very young individuals. Like other toothed whales , the pygmy sperm whale has a " melon ", a body of fat and wax in the head that it uses to focus and modulate the sounds it makes. The inner core of the melon has a higher wax content than the outer cortex. The inner core transmits sound more slowly than the outer layer, allowing it to refract sound into

4200-422: The form of high-frequency clicks. The frequencies it uses are mostly ultrasonic, peaking around 125 kHz. The clicks from their echolocation has been recorded to last an average of 600 microseconds. When closing in on prey, the click repetition rate starts at 20 Hz and then begins to rise when nearing the target. The pulse sounds that pygmy sperm whales make for echolocation are generated primarily from

4275-429: The genus Kogia for the pygmy sperm whale as Kogia breviceps , and said it was intermediate between the sperm whale and dolphins. In 1871, mammalogist Theodore Gill assigned it and Euphysetes (now the dwarf sperm whale , Kogia sima ) to the subfamily Kogiinae , and the sperm whale to the subfamily Physeterinae . Both have now been elevated to the family level. In 1878, naturalist James Hector synonymized

4350-488: The infrasound produced in the atmosphere by the meteor explosion over Chelyabinsk, Russia in 2013. Seventeen stations around the world, including one in the Antarctic, recorded the event as the infrasound reverberated around the world multiple times. Recordings from CTBTO hydrophones was analyzed to determine an impact location for Air France Flight 447 and Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 , both of which were lost without

4425-493: The inspection progresses and serve as the means by which an inspection team gathers facts that shed light on the event that led to the request for an OSI. In most cases, this requires the deployment of complex technical equipment and detailed procedures with the CTBTO working to identify required specifications, develop and test detection methods, and acquire and maintain equipment covering all OSI techniques for ongoing equipment testing and inspector training. Inspection methodology

4500-399: The melon ultimately contributes to the production of highly directional, ultrasonic sound beams in front of the melon. The combined melon and spermaceti organ system cooperate to focus echolocative sounds. Like in most odontocetes, the known echoreception apparatus used by the pygmy sperm whale is linked to the fat-filled lower mandibles within the skull. However, compositional topography of

4575-418: The pygmy sperm whale's skull indicates abnormally large fatty jowls surrounding the mandibles, suggesting a more intricate echoreception apparatus. Additionally, an unusual cushion structure, of porous and spongy texture, found behind the museau de singe has been hypothesized of being a possible "pressure receptor". The positioning of this cushion structure in close proximity to the largest cavities closest to

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4650-436: The radioactive noble gas xenon in the air. The presence of xenon provides evidence that a nuclear explosion has taken place. This detection confirmed that the 2006 North Korean nuclear test was a nuclear explosion. Analysts at the CTBTO then used special calculations to backtrack the detected xenon to determine its source. The calculation indicated that the detected noble gas originated from North Korea. North Korea conducted

4725-425: The shortest rostrum of current day cetaceans with a skull that is greatly asymmetrical. Pygmy sperm whales have from 50 to 55 vertebrae , and from 12 to 14 ribs on either side, although the latter are not necessarily symmetrical, and the hindmost ribs do not connect with the vertebral column. Each of the flippers has seven carpals , and a variable number of phalanges in the digits, reportedly ranging from two in

4800-427: The species is not known. Pygmy sperm whales do not do well in captivity. The longest recorded survival in captivity is 21 months, and most captive individuals die within one month, mostly due to dehydration or dietary problems. Pygmy sperm whales have been reported as being forced to change their diets and foraging behaviors due to anthropic factors such as deep-sea trawling and increased fishing for cephalopods off

4875-407: The surface and as such do not bring much attention to themselves. However, they were easy targets, as they tended to swim slowly and lie motionless at the surface. Individuals have also been recorded killed in drift nets. Some stranded animals have been found with plastic bags in their stomachs, which may be a cause for concern. Whether these activities are causing long-term damage to the survival of

4950-556: The test, the CTBTO presented initial findings to its Member States. The information available also helped analysts to identify a far smaller area as the location of the explosion. In 2009 the estimated area covered 264 km compared to 880 km in 2006. In the morning of 12 February 2013 (at 02.57.51 UTC), the CTBTO monitoring system detected another unusual seismic event in North Korea, which measured 4.9 in magnitude. Later that morning, North Korea announced that it had conducted

5025-531: The time. In order for the CTBT to enter into force all 44 of these states must sign and ratify the Treaty. The following are the Annex 2 States: The following compose the leadership of the Preparatory Commission: The Preparatory Commission has started building the global systems for the detection of nuclear tests required for the success of the CTBTO. The system consists of the following elements to verify that

5100-438: The treaty and 35 have ratified. India , North Korea and Pakistan have not signed or ratified the treaty; China , Egypt , Iran , Israel and the United States have signed but have not ratified; while Russia signed and ratified the treaty but subsequently withdrew its ratification prior to its entry into force. The organization's scientific reporting claims 2.4 million persons will eventually die from cancers developed as

5175-414: The treaty to notify the Organization, if possible in advance, of any chemical explosion using 300 tonnes or greater of TNT-equivalent blasting material to be detonated. This is required in order to contribute to the timely resolution of any compliance concerns and to assist in the calibration of IMS stations. Pygmy sperm whale Physeter breviceps The pygmy sperm whale ( Kogia breviceps )

5250-454: The two previous nuclear tests, the signal was emitted from close to the surface. The CTBTO radionuclide network later made a significant detection of radioactive isotopes of xenon  – xenon-131m and xenon-133 – that could be attributed to the nuclear test. The detection was made at the radionuclide station in Takasaki , Japan , located at around 1,000 kilometres, or 620 miles, from

5325-612: The whale was historically known as the "floating whale" because of this. Its dive is equally lacking in grand flourish - it simply drops out of view. The species has a tendency to back away from rather than approach boats. Breaching has been observed, but is not common. Pygmy sperm whales are normally either solitary or found in pairs, but have been seen in groups up to six. Dives have been estimated to last an average of 11 minutes, although longer dives up to 45 minutes have been reported. The ultrasonic clicks of pygmy sperm whales range from 60 to 200 kHz, peaking at 125 kHz, and

5400-406: The whales also consume other squid, and octopuses . They have also been reported to eat some deep-sea shrimps , but, compared with dwarf sperm whales, relatively few fish. Predators may include great white sharks and killer whales . Pygmy sperm whales and dwarf sperm whales are unique among cetaceans in using a form of "ink" to evade predation in a manner similar to squid. Both species have

5475-601: The whaling and conservation laws in place for marine mammals, it is listed as "lower risk least concern" in the IUCN Red list. However, it faces some modern day issues; it is one of the most common stranded species in Florida sound. Due to its slow-moving and quiet nature, the species is at a higher risk of boat strikes. Its small size also allows for it to become a byproduct of commercial fishing, caught in seine nets . Anthropogenic noise caused by military activity and shipping

5550-495: The wider scientific community, national departments involved in the CBTO's work, diplomats, independent academic and research institutions, the media, and civil society at large. The Global Communications Infrastructure (GCI) transmits all data collected by the 337 IMS stations in real time to the IDC in Vienna, where it will be processed. This data is transmitted via a network of six satellites and over 250 VSAT links. Additionally,

5625-472: Was then stored in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle . He recognized it as a type of sperm whale and assigned it to the same genus as the sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) as Physeter breviceps . He noted its small size and nicknamed it " cachalot a tête courte "–small-headed sperm whale; further, the species name breviceps is Latin for "short-headed". In 1846, zoologist John Edward Gray erected

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