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39-617: Conrad Kurzbold, who probably earned his nickname due to his rather short stature among the rest of the nobility (though only slightly below average compared to the general population) as well as his great bravery, was first mentioned in February of 910. In this year, Louis the Child transferred a farm located on Lintburk (or lintpurc ) mountain to Conrad so that he could build a church on the site. Conrad's parents were Eberhard, Count of Lower Lahngau, and his wife Wiltrud. He most likely grew up in

78-434: A claim that is repeated again and again in the local chronicles, though Wolf-Heino Struck interprets this as a reference to Conrad's long remaining a bachelor. Additionally, in the contemporary discussions around celibacy , the clergy warned against sin using an apple to represent the fall of man , so perhaps it was not intended to be taken literally. Conrad Kurzbold died in 948 and was succeeded by his brother as count. He

117-523: A fief to the palatine count of Aachen , which would evolve into the important German principality of Electoral Palatinate ( Kurpfalz ). With the advancement of Count Conrad the Red , Rhenish Franconia became the heartland of the Salian dynasty, which provided four emperors in the 11th and 12th centuries: Conrad II , Henry III , Henry IV , and Henry V . It contained the cities of Mainz , Speyer and Worms,

156-467: A territorial expansion eastwards ( Ostsiedlung ), which saw German-speaking settlers colonise land previously under Slavic control. Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German, though not all dialects participated equally in these changes: The centres of culture in the ENHG period are no longer

195-404: Is complicated by the tendency of modern editions of MHG texts to use normalised spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than it actually is in the manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain as to whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional spoken language of the courts. An important development in this period

234-761: Is defined as those varieties of German which were affected by the Second Sound Shift ; the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch languages spoken to the North and North West, which did not participate in this sound change , are not part of MHG. While there is no standard MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language ( mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache ) based on Swabian , an Alemannic dialect. This historical interpretation

273-399: Is generally dated from 1050 to 1350. An older view puts the boundary with (Early) New High German around 1500. There are several phonological criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period: Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture, in which the dominant language was Latin , to one centred on

312-505: The Ostsiedlung and arise towards the end of the period. Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet . There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century. There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of

351-530: The Abbey of Saint Gall , Kurzbold was a new David, who had single-handedly slain a huge, boastful Slav. In another story, Kurzbold had been on the road with Otto the Great when the party was attacked by a ferocious lion, which Kurzbold promptly dispatched before the king had even drawn his sword. These accounts from Ekkehard, nearly 100 years after Conrad's death, remark upon Kurzbold's, "disgust for women and apples,"

390-598: The Duchy of Franconia . After the death of her husband in 902, Wiltrud fled with her sons to the territory of Eberhard's brothers near the mouth of the River Lahn . In Lower Lahngau, Conrad succeeded his father as count, but could only exercise partial rights in the surrounding regions. After the end of King Conrad the Younger's reign in 918, Conrad Kurzbold seems to have had a good relationship with his successor, Henry

429-547: The Landgraviate of Hesse (then part of Thuringia ). Alongside these powerful entities were many smaller, petty states. In 1093, Emperor Henry IV gave the Salian territories in Rhenish Franconia as a fief to Henry of Laach , the count palatine of Lower Lorraine at Aachen . His lands would evolve into the important principality of Electoral Palatinate . While Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1168 granted

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468-638: The Palatinate region. Located in the centre of what was to become the German kingdom about 919, it bordered the stem Duchy of Saxony in the north, Austrasian Lorraine (Upper and Lower Lorraine ) in the west, the Duchy of Swabia in the southwest and the Duchy of Bavaria in the southeast. It was located in Germany. The duchy evolved during the decline of the Carolingian Empire , when it

507-640: The Bavarian March of the Nordgau , in the areas of the present-day Bavarian region of Franconia , the adjacent southern parts of the Free State of Thuringia , northern Baden-Württemberg (i.e. Rhine-Neckar and Heilbronn-Franken ) and Hesse . It also included several Gaue on the left bank of the Rhine around the cities of Mainz , Speyer and Worms comprising present-day Rhenish Hesse and

546-674: The Duke of Bavaria, Duke in Swabia and Franconia, Count Palatine of the Rhine . Middle High German language Middle High German ( MHG ; endonym : diutsch or tiutsch ; New High German : Mittelhochdeutsch [ˈmɪtl̩hoːxˌdɔʏtʃ] , shortened as Mhdt. or Mhd. ) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages . It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German . High German

585-559: The Fowler , though, unlike his cousin, Kurzbold was no longer guaranteed court service. Conrad's historically significant achievement was his victory at the Battle of Andernach on October 2, 939, in which he, together with his cousin Odo of Wetterau defeated the dukes Eberhard of Franconia (a cousin of Conrad and Odo) and Gilbert of Lorraine , who were in revolt against Otto the Great . With

624-542: The Franconian stem duchy after an unsuccessful revolt of Duke Eberhard was shattered at the 939 Battle of Andernach . King Otto did not appoint a new duke of Franconia, and the duchy was fragmented into several counties and bishoprics, which reported to the German kings directly. The Salian counts in Rhenish Franconia were sometimes mentioned as Franconian dukes and they became Germany's royal and imperial dynasty in 1024. In 1093 their Franconian territories were granted as

663-606: The Younger in the Lahngau is mentioned as a dux Franconiae . Upon the extinction of the East Frankish Carolingians in 911, he was elected the first German king and was succeeded as Franconian duke by his younger brother Eberhard . However, the Conradines did not prevail against the rising Saxon Ottonians : In 919 Duke Henry of Saxony succeeded Conrad as German king. Henry's son King Otto I seized

702-435: The approximate values of /ei/ , /iə/ , /ou/ , /øy/ , /eu/ , /yə/ , /uə/ , respectively. Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to a person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases . These have the same genders , numbers and cases as

741-693: The bishopric was secularized in 1803 and absorbed into the Electorate of Bavaria . When the Grand Duchy of Würzburg , the Archbishopric of Mainz and most other parts of Franconia became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814, the kings assumed the ducal title. The present head of the House of Wittelsbach , Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933) is still traditionally styled as His Royal Highness

780-550: The courts but the towns. The dialect map of Germany by the end of the Middle High German period was much the same as that at the start of the 20th century, though the boundary with Low German was further south than it now is: Central German ( Mitteldeutsch ) Upper German ( Oberdeutsch ) With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from

819-630: The courts of the great nobles, with German gradually expanding its range of use. The rise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Swabia makes the South West the dominant region in both political and cultural terms. Demographically, the MHG period is characterised by a massive rise in population, terminated by the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death (1348). Along with the rise in population comes

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858-726: The ducal title to the prince-bishops of Würzburg in Eastern Franconia, Rhenish Franconia was divided and extinguished. Its territories became part of the Imperial Upper Rhenish Circle in 1500. As of the 13th century, the following states, among others, had formed in the territory of the former Duchy: In 1168 the duchy of Franconia was bestowed by the Emperor Frederick I on the Bishopric of Würzburg . The bishops continued to rule until

897-688: The example of Good King Arthur who with knightly spirit knew how to strive for praise. In his day He lived so well That he wore the crown of honour And his name still does so. The truth of this is known To his countrymen: They affirm that he still lives today: He won such fame that Although his body died His name lives on. Of sinful shame He will forever be free Who follows his example. Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word ( jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from

936-456: The following consonant spellings: The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions; there is much more variation in the manuscripts. Notes: MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ , ⟨öu⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ , ⟨üe⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ , and they have

975-458: The following vowel spellings: Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨e⟩ , the former indicating the mid-open /ɛ/ which derived from Germanic /e/ , the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close /e/ which results from primary umlaut of short /a/ . No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses

1014-842: The greater part of their army already across the Rhine at Andernach , the two dukes were still plundering in the counties of the two royalist Conradines when Conrad and Odo attacked. Eberhard fell in battle, while Gilbert drowned in the Rhine as he attempted to flee. Because of this victory, which ended the revolt against him, Otto granted Conrad Kurzbold an estate on which to found the Stift of St George in Limburg. In addition, Otto bestowed several positions at court to Conrad, some of which were already in his possession prior to 939. Because of his military service and his small stature, Conrad Kurzbold became legendary. According to accounts by Ekkehard IV of

1053-1113: The impetus for this set of social changes came largely from France, many of the new words were either loans from French or influenced by French terms. The French loans mainly cover the areas of chivalry, warfare and equipment, entertainment, and luxury goods: Two highly productive suffixes were borrowed from French in this period: The text is the opening of Hartmann von Aue 's Iwein ( c.  1200 ) Swer an rehte güete wendet sîn gemüete, dem volget sælde und êre. des gît gewisse lêre künec Artûs der guote, der mit rîters muote nâch lobe kunde strîten. er hât bî sînen zîten gelebet alsô schône daz er der êren krône dô truoc und noch sîn name treit. des habent die wârheit sîne lantliute: sî jehent er lebe noch hiute: er hât den lop erworben, ist im der lîp erstorben, sô lebet doch iemer sîn name. er ist lasterlîcher schame iemer vil gar erwert, der noch nâch sînem site vert. [1] [5] [10] [15] [20] Whoever to true goodness Turns his mind He will meet with fortune and honour. We are taught this by

1092-401: The language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with mood ), where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre ; the medieval term focuses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society. The text

1131-570: The latter two being the administrative centres of countships within the hands of the Salian descendants of Conrad the Red. These counts were sometimes referred to as the Dukes of Franconia. Emperor Conrad II was last to bear the ducal title. When he died in 1039, Rhenish Franconia was governed as a constellation of small states, including the cities of Frankfurt , Speyer and Worms; the Prince-bishoprics of Mainz , Speyer , and Worms ; and

1170-540: The life and immortality of the founder. The feet of the table tomb rest on a base plate, under which the remains are buried. As the death records of Fulda record the date of Conrad Kurzbold's death as the 2nd calends of July (i.e. June 30th), a mass is held at Limburger Cathedral every year on that date in remembrance of the church's founder, though he was never beatified . Tomb of Conrad Kurzbold at Wikimedia Commons Duchy of Franconia The Duchy of Franconia ( Middle High German : Herzogtuom Franken )

1209-726: The neuter singular, is used only with prepositions : von diu , ze diu , etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm , von dër , von dën . Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative ), two numbers (singular and plural ) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences. Verbs were conjugated according to three moods ( indicative , subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative ), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural ) and two tenses ( present tense and preterite ) There

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1248-485: The original manuscripts : A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time. In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses

1287-435: The original nominal phrase. The possessive pronouns mîn, dîn, sîn, ir, unser, iuwer are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules. The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders. Definite article (strong) The instrumental case , only existing in

1326-407: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: The present tense conjugation went as follows: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: In the Middle High German period, the rise of a courtly culture and the changing nature of knighthood was reflected in changes to the vocabulary. Since

1365-465: Was a part of the core Frankish realm of Austrasia (i.e. "Eastern Francia"), and got its form when the northwestern parts of Austrasia became a new realm called Lotharingia . Unlike the other stem duchies, Franconia did not evolve into a stable political entity, though the local Salian counts held large estates in the western parts ( Rhenish Franconia ). In 906 the Conradine relative Count Conrad

1404-427: Was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund , but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases. An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut ) and weak verbs (that didn't). Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs. The present tense conjugation went as follows: The bold vowels demonstrate umlaut ;

1443-618: Was interred beneath the choir of Limburg Cathedral , which he had founded. As a result of changes made by the Second Vatican Council , the table tomb constructed for his grave in 1235 was initially moved to the gallery of Limburg Cathedral, before it found its final home in the northern transept . The gravestone, in the form of a tabletop, is sculpted to resemble an open coffin. The recumbent figure represents Conrad surrounded by acanthus foliage. The figure appears youthful—around 30 years old—a Christological allusion to

1482-575: Was one of the five stem duchies of East Francia and the medieval Kingdom of Germany emerging in the early 10th century. The word Franconia, first used in a Latin charter of 1053, was applied like the words Francia , France , and Franken , to a portion of the land occupied by the Franks . It stretched along the valley of the River Main from its confluence with the Upper Rhine up to

1521-745: Was the Ostsiedlung , the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the Elbe - Saale line which marked the limit of Old High German . This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion. "Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, is attested in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters. The Middle High German period

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