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66-500: The community of Kugluktuk (formerly Coppermine) is located at the river's mouth. The river was named for the copper ores which are located along the river, by Samuel Hearne in 1771. Hearne found only one lump of copper and commercial mining was not considered viable. Bloody Falls , part of the Kugluk/Bloody Falls Territorial Park , is located 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) from Kugluktuk, and

132-412: A division plebiscite was held. About 80% of the population in what is now Nunavut voted in favour of division; Coppermine was one of only two communities to vote against it, Cambridge Bay was the other. In 1996, a healing ceremony between Dene and Inuit took place to reconcile for historical grievances. The community also changed its name from Coppermine to Kugluktuk on January 1, 1996. In June 2004,

198-538: A subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ); like most of mainland Nunavut ; with wet summers and dry winters. It is in the transitional zone to a cold tundra climate ( ET ) , but falls outside of it, since its warmest month of July surpasses the 10 °C (50 °F) isotherm, averaging 10.9 °C (51.6 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Kugluktuk was 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) on 15 July 1989. The coldest temperature ever recorded

264-414: A flat, rocky beach downstream. Coppermine Mountains are located on the west side of the river. Willow was observed growing at the top of the basalt deposit at Bloody Falls. Locals described the willow being recent arrival and appeared in previous decades according to a study in 1970. The area is at the northern edge of the tree line. White spruce was found in the area but the height was stunted. Landscape

330-433: A fuel line broke in the centre of Kugluktuk, spilling 2,000 L (440 imp gal; 530 US gal) of diesel fuel . As a census subdivision in the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Kugluktuk had a population of 1,382 living in 397 of its 438 total private dwellings, a change of -7.3% from its 2016 population of 1,491. With a land area of 538.99 km (208.11 sq mi), it had

396-570: A later time after the indigenous communities had begun to use it. The scientific members of the Canadian Arctic Expedition completed their mission and left the north in 1916. Jenness was assigned an office in the Victoria Museum of Ottawa and instructed to write up his expedition findings. After six months of feverishly working on his collections, notes, and initial reports for the government, Jenness, concerned about

462-552: A little-known group of people on the D'Entrecasteaux Islands in eastern Papua New Guinea . Jenness comments: In 1913, Jenness was invited to join the government-funded Canadian Arctic Expedition (CAE) that was led by two Arctic explorers - Vilhjalmur Stefansson and R.M. Anderson . He would be one of the two anthropologists on board; the other was Henri Beuchat. In June of that year, having barely recuperated from yellow fever contracted while in New Guinea, Jenness boarded

528-466: A malleable stone which is hammered into tools and weapons. He discussed whether the use of copper arose independently with different cultural groups or in one group and was then "borrowed" by others. Jenness goes on to explain that indigenous communities began to use copper first and following this, the Inuit adopted it. He cited the fact that slate was previously used among Inuit and was replaced by copper at

594-440: A memo to Deputy Minister Charles Camsell stating the reserves “had degenerated into a ‘system of permanent segregation,’ one whose inhabitants have been stripped of all but a token remnant of control over their own material and spiritual well-being. Rather than bringing opportunity, choice, and self-sufficiency, reserves brought hardship, hopelessness, and dependency, ‘destroy[ing] their morale and their health’ making them outcasts in

660-483: A population density of 2.6/km in 2021. As a designated place in the 2021 census, Kugluktuk had a population of 956 living in 265 of its 296 total private dwellings, a change of -9.6% from its 2016 population of 1,057. With a land area of 0.34 km (0.13 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,811.8/km (7,282.4/sq mi) in 2021. The community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq

726-439: A project which his son, Stuart Edward Jenness, “completed” and published in 2008 under the title Through Darkening Spectacles . Jenness entered the field of anthropology at its outset and was able to study cultures that had experienced little or no previous interaction with “white” people. He began his career engaging in the early traditional fields: ethnology, linguistics, physical (biological), and archaeology. But as he noticed

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792-656: A proposed plan should be shared with them, and their views should be considered. “I think you would get some very constructive ideas from some of the Indians,” he said. “In the end,” Richling writes, “little of a practical nature came of Jenness's proposals on policy reform in the early post-war period.” During the next decade, the government reorganized its bureaucratic departments, replaced mission-run residential schools with state-run (but not integrated) day schools, and offered social benefits such as unemployment insurance, child allowances, and universal health care. In 1968, in

858-654: A seaman's school at Kogtved, Denmark—a school with an international reputation—then enlisting them among crew for arctic and Antarctic navigation. Richling not only provides biographical information on the professional life of Jenness in In Twilight and in Dawn , he objectively reviews many opposing viewpoints of Jenness's role in applied anthropology — including his own. He shares that critics’ arguments range from his being “a well-intentioned … supporter of assimilation, … [to] an ardent imperialist idealogue” then concludes with

924-517: A variety of ethnological materials from clothing and hunting tools to stories and games, and 137 wax phonographic cylinder song recordings he had made. (The latter's musical transcription and analysis by Columbia University's Hellen H. Roberts with Jenness's word translations can be found in the monograph “Songs of the Copper Eskimos” (1925). Eight of Jenness's Copper Inuit recordings can be heard on CKUG's website. Archived 2021-12-01 at

990-639: Is Inuinnaqtun , which is written in the Latin alphabet , rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system. Like Cambridge Bay , Bathurst Inlet , and Umingmaktok , syllabics are rarely seen and are used mainly by the Government of Nunavut. Prior to European contact, Dene travelled to the area and interacted acrimoniously with nearby Thule and Inuit , sometimes ending in deadly raids against each other (see Bloody Falls massacre ). In July 1821,

1056-473: Is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSi Canada . In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice. Kugluktuk's two schools are Kugluktuk High School and Jimmy Hikok Ilihakvik. Kugluktuk is on the shore of the Arctic Ocean . The surrounding landscape

1122-564: Is dominated by the rocky and often barren Canadian Shield . The region has a subarctic climate , but barely so, with July having an average of 10.9 °C (51.6 °F). It has cold, dry winters, and moderate snowfall that is relatively high for its latitude. Trees do exist in the region due to microclimate , but they are dwarfed and extremely sparse. Plant growth in the region during the summer includes small shrubs, grass, moss, lichens, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, various flowers, and dwarf willow and birch trees. Kugluktuk features

1188-557: Is on the border of stunted forest and shrubs transitioning to Arctic tundra. A survey conducted in 2014 found 300 plant species in the lower Coppermine River valley, which was considered to be relatively high compared to other regional and local areas in Nunavut and more diverse than plant species found in Tuktut Nogait National Park . Kugluktuk, Nunavut Kugluktuk ( Qurluqtuq , lit.   '

1254-528: Is told primarily by Diamond himself with additional sections by his son Stuart Jenness. This biography covers Diamond's professional and personal life. Barnett Richling has, since 1989, published several articles on various aspects of Jenness's life, and a complete, scholarly biography of Jenness's professional life: In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness published in 2012 by McGill–Queen's University Press . (The first two books were published by

1320-639: The National Museum of Canada , a position he retained until his retirement in 1948. During the intervening years, although hampered by the Great Depression and World War II , he “strove passionately, but with mixed success, to improve the knowledge and welfare of Canada's aboriginal peoples and to enhance the international reputation of the National Museum.” Other administrative duties during this time include representing Canada at

1386-857: The Wayback Machine The radio station is located in Kugluktuk, Nunavut , Canada. The website also features a short video demonstrating how Jenness recorded these songs with the technology available in 1913.) Several subgroups were reported on by Jenness and they include: In his article in Geographical Review , Jenness described how the Copper Inuit are more closely related to tribes of the east and southeast in comparison to western cultural groups, basing his conclusion on archaeological remains, materials used for housing, weapons, utensils, art, tattoos, customs, traditions, religion, and also linguistic patterns. He also considered how

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1452-606: The American Anthropologist lists 109 publications, and the University of Calgary's: Arctic 23-2-71 obituary of Jenness by Collins, Henry B. & Taylor, William E. Jr. lists 98. Nansi Swayze published a brief popular account about Jenness's life in The Man Hunters (1960). The Canadian Museum of Civilization published Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond Jenness (2008). The story

1518-660: The British Coppermine expedition team reached the mouth of the Coppermine River, just next to the present day community of Kugluktuk. Arctic explorers Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson reached this area in 1838 to survey from Coronation Gulf at the mouth of Coppermine River to southern Boothia Peninsula . Dease noted that while his group camped near Bloody Falls, the Copper Inuit would flee when his party approached their camps. Between 1913 and 1916, anthropologist Diamond Jenness studied and recorded

1584-576: The Copper Eskimos (published 1922), his ever-popular account of two years with the Copper Inuit, The People of the Twilight (published 1928), his definitive and durable The Indians of Canada (published 1932 and now in its seventh edition), and four scholarly reports on Eskimo Administration in Alaska, Canada, Labrador , and Greenland , plus a fifth report providing an analysis and overview of

1650-573: The Copper Inuit, Jenness wrote: As anthropologist de Laguna noted years later, his “accomplishments are the more remarkable when it is remembered that Jenness had to perform not only his own duties but [also] those of his unfortunate colleague, Beauchat.” Furthermore, Jenness's camera, anthropometric instruments, books, papers and even heavy winter clothing had all remained on board the ill-fated Karlak. The CAE scientists kept daily diary logs, took extensive research notes, and collected samples which were shipped or brought back to Ottawa. Jenness collected

1716-519: The Department of Mines and Resources. During his retirement, Jenness continued to travel, research, and publish. (See Through Darkening Spectacles , Table 2, p. 364 for a complete table of locations visited.) He also taught courses at universities, such as the University of British Columbia (1951) and McGill (1955), on arctic ethnology and archaeology. From 1949 until his death in 1969, Jenness published more than two dozen writings, including

1782-929: The Fourth Pacific Science Congress in 1929, and chairing the Anthropological Section of the First Pacific Science Congress in 1933. Jenness also served as Canada's official delegate to the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in Copenhagen, 1938. In 1941, eager to contribute to the war effort, he was seconded to the Royal Canadian Air Force , where he served until 1944 as civilian deputy director of Special Intelligence. In 1944, he

1848-526: The Karluk became locked in the sea ice. Stefansson, with his secretary McConnell, Jenness, Wilkins (later Sir Hubert Wilkins ), and two Eskimos, set out to procure meat for the crew. While they were ashore, the Karluk drifted westward to the East Siberian Sea , where it was eventually crushed in the ice off Wrangel Island . Thirteen of the crew perished on board, including Henri Beuchat. With

1914-668: The Northern Eskimo language, and compiled information about their customs and folklore. The next year, in 1914, assisted by interpreter Patsy Klengenberg (son of an Inuit woman and the trader Christian Klengenberg ), Jenness commenced studying the Copper Inuit , sometimes called the Blond Eskimos , in the Coronation Gulf area. This group of people had had very little contact with Europeans, and Jenness, now

1980-556: The age of twelve by entering a composition competition for children under fourteen. In those days, in New Zealand, secondary education was only available to the wealthier families, so this scholarship enabled Jenness to complete high school and three years of college. He finished his final year of secondary education with six prizes: mathematics, science, Latin, French and English, and was named top student. He attended Lower Hutt School, then Wellington College . He and sister May were

2046-562: The appendix of Eskimo Administration V5: Reflections and Recommendations, Jenness included his proposed plan to help the indigenous peoples of Canada's north become more self-sufficient. He again emphasized the importance of vocational training, giving several specific suggestions such as establishing a small Seaman's School (Navigation School) to train Eskimo youth. Denmark, Jenness wrote, was helping her indigenous by training fishermen to work offshore in well-equipped vessels, and training seaman in

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2112-539: The community, Coppermine, was named after its namesake Coppermine River. An Indian federal day school (Federal Tent Hostel at Coppermine) opened in 1951 and closed in 1959. Construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line) sites, Lady Franklin Point and Bernard Harbour , on the opposite shore of Coronation Gulf in 1955 created some employment opportunities for the locals. In 1982,

2178-533: The cultural (and for some, even physical) survival of nearly all Canada's Aboriginal peoples.” At the meeting in 1947, Jenness, as before in his memo to the Deputy Minister Camden, emphasized the importance of education and vocational training to assist these already displaced peoples in becoming more self-sufficient. Using the example of Eskimos in Greenland and Siberia, he suggested teaching

2244-481: The dead are handled: whether they are covered by stone or wood, without any artifacts, as in the west, or “as in the east, laid out on the surface of the ground, unprotected but with replicas of their clothing and miniature implements placed beside them.”. Jenness characterized the "Copper Eskimos" as being in a pseudo-metal stage, in between the Stone and Iron Ages , because this cultural group treated copper as simply

2310-650: The decline in the morale, economics and health of Canada's indigenous peoples, he shifted his attention towards applied anthropology. Richling, who spent over two decades studying the professional life of Jenness, writes, “Jenness's interest in Indian affairs deepened in the thirties out of concern for the worsening crisis among Native peoples wrought by the Depression and the effects of a long-outmoded government policy of ‘Bible and Plough’.” In his biography “In Twilight and in Dawn,” Richling writes that in 1936 Jenness sent

2376-661: The deplorable conditions Canada's indigenous peoples experienced on reserves. After the Sarcee, Jenness undertook fieldwork study of the Sekani. Beothuk (extinct), Ojibwa, and Salish. Collins and Taylor refer to Jenness's Indians of Canada (1931c) as "the definitive work on the Canadian aborigines, dealing comprehensively with the ethnology and history of the Canadian Indians and Eskimos". Although most of Jenness's time

2442-669: The events in Europe, enlisted in the World War 1 and served in France and Belgium. Being of slight build and short of stature, he was assigned to duties other than direct combat. In December 1918, Jenness applied and received military leave to finish writing his Papua studies report in Oxford, (delayed due his having joined the CAE and then the war). While in Oxford, he received word that his unit

2508-620: The following quotes in his last chapter: Diamond Jenness received many distinguished awards and honors in recognition of his contributions to his profession. In 1953 Jenness was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship . In 1962, he was awarded the Massey Medal by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society , and in 1968 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada , Canada's highest honor. Between 1935 and 1968, he

2574-589: The four government systems (published between 1962 and 1968 by the Arctic Institute of North America ). He was able to complete these writings due to an award from the Guggenheim Foundation to further “whatever scholarly purposes he deemed fit,” an award that amounted to more than two and half times his annual pension from the Canadian government. When health prevented him from escaping Canada's bitter winters, he commenced writing his memoir,

2640-778: The four government systems (published between 1962 and 1968 by the Arctic Institute of North America ). He also published a popular account of the one year (1913 to 1914) he spent among the Inupiat of Northern Alaska, Dawn in Arctic Alaska (published 1957 and 1985). For a complete list of Jenness's 138 articles and publications, please refer to Appendix 2 in Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond Jenness by Diamond Jenness and Stuart E. Jenness, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series, (2008). Dr. de Laguna's obituary of Jenness in

2706-493: The migratory northern Indians skills for trades such as airplane pilot and mechanic, mineral prospecting, wireless operation, game and forest protection, and fur farming. Jenness also pointed out that Japanese children were attending schools with white children in British Columbia while half a mile away Indian children attended segregated schools. In response to his comment, one of the committee members said that this

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2772-399: The monographs: The Corn Goddess and other tales from Indian Canada (1956), Dawn in Arctic Alaska (1957) a popular account of the one year (1913 to 1914) he spent among the Inupiat of Northern Alaska, The Economics of Cypress (1962), and four scholarly reports on Eskimo Administration in Alaska, Canada, Labrador , and Greenland , plus a fifth report providing an analysis and overview of

2838-477: The only anthropologist, was solely in charge of recording the aboriginal way of life in this area. Jenness spent two years with the Copper Inuit and lived as an adopted son of a hunter named Ikpukhuak and his shaman wife Higalik (name meaning Ice House). During that time he hunted and travelled with his "family," sharing both their festivities and their famine. By living with this Inuit family and partaking in their everyday experiences, Jenness did something that

2904-607: The only two siblings to proceed on to college. Jenness graduated from the University of New Zealand (from the constituent college then called Victoria University College ) (B.A. 1907; M.A. 1908), receiving first class honors for both degrees. Then, when 22 years old, he received a scholarship that allowed him to pursue further education at Balliol College , University of Oxford (Diploma in Anthropology, 1910; M.A. 1916). From 1911 to 1912, as an Oxford Scholar, he studied

2970-645: The place of moving water ' ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᖁᕐᓗᖅᑐᖅ ; Inuktitut pronunciation: [quʁluqtuq] ), known as Coppermine until 1 January 1996, is a hamlet at the mouth of the Coppermine River in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut , Canada , on Coronation Gulf , southwest of Victoria Island . It is Nunavut's westernmost community, near the border with the Northwest Territories . The area's traditional language

3036-746: The product of Jenness's investigations.” A year and a half after his return from the war, the Canadian Government made his employment at the Victoria Memorial Museum permanent, and he was assigned to study many of the Indian tribes of Canada. (Jenness's employment had previously been on a yearly contract basis.) The Sarcee, on a reserve in Calgary, Alberta, were the first of many First Nation tribes in Jenness's fieldwork. That experience also provided his first encounter with

3102-404: The river width is broad due to fluvioglacial erosion . At the falls, the river is described to be narrow and fast-moving rapid with the elevation dropping by 10 metres (33 ft) from the start to the end of the falls. The Coppermine River at Bloody Falls is surrounded by steep rocky slopes and sandy gulllies. There is a basalt deposit which reaches 20 m above the river and gradually slopes into

3168-676: The role played by Diamond Jenness in Canadian state policies. Stevenson, one of Jenness's modern critics who references Kulchyski's views in her book, concludes that his solution for Inuit groups was to "ensure that in a 'definite and not too remote' future there will be 'no such thing' as an Indian or an Eskimo." These critics say that a focus on assimilation destroys the cultural identity of the indigenous peoples. Richling points out that fifteen years before he presented his plan, Jenness had “pessimistically predicted in The Indians of Canada that social and economic forces had already foreclosed on

3234-409: The same 1947 parliamentary proceedings the critic refers to, Jenness told the committee there certainly were other approaches to be weighed [than the ones he suggested], especially those originating with the peoples whose future hung in the balance. The committee then questioned him whether he felt the Indians themselves should be asked what they think? Jenness responded “Yes.” He continued to say he felt

3300-524: The ship gone, the hunting party set off on foot towards Barrow, Alaska (Utqiaġvik), 150 miles away, hoping to meet the two other vessels involved in the expedition: the Mary Sachs and Alaska . In Barrow, they learned that the two ships had anchored in Camden Bay, making it their winter base. Jenness remained behind and spent the first winter at Harrison Bay, Alaska, where he learned how to speak

3366-406: The traditional lifestyle of Inuit around Kugluktuk. Danish fur trader Christian Klengenberg constructed a trading post in 1916 which formed a permanent year-round community known as Fort Hearne. The Hudson Bay Company established a trading post at this community in 1927. Fort Hearne was renamed to Coppermine in 1930. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police built a police station in 1932. The former name of

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3432-456: The west coast of Victoria Island for him, and in 1998 Maclean's magazine listed him as one of the 100 most important Canadians in history as well as third among the ten foremost Canadian scientists. In 2004, his name was used for a rock examined by the Mars exploration rover Opportunity . Moreau writes that Jenness held many high posts in professional societies, demonstrating the high regard he

3498-514: The whaling vessel Karluk along with 12 other scientists. The ship steamed up the British Columbia coastline towards Nome, Alaska , where they met up with Stefansson who had purchased two 60-foot schooners to assist in the expedition work. The three vessels then proceeded towards their rendezvous point, Herschel Island , just east of the mouth of the Mackenzie River , Northwest Territories. The rendezvous never took place. On 12 August,

3564-645: The wider society.” Jenness recommended: 1) closing of separate schools; 2) creation of scholarships for attending high school, technical schools, and in special cases universities; 3) establishing follow-up after completion of school to help ensure they had steady employment; 4) not enforcing the Potash Law; 5) improving Indian health services; 6) protecting native hunting and trapping grounds. His suggestions appear to have had little influence. The government shifted attention away from domestic problems when World War II broke out, and Jenness (being too old for combat)

3630-402: Was "not often employed by other ethnologists" at the time: he lived with the people who were the subjects of his fieldwork. As Morrison in his “Arctic Hunters: The Inuit and Diamond Jenness” states: “His goal was to understand the Copper Inuit on their own terms, not in relation to some preconceived ‘ladder of creation’ with Europeans perched firmly at the top.” Summarizing his first year with

3696-503: Was assigned temporary duties to assist in war efforts at home. Shortly after the war, he is recorded as having said: “Unhappily nearly all our Indians today—not only the northern ones, but those in the south, too, who live on reserves, whether here in the east or on the prairies or in British Columbia—have lost their dignity, their self-reliance and self-respect.” In 1947, Jenness – officially billed as “Dominion Anthropologist” –

3762-565: Was awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the University of New Zealand, Waterloo University, University of Saskatchewan, Carleton University, and McGill University. In 1973, the Canadian government designated him a Person of National Historic Significance and in the same year the Diamond Jenness Secondary School in Hay River was named after him. In 1978, the Canadian Government named the middle peninsula on

3828-1020: Was called before a joint parliamentary committee to share his views and answer questions. He presented a plan to address what he referred to as the “immorally indefensible” state of Indian social and economic conditions. His plan was based upon New Zealand's management of its native affairs since the early 1860s, which, in his view, was being administered successfully at that time. “Because they are ‘free citizens,’ ” Jenness stated, “Maori are neither segregated on reserves, nor subject to state-sanctioned institutional barriers limiting their participation in national life.” He pointed out that Maoris were treated as full and equal citizens but also encouraged to maintain their distinct cultural identity, values, and traditions. They were allowed to attend public schools and hold government office. Their local communities were becoming largely self-governing - operating in accord with customary tribal authority yet with access to courts to settle land disputes. Some anthropologists are critical of

3894-899: Was devoted to Indian studies and administrative duties, he also identified two very important prehistoric Eskimo cultures: the Dorset culture in Canada (in 1925) and the Old Bering Sea culture in Alaska (in 1926), for which he later was named "Father of Eskimo Archaeology." These archaeological findings were fundamental in explaining migration patterns, and Jenness's views were thought to be "radical" at that time. Helmer states: “These theories are now widely accepted, having been vindicated by carbon-14 dating and subsequent field research.” In 1926, Jenness succeeded Canada's first Chief Anthropologist, Dr. Edward Sapir , as Chief of Anthropology at

3960-773: Was held in by his colleagues. For example, Jenness was vice-president and later President of the American Anthropological Association,(1937-1940), President of the Society for American Archaeology (1937), and vice-president of Section H (Anthropology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1938). During his lifetime, Jenness authored more than 100 works on Canada's Inuit and First Nations people. Chief among these are his scholarly government report, Life of

4026-685: Was his district and he'd personally observed Japanese students in classrooms with white children. He added that the Japanese and [west coast] Indians are both members of Oriental races, a fact that had been overlooked, and to put the Indian children in separate schooling, in his opinion, was wrong. Another criticism of Jenness is that he “cared about the Inuit: he didn't want them to become dependent on welfare and thus demoralized, and he wanted them to be as resourceful as their ancestors. However, his way of caring ignored who they were or wanted to become." In

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4092-410: Was home to the Kogluktogmiut a sub-group of the Copper Inuit . It is the site of the Bloody Falls Massacre , when Matonabbee , Samuel Hearne's guide, and his fellow Chipewyan warriors ambushed and massacred the local Inuit . The river is on the northwestern part of the Canadian Shield . It was covered by the Laurentide ice sheet which melted away 10,000 years ago. Above and below Bloody Falls,

4158-409: Was made chief of the newly established Inter-Services Topographic Section (ISTS), the non-military section of the Canadian Department of National Defence (patterned after a similar Great Britain military intelligence organization, Inter-Services Topographic Department .) Jenness retained this position when, in 1947, the Canadian ISTS unit changed name (became the Geographic Bureau) and was placed under

4224-441: Was one of the first to be sent home from the war. Jenness returned to Ottawa in March, 1919, and the next month married his fiancé, Eileen Bleakney. After their honeymoon in New Zealand, Jenness set about writing up his Arctic reports, and produced eight government reports in five volumes, totaling 1,368 pages. Richling states: “The scientific results of the Canadian Arctic Expedition filled fifteen volumes. One-third of them contained

4290-510: Was that of a watchmaker/jeweler, though he also installed several clocks in municipal building towers in New Zealand. The family was encouraged to read, learn music, and engage in sports. Richling, in his biography “In Twilight and in Dawn,” writes that the young Jenness “was a proficient outdoorsman and an accomplished sharpshooter,” skills that helped prepare him for his experience in the arctic years later. At an early age, Jenness showed proficiency for learning. He earned his first scholarship at

4356-427: Was −50.0 °C (−58.0 °F) on 2 February 1968. Diamond Jenness Diamond Jenness , CC FRCGS (February 10, 1886, Wellington , New Zealand – November 29, 1969, Chelsea , Quebec , Canada) was one of Canada's greatest early scientists and a pioneer of Canadian anthropology . Diamond Jenness was the second youngest son in a middle-class family of ten children. His father's profession

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