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68-522: Copromorphoidea Meyrick, 1905 Carposinoidea , the "fruitworm moths", is a superfamily of insects in the lepidopteran order . The superfamily is also known as Copromorphoidea , which is a junior synonym. These moths are small to medium-sized (10–50 mm. in wingspan) and are broad-winged bearing some resemblance to the superfamilies Tortricoidea and Immoidea . The antennae are often "pectinate" especially in males, and many species of these well camouflaged moths bear raised tufts of scales on

136-499: A BioCode that would regulate all taxon names, but this attempt has so far failed because of firmly entrenched traditions in each community. Consider a particular species, the red fox , Vulpes vulpes : in the context of the Zoological Code , the specific epithet vulpes (small v ) identifies a particular species in the genus Vulpes (capital V ) which comprises all the "true" foxes. Their close relatives are all in

204-416: A "complex web of resemblances" than a neat hierarchy. Likewise, a recent study has suggested that some folk taxonomies display more than six ethnobiological categories. Others go further and even doubt the reality of such categories, especially those above the generic name level. A name is a label for any noun: names can identify a class or category of things; or a single thing, either uniquely or within

272-420: A "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a name. For hybrids receiving a hybrid name , the same ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bastard'), with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank. If a different term for the rank was used in an old publication, but the intention is clear, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions: Classifications of five species follow:

340-519: A Renaissance codification of folk taxonomic principles . " Formal systems of scientific nomenclature and classification are exemplified by biological classification . All classification systems are established for a purpose. The scientific classification system anchors each organism within the nested hierarchy of internationally accepted classification categories. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings of review. This modern system evolved from

408-454: A family or surname like Simpson and another adjectival Christian or forename name that specifies which Simpson, say Homer Simpson . It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call binomial nomenclature is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names—but with the use of Latin as a universal language. In keeping with the utilitarian view other authors maintain that ethnotaxonomies resemble more

476-567: A fast evolutionary radiation that occurred long ago, such as the main taxa of placental mammals . In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae , Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, the nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes . There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, and species. In addition, domain (proposed by Carl Woese )

544-576: A given context . Names are given, for example, to humans or any other organisms , places , products —as in brand names—and even to ideas or concepts . It is names as nouns that are the building blocks of nomenclature. The word name is possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European language hypothesised word nomn . The distinction between names and nouns, if made at all, is extremely subtle, although clearly noun refers to names as lexical categories and their function within

612-638: A lower level may be denoted by adding the prefix " infra ", meaning lower , to the rank. For example, infra order (below suborder) or infra family (below subfamily). Botanical ranks categorize organisms based (often) on their relationships ( monophyly is not required by that clade, which does not even mention this word, nor that of " clade "). They start with Kingdom, then move to Division (or Phylum), Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Taxa at each rank generally possess shared characteristics and evolutionary history. Understanding these ranks aids in taxonomy and studying biodiversity. There are definitions of

680-399: A new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the nomenclature code that applies. The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of absolute rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific: Ranks are assigned based on subjective dissimilarity, and do not fully reflect

748-403: A particular organism matches a taxon that has already been classified and named – so classification must precede identification. This procedure is sometimes referred to as determination . Although Linnaeus ' system of binomial nomenclature was rapidly adopted after the publication of his Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae in 1753 and 1758 respectively, it was a long time before there

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816-459: A particular organism, it is usually not necessary to specify names at ranks other than these first two, within a set of taxa covered by a given rank-based code. However, this is not true globally because most rank-based codes are independent from each other, so there are many inter-code homonyms (the same name used for different organisms, often for an animal and for a taxon covered by the botanical code). For this reason, attempts were made at creating

884-576: A taxon in a category above the species level). It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non- polyphyletic ), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent in terms of time of origin, phenotypic distinctiveness or number of lower-ranking included taxa (e.g., it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some way evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks). Of all criteria that have been advocated to rank taxa, age of origin has been

952-413: Is a part of general human communication using words and language : it is an aspect of everyday taxonomy as people distinguish the objects of their experience, together with their similarities and differences, which observers identify , name and classify . The use of names, as the many different kinds of nouns embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to theoretical linguistics , while

1020-564: Is also called a binomial , that is, a two-term name. For example, the zoological name for the human species is Homo sapiens . This is usually italicized in print or underlined when italics are not available. In this case, Homo is the generic name and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and it is not capitalized. While not always used, some species include a subspecific epithet. For instance, modern humans are Homo sapiens sapiens , or H. sapiens sapiens . In zoological nomenclature, higher taxon names are normally not italicized, but

1088-518: Is defined by the way in which members of a language community name and categorize plants and animals whereas ethnotaxonomy refers to the hierarchical structure, organic content, and cultural function of biological classification that ethnobiologists find in every society around the world. Ethnographic studies of the naming and classification of animals and plants in non-Western societies have revealed some general principles that suggest pre-scientific man's conceptual and linguistic method of organising

1156-467: Is not a requirement of the zoological and botanical codes. A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in rank-based (Linnaean) nomenclature, taxa without ranks cannot be given names. Alternative approaches, such as phylogenetic nomenclature , as implemented under the PhyloCode and supported by

1224-435: Is now widely used as a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion ( Latin : dominium ), introduced by Moore in 1974. A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species name it is assigned to a genus, and the genus name is part of the species name. The species name

1292-406: Is part of nomenclature rather than taxonomy proper, according to some definitions of these terms) is the relative or absolute level of a group of organisms (a taxon ) in a hierarchy that reflects evolutionary relationships. Thus, the most inclusive clades (such as Eukarya and Opisthokonta ) have the highest ranks, whereas the least inclusive ones (such as Homo sapiens or Bufo bufo ) have

1360-515: Is referred to as the given name , the forename , the baptismal name (if given then), or simply the first name . In England prior to the Norman invasion of 1066, small communities of Celts , Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians generally used single names: each person was identified by a single name as either a personal name or nickname . As the population increased, it gradually became necessary to identify people further—giving rise to names like John

1428-414: Is that proper names denote a unique entity e.g. London Bridge , while common names are used in a more general sense in reference to a class of objects e.g. bridge . Many proper names are obscure in meaning as they lack any apparent meaning in the way that ordinary words mean, probably for the practical reason that when they consist of Collective nouns , they refer to groups, even when they are inflected for

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1496-457: Is the ordering of taxa (the objects of classification) into groups based on similarities or differences. Doing taxonomy entails identifying, describing, and naming taxa; therefore, in the scientific sense, nomenclature is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the application of scientific names to taxa , based on a particular classification scheme, in accordance with agreed international rules and conventions. Identification determines whether

1564-429: Is usually associated with a certain body plan , which is also, however, an arbitrary criterion. Enigmatic taxa are taxonomic groups whose broader relationships are unknown or undefined. (See Incertae sedis .) There are several acronyms intended to help memorise the taxonomic hierarchy, such as "King Phillip came over for great spaghetti". (See taxonomy mnemonic .) Nomenclature Naming "things"

1632-789: The Botanical Code , the Prokaryotic Code , the Code for Viruses , the draft BioCode and the PhyloCode all recommend italicizing all taxon names (of all ranks). There are rules applying to the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature : superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions

1700-483: The International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature , or using circumscriptional names , avoid this problem. The theoretical difficulty with superimposing taxonomic ranks over evolutionary trees is manifested as the boundary paradox which may be illustrated by Darwinian evolutionary models. There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is,

1768-727: The Prokaryotic Code , and the Code for Viruses ) require them. However, absolute ranks are not required in all nomenclatural systems for taxonomists; for instance, the PhyloCode , the code of phylogenetic nomenclature , does not require absolute ranks. Taxa are hierarchical groups of organisms, and their ranks describes their position in this hierarchy. High-ranking taxa (e.g. those considered to be domains or kingdoms, for instance) include more sub-taxa than low-ranking taxa (e.g. those considered genera, species or subspecies). The rank of these taxa reflects inheritance of traits or molecular features from common ancestors. The name of any species and genus are basic ; which means that to identify

1836-427: The fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories ( Drosophila melanogaster ), humans ( Homo sapiens ), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics ( Pisum sativum ), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria , and the bacterium Escherichia coli . The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well. Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on

1904-538: The singular e.g. "committee". Concrete nouns like "cabbage" refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses while abstract nouns , like "love" and "hate" refer to abstract objects. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ('-ness', '-ity', '-tion') to adjectives or verbs e.g. "happiness", "serenity", "concentration." Pronouns like "he", "it", "which", and "those" stand in place of nouns in noun phrases . The capitalization of nouns varies with language and even

1972-418: The type genus , with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and class) as set out in the table below. Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized . More Latinate pronunciations are also common, particularly / ɑː / rather than / eɪ / for stressed a . There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent

2040-441: The 1947 Partition of India . In contrast, mutually unintelligible dialects that differ considerably in structure, such as Moroccan Arabic , Yemeni Arabic , and Lebanese Arabic , are considered to be the same language due to the pan-Islamism religious identity . Names provide us with a way of structuring and mapping the world in our minds so, in some way, they mirror or represent the objects of our experience. Elucidating

2108-633: The American Ornithologists' Union published in 1886 states "No one appears to have suspected, in 1842 [when the Strickland code was drafted], that the Linnaean system was not the permanent heritage of science, or that in a few years a theory of evolution was to sap its very foundations, by radically changing men's conceptions of those things to which names were to be furnished." Such ranks are used simply because they are required by

Carposinoidea - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-477: The biological world in a hierarchical way. Such studies indicate that the urge to classify is a basic human instinct. The levels, moving from the most to least inclusive, are: In almost all cultures objects are named using one or two words equivalent to 'kind' ( genus ) and 'particular kind' ( species ). When made up of two words (a binomial ) the name usually consists of a noun (like salt , dog or star ) and an adjectival second word that helps describe

2244-461: The butcher, Henry from Sutton, and Roger son of Richard...which naturally evolved into John Butcher, Henry Sutton, and Roger Richardson. We now know this additional name variously as the second name , last name , family name , surname or occasionally the byname , and this natural tendency was accelerated by the Norman tradition of using surnames that were fixed and hereditary within individual families. In combination these two names are now known as

2312-450: The connections between language (especially names and nouns), meaning, and the way we perceive the world has provided a rich field of study for philosophers and linguists . Relevant areas of study include: the distinction between proper names and proper nouns ; as well as the relationship between names, their referents , meanings ( semantics ), and the structure of language . Modern scientific taxonomy has been described as "basically

2380-416: The context of language, rather that as "labels" for objects and properties. Human personal names , also referred to as prosoponyms , are presented, used and categorised in many ways depending on the language and culture. In most cultures (Indonesia is one exception) it is customary for individuals to be given at least two names. In Western culture, the first name is given at birth or shortly thereafter and

2448-496: The etymology of toponyms has found that many place names are descriptive, honorific or commemorative but frequently they have no meaning, or the meaning is obscure or lost. Also, the many categories of names are frequently interrelated. For example, many place-names are derived from personal names (Victoria), many names of planets and stars are derived from the names of mythological characters ( Venus , Neptune ), and many personal names are derived from place-names, names of nations and

2516-432: The family Canidae , which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next higher major taxon, Carnivora (considered an order), includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned above), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Carnivorans are one group of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia , which are classified among animals with notochords in

2584-527: The first, and therefore makes the name, as a whole, more "specific", for example, lap dog , sea salt , or film star . The meaning of the noun used for a common name may have been lost or forgotten ( whelk , elm , lion , shark , pig ) but when the common name is extended to two or more words much more is conveyed about the organism's use, appearance or other special properties ( sting ray , poison apple , giant stinking hogweed , hammerhead shark ). These noun-adjective binomials are just like our own names with

2652-505: The folk taxonomy of prehistory. Folk taxonomy can be illustrated through the Western tradition of horticulture and gardening . Unlike scientific taxonomy, folk taxonomies serve many purposes. Examples in horticulture would be the grouping of plants, and naming of these groups, according to their properties and uses: Folk Taxonomy is generally associated with the way rural or indigenous peoples use language to make sense of and organise

2720-599: The following ranks for these categories: The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. Among "genus-group names" and "species-group names" no further ranks are officially allowed, which creates problems when naming taxa in these groups in speciose clades, such as Rana . Zoologists sometimes use additional terms such as species group , species subgroup , species complex and superspecies for convenience as extra, but unofficial, ranks between

2788-464: The following taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants : cultivar group , cultivar , grex . The rules in the ICN apply primarily to the ranks of family and below, and only to some extent to those above the rank of family. (See also descriptive botanical name .) Taxa at the rank of genus and above have a botanical name in one part (unitary name); those at

Carposinoidea - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-480: The gradational nature of variation within nature. These problems were already identified by Willi Hennig , who advocated dropping them in 1969, and this position gathered support from Graham C. D. Griffiths only a few years later. In fact, these ranks were proposed in a fixist context and the advent of evolution sapped the foundations of this system, as was recognised long ago; the introduction of The Code of Nomenclature and Check-list of North American Birds Adopted by

2924-473: The grounds that shared larval and pupal characteristics of these groups have probably evolved independently. It has been suggested that the division into two families should be abandoned (e.g. Holloway et al., 2001). Carposinoidea occur worldwide except the northwest Palaearctic region (Dugdale et al., 1999). Adults are night-flying and attracted to lights. Caterpillars live between joined leaves or fruits or bore within stems. The larvae pupate with

2992-434: The hierarchy of taxa (hence, their ranks) does not necessarily reflect the hierarchy of clades . While older approaches to taxonomic classification were phenomenological, forming groups on the basis of similarities in appearance, organic structure and behavior, two important new methods developed in the second half of the 20th century changed drastically taxonomic practice. One is the advent of cladistics , which stemmed from

3060-494: The like (Wood, Bridge). In a strictly scientific sense, nomenclature is regarded as a part of taxonomy (though distinct from it). Moreover, the precision demanded by science in the accurate naming of objects in the natural world has resulted in a variety of codes of nomenclature (worldwide-accepted sets of rules on biological classification ). Taxonomy can be defined as the study of classification including its principles, procedures and rules, while classification itself

3128-422: The lowest ranks. Ranks can be either relative and be denoted by an indented taxonomy in which the level of indentation reflects the rank, or absolute, in which various terms, such as species , genus , family , order , class , phylum , kingdom , and domain designate rank. This page emphasizes absolute ranks and the rank-based codes (the Zoological Code , the Botanical Code , the Code for Cultivated Plants ,

3196-405: The most basic (or important) is the species, but this opinion is not universally shared. Thus, species are not necessarily more sharply defined than taxa at any other rank, and in fact, given the phenotypic gaps created by extinction, in practice, the reverse is often the case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade , that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this

3264-409: The most frequently advocated. Willi Hennig proposed it in 1966, but he concluded in 1969 that this system was unworkable and suggested dropping absolute ranks. However, the idea of ranking taxa using the age of origin (either as the sole criterion, or as one of the main ones) persists under the name of time banding, and is still advocated by several authors. For animals, at least the phylum rank

3332-698: The most interesting objects and, where relevant, naming important or interesting features of those objects. The IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and for describing the science of chemistry in general. It is maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (in association with the IUBMB ), analytical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry . These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in

3400-516: The natural world has generated many formal nomenclatural systems. Probably the best known of these nomenclatural systems are the five codes of biological nomenclature that govern the Latinized scientific names of organisms . The word nomenclature is derived from the Latin nomen (' name '), and calare ('to call'). The Latin term nomenclatura refers to a list of names, as does

3468-407: The objects around them. Ethnobiology frames this interpretation through either " utilitarianists " like Bronislaw Malinowski who maintain that names and classifications reflect mainly material concerns, and "intellectualists" like Claude Lévi-Strauss who hold that they spring from innate mental processes. The literature of ethnobiological classifications was reviewed in 2006. Folk classification

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3536-400: The other hand significantly different things might be considered the same. For example, Hindi and Urdu are both closely related, mutually intelligible Hindustani languages (one being sanskritised and the other arabised ). However, they are favored as separate languages by Hindus and Muslims respectively, as seen in the context of Hindu-Muslim conflict resulting in the violence of

3604-769: The particular context: journals often have their own house styles for common names. Distinctions may be made between particular kinds of names simply by using the suffix -onym , from the Greek ónoma (ὄνομα, 'name'). So we have, for example, hydronyms name bodies of water, synonyms are names with the same meaning, and so on. The entire field could be described as chrematonymy—the names of things. Toponyms are proper names given to various geographical features (geonyms), and also to cosmic features (cosmonyms). This could include names of mountains, rivers, seas, villages, towns, cities, countries, planets, stars etc. Toponymy can be further divided into specialist branches, like: choronymy ,

3672-463: The patronym (a name derived from the given name of the father) between the given and the family name; in Iceland the given name is used with the patronym, or matronym (a name derived from the given name of the mother), and surnames are rarely used. Nicknames (sometimes called hypocoristic names) are informal names used mostly between friends. The distinction between proper names and common names

3740-419: The personal name or, simply, the name. There are many exceptions to this general rule: Westerners often insert a third or more names between the given and surnames; Chinese and Hungarian names have the family name preceding the given name; females now often retain their maiden names (their family surname) or combine, using a hyphen, their maiden name and the surname of their husband; some East Slavic nations insert

3808-479: The phylum Chordata , and with them among all animals in the kingdom Animalia . Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at

3876-455: The rank of species and above (but below genus) have a botanical name in two parts ( binary name ); all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific name ). To indicate the rank of the infraspecific name, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia , where "subsp". is an abbreviation for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda . Hybrids can be specified either by

3944-653: The rank-based codes; because of this, some systematists prefer to call them nomenclatural ranks . In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time, simply because the most inclusive taxa necessarily appeared first. Furthermore, the diversity in some major taxa (such as vertebrates and angiosperms ) is better known that that of others (such as fungi , arthropods and nematodes ) not because they are more diverse than other taxa, but because they are more easily sampled and studied than other taxa, or because they attract more interest and funding for research. Of these many ranks, many systematists consider that

4012-468: The same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)." Note that the discussions on this page generally assume that taxa are clades ( monophyletic groups of organisms), but this is required neither by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature nor by the Botanical Code , and some experts on biological nomenclature do not think that this should be required, and in that case,

4080-469: The silken gallery or descend to the ground and make a cocoon covered in detritus (Dugdale et al., 1999). The hostplants include the gymnosperm genus Podocarpus and quite a wide range of dicotyledon families [2] [3] . As the moths can infest fruit some are considered pest species such as the "Peach Fruit Moth" [4] . Superfamily (taxonomy) In biology , taxonomic rank (which some authors prefer to call nomenclatural rank because ranking

4148-442: The study of proper names of regions and countries; econymy , the study of proper names of villages, towns and citties; hodonymy , the study of proper names of streets and roads; hydronymy , the study of proper names of water bodies; oronymy , the study of proper names of mountains and hills, etc. Toponymy has popular appeal because of its socio-cultural and historical interest and significance for cartography . However, work on

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4216-485: The subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species, e.g. the genus Drosophila . (Note the potentially confusing use of "species group" as both a category of ranks as well as an unofficial rank itself. For this reason, Alain Dubois has been using the alternative expressions "nominal-series", "family-series", "genus-series" and "species-series" (among others) at least since 2000. ) At higher ranks (family and above)

4284-454: The use of nomenclature in an academic sense is also not commonly known. Although the two fields integrate, nomenclature concerns itself more with the rules and conventions that are used for the formation of names. Due to social, political, religious, and cultural motivations, things that are the same may be given different names, while different things may be given the same name; closely related similar things may be considered separate, while on

4352-569: The way humans mentally structure the world in relation to word meanings and experience relates to the philosophy of language . Onomastics , the study of proper names and their origins, includes: anthroponymy (concerned with human names, including personal names , surnames and nicknames ); toponymy (the study of place names); and etymology (the derivation, history and use of names) as revealed through comparative and descriptive linguistics . The scientific need for simple, stable and internationally accepted systems for naming objects of

4420-462: The wings and a specialised fringe of scales at the base of the hindwing sometimes in females only; there are a number of other structural characteristics (Common, 1990; Dugdale et al., 1999) . The position of this superfamily is not certain, but it has been placed in the natural group of "Apoditrysia" [1] "Obtectomera" (Minet, 1991), rather than with the superfamilies Alucitoidea or Epermenioidea within which it has sometimes previously been placed, on

4488-402: The word nomenclator , which can also indicate a provider or announcer of names. The study of proper names is known as onomastics , which has a wide-ranging scope that encompasses all names, languages, and geographical regions, as well as cultural areas . The distinction between onomastics and nomenclature is not readily clear: onomastics is an unfamiliar discipline to most people, and

4556-727: The works of the German entomologist Willi Hennig . Cladistics is a method of classification of life forms according to the proportion of characteristics that they have in common (called synapomorphies ). It is assumed that the higher the proportion of characteristics that two organisms share, the more recently they both came from a common ancestor. The second one is molecular systematics, based on genetic analysis , which can provide much additional data that prove especially useful when few phenotypic characters can resolve relationships, as, for instance, in many viruses , bacteria and archaea , or to resolve relationships between taxa that arose in

4624-601: Was international consensus concerning the more general rules governing biological nomenclature . The first botanical code was produced in 1905, the zoological code in 1889 and cultivated plant code in 1953. Agreement on the nomenclature and symbols for genes emerged in 1979. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need universal systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects using astronomical naming conventions , while assigning names to

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