Copthorne was a hundred of Surrey , England , an area above the level of the parishes and manors , where the local wise, wealthy and powerful met periodically in Anglo-Saxon England for strategic purposes. After the Norman Conquest the lords of the manor took to annual hundred meetings and their status became eroded by royal-approved transactions of land, as meanwhile the manorial courts and moreover royal courts seized jurisdiction over the Hundred Courts .
24-879: The name Copthorne may derive from a pollarded thorn tree at the place where the hundred met. The meeting point has been suggested to be marked by an earthwork and ancient hedge at the southern end of Woodcote Park , Epsom , close to Langley Vale . The earthwork is denoted as the Nutshambles on a map of Ashtead dating from 1638. Copthorne comprised the manors of Ashtead, Burgh, Cuddington , Epsom, Ewell , Fetcham , Headley , Leatherhead , Mickleham , Pachevesham (within Leatherhead parish), Tadworth , Thorncroft and Walton-on-the-Hill . It had two enclaves , areas of other parishes dominated by manors and sometimes churches within it: in Weybridge and Newdigate . In
48-423: A determined height or to place new shoots out of the reach of grazing animals. Traditionally, people pollarded trees for one of two reasons: for fodder to feed livestock or for wood . Fodder pollards produced "pollard hay" for livestock feed; they were pruned at intervals of two to six years so their leafy material would be most abundant. Wood pollards were pruned at longer intervals of eight to fifteen years,
72-875: A feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed. Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability. Fodder in
96-524: A few conifers, such as yews ( Taxus ). The technique is used in Africa for moringa trees to bring the nutritious leaves into easier reach for harvesting. Pollarding is also used in urban forestry in certain areas for reasons such as tree size management, safety, and health concerns. It removes rotting or diseased branches to support the overall health of the tree and removes living and dead branches that could harm property and people, as well as increasing
120-567: A hornless ox or polled livestock . Later, the noun "pollard" came to be used as a verb: "pollarding". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollard can also be used as an adjective: "pollard tree". Fodder Fodder ( / ˈ f ɒ d ər / ), also called provender ( / ˈ p r ɒ v ən d ər / ), is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock , such as cattle , rabbits , sheep , horses , chickens and pigs . "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to
144-399: A metre above the ground are called stubs (or stubbs). These were often used as markers in coppice or other woodland. Stubs cannot be used where the trees are browsed by animals, as the regrowing shoots are below the browse line. As with coppicing, only species with vigorous epicormic growth may be pollarded. In these species (which include many broadleaved trees but few conifers), removal of
168-546: A partially juvenile state and by reducing the weight and windage of the top part of the tree. Older pollards often become hollow, so it can be difficult to determine age accurately. Pollards tend to grow slowly, with denser growth-rings in the years immediately after cutting. As in coppicing , pollarding is to encourage the tree to produce new growth on a regular basis to maintain a supply of new wood for various purposes, particularly for fuel . In some areas, dried leafy branches are stored as winter fodder for stock. Depending on
192-465: A pruning cycle tending to produce upright poles favored for fencing and boat construction. Supple young willow or hazel branches may be harvested as material for weaving baskets, fences, and garden constructions such as bowers . Nowadays, the practice is sometimes used for ornamental trees, such as crape myrtles in southern states of the US. Pollarding tends to make trees live longer by maintaining them in
216-419: Is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil. When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change, both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account. Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans. In
240-734: The Domesday Book , the settlements of Ashtead , Fetcham and Mickleham were included in the Wallington (hundred) ; but the county historians cited by the Victoria County History of 1911 as having examined the Patent Rolls and similar state collections of deeds, royal letters and documents, such as Owen Manning and John Aubrey , agree that this was a mistake. In present terms Epsom , Leatherhead and Ewell are almost uniformly called towns: for example at
264-583: The West Surrey (UK Parliament constituency) an 1832-1885 dual-member (MP) area. With minor additions from Kingston, Effingham and Dorking Hundred it was then used for that of Epsom . Its northern bulk mirrors Epsom and Ewell the smaller modern successor. Copthorne appears in the Book as Copededorne . Copthorne was a hundred (these are not in the Domesday Book's map of the county, which focuses on
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#1732798467228288-533: The International Feed Industry Federation, with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed ); some types of feed, such as corn ( maize ), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans. In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder
312-403: The amount of foliage in spring for aesthetic, shade and air quality reasons. Some trees may be rejuvenated by pollarding – for example, Bradford pear ( Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford'), a flowering species that becomes brittle and top-heavy when older. Oaks, when very old, can form new trunks from the growth of pollard branches; that is, surviving branches which have split away from
336-553: The animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (called forage ). Fodder includes hay , straw , silage , compressed and pelleted feeds , oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and legumes (such as bean sprouts , fresh malt , or spent malt ). Most animal feed is from plants, but some manufacturers add ingredients to processed feeds that are of animal origin. The worldwide animal feed trade produced 1.245 billion tons of compound feed in 2022 according to an estimate by
360-472: The county level of local government when it considers service provision and population analysis — the first two were granted market town status in the Middle Ages . The Victoria County History , based on ecclesiastical records, states that these were its parishes : Copthorne was a royal hundred (to the extent its overarching overlordship affected the manors and common land ), and remained in
384-536: The form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley , and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities. Systems have been developed recently that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day, year round. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock. In addition, they use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in
408-540: The hands of the Crown , though James I of England leased it for 21 years to Thomas Jenkins in 1617. In a subsidy roll of the 14th century it was said to be worth £47 15s. 6¼d. and with Effingham Hundred the various land units within it were assessed in total for ship money at £136 16s. 4d. at the third such levy in 1636. It was used as the Epsom Petty sessional division . The area was an eastward projection of
432-773: The main apical stems releases the growth of many dormant buds under the bark on the lower part of the tree. Trees without this growth will die without their leaves and branches. Some smaller tree species do not readily form pollards, because cutting the main stem stimulates growth from the base, effectively forming a coppice stool instead. Examples of trees that do well as pollards include broadleaves such as beeches ( Fagus ), oaks ( Quercus ), maples ( Acer ), black locust or false acacia ( Robinia pseudoacacia ), hornbeams ( Carpinus ), lindens and limes ( Tilia ), planes ( Platanus ), horse chestnuts ( Aesculus ), mulberries ( Morus ), Eastern redbud ( Cercis canadensis ), tree of heaven ( Ailanthus altissima ), willows ( Salix ), and
456-428: The main branch naturally. In Japan, Daisugi is practiced on Cryptomeria . "Poll" was originally a name for the top of the head, and "to poll" was a verb meaning 'to crop the hair'. This use was extended to similar treatment of the branches of trees and the horns of animals. A pollard simply meant someone or something that had been polled (similar to the formation of "drunkard" and "sluggard"); for example,
480-580: The main unit, manors). 51°18′N 0°15′W / 51.30°N 0.25°W / 51.30; -0.25 Pollarding Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome , Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times, and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at
504-412: The past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred. Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds , toxins , or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into
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#1732798467228528-487: The regrowth from coppice stools. Historically in England , the right to pollard or "lop" was often granted to local people for fuel on common land or in royal forests ; this was part of the right of estover . An incidental effect of pollarding in woodland is the encouragement of underbrush growth due to increased light reaching the woodland floor. This can increase species diversity. However, in woodland where pollarding
552-449: The use of the cut material, the length of time between cutting will vary from one year for tree hay or withies , to five years or more for larger timber. Sometimes, only some of the regrown stems may be cut in a season – this is thought to reduce the chances of death of the tree when recutting long-neglected pollards. Pollarding was preferred over coppicing in wood-pastures and other grazed areas, because animals would browse
576-486: Was once common but has now ceased, the opposite effect occurs, as the side and top shoots develop into trunk-sized branches. An example of this can be seen in Epping Forest , which is within both London and Essex , UK , the majority of which was pollarded until the late 19th century. Here, the light that reaches the woodland floor is limited owing to the thick growth of the pollarded trees. Pollards cut at about
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