65-720: Corbin City is a city in Atlantic County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . The city, and all of Atlantic County, is part of the Atlantic City - Hammonton metropolitan statistical area , which in turn is included in the Philadelphia - Reading - Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley . As of the 2020 United States census , the city's population was 471, a decrease of 21 (−4.3%) from
130-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data
195-464: A directly elected mayor who serves a four-year term and for a council that consists of seven members; six elected from two wards for staggered three-year terms and one elected at large for a four-year term. There are three councilmen in each ward with one councilmember from each ward up for election every year. The mayor is the chief executive and votes only to break a tie. The Mayor has veto power over all or portions of any ordinance, subject to override by
260-533: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,
325-409: A population under 12,000, and provided for a directly elected mayor, who served a two-year term and had strong executive powers. Both featured a council elected from wards to staggered three-year terms, plus one councilman elected at-large for a term of two years. The mayor had a veto power, which could be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the council. The two acts differed in a number of ways, including
390-524: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire
455-598: A sending/receiving relationship with the Ocean City School District , together with students from Longport , Ocean City, Sea Isle City and Upper Township. As of the 2018–2019 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,245 students and 98.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.6:1. City public school students are also eligible to attend the Atlantic County Institute of Technology in
520-675: A separate question. The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with
585-586: A total of 303 registered voters in Corbin City, of which 54 (17.8% vs. 30.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats , 135 (44.6% vs. 25.2%) were registered as Republicans and 114 (37.6% vs. 44.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were no voters registered to other parties. Among the city's 2010 Census population, 61.6% (vs. 58.8% in Atlantic County) were registered to vote, including 80.2% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 76.6% countywide). In
650-404: A turnout of 80.6% (vs. 69.8% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 134 votes (68.4% vs. 60.0% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 50 votes (25.5% vs. 34.9%) and other candidates with 5 votes (2.6% vs. 1.3%), among the 196 ballots cast by the city's 324 registered voters, yielding a 60.5% turnout (vs. 41.5% in the county). In
715-461: A two-thirds vote of the Council. The Act also provides for the delegation of executive responsibilities to a municipal administrator. Those cities operating under pre-1987 charters could retain the characteristics of their structure of government regarding terms of office, number of positions and other powers. Provisions of the 1987 Act can then be adopted through a petition and referendum process by
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#1732787895098780-1449: Is Dennis Levinson ( R , Northfield ), whose term of office ends December 31, 2027. Members of the Board of County Commissioners are: Ernest D. Coursey (D, District 1-- Atlantic City , Egg Harbor Township (part), Longport , Margate City , and Ventnor City ; 2025, Atlantic City), Chair Maureen Kern (R, District 2-- Egg Harbor Township (part), Linwood , Northfield , Somers Point and Pleasantville ; 2024, Somers Point), Andrew Parker III (R, District 3-- Egg Harbor Township (part) and Hamilton Township (part); 2026, Egg Harbor Township), Richard R. Dase (R, District 4, including Brigantine , Galloway Township , Egg Harbor Township (part), and Port Republic ; 2025, Galloway Township), Vice Chair James A. Bertino (R, District 5-- Buena , Buena Vista Township , Corbin City , Egg Harbor City , Estell Manor , Folsom , Hamilton Township (part), Hammonton , Mullica Township and Weymouth Township ; 2024, Hammonton), June Byrnes (R, At-Large; 2026, Linwood), Frank X. Balles (R, At-Large; Pleasantville, 2024) Amy L. Gatto (R, At-large; 2025, Hamilton Township) and John W. Risley (R, At-Large; 2026, Egg Harbor Township) Atlantic County's constitutional officers are: Clerk Joesph J. Giralo (R, 2026, Hammonton), Sheriff Joe O'Donoghue (R, 2026, Egg Harbor Township) and Surrogate James Curcio (R, 2025, Hammonton). As of March 23, 2011, there were
845-494: Is a non-operating school district. Students attend public school for pre-kindergarten through eighth grade in the Upper Township School District , as part of a sending/receiving relationship . As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,448 students and 131.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. Schools in
910-534: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,
975-409: Is governed by a directly elected county executive and a nine-member Board of County Commissioners , responsible for legislation. The executive serves a four-year term and the commissioners are elected to staggered three-year terms, of which four are elected from the county on an at-large basis and five of the commissioners represent equally populated districts. As of 2024, Atlantic County's Executive
1040-607: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of
1105-848: Is represented by Jeff Van Drew ( R , Dennis Township ). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2027) and George Helmy ( Mountain Lakes , term ends 2024). For the 2024-2025 session , the 1st legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Mike Testa ( R , Vineland ) and in the General Assembly by Antwan McClellan (R, Ocean City ) and Erik K. Simonsen (R, Lower Township ). Atlantic County
1170-657: Is the main road that passes through the city. The Garden State Parkway is accessible in neighboring Upper Township . NJ Transit provide bus service in the city on the 315 route that runs between Cape May and Philadelphia . Two FM radio stations serving the greater Atlantic City area transmit from a site in Corbin City. They are WENJ (97.3), an ESPN Radio affiliate licensed to Millville with studios in Northfield , and WRTQ (91.3), an Ocean City-licensed relay of WRTI in Philadelphia , which programs classical music and jazz. City (New Jersey) A city in
1235-412: The 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 95 votes (58.3% vs. 47.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 60 votes (36.8% vs. 44.5%), Independent Chris Daggett with 6 votes (3.7% vs. 4.8%) and other candidates with no votes (0.0% vs. 1.2%), among the 163 ballots cast by the city's 308 registered voters, yielding a 52.9% turnout (vs. 44.9% in the county). Corbin City
1300-543: The 2010 census count of 492, which in turn reflected an increase of 24 (+5.1%) from the 468 counted in the 2000 census . Corbin City was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 11, 1922, from portions of Weymouth Township . The borough was named for 19th-century banking and railroad entrepreneur Austin Corbin . The city has been one of several New Jersey municipalities that have considered consolidation. In 2008, Corbin City announced that it
1365-573: The 2012 presidential election , Republican Mitt Romney received 138 votes (58.0% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 91 votes (38.2% vs. 57.9%) and other candidates with 7 votes (2.9% vs. 0.9%), among the 238 ballots cast by the city's 315 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.6% (vs. 65.8% in Atlantic County). In the 2008 presidential election , Republican John McCain received 150 votes (62.5% vs. 41.6% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 85 votes (35.4% vs. 56.5%) and other candidates with 5 votes (2.1% vs. 1.1%), among
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#17327878950981430-765: The Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township or the Charter-Tech High School for the Performing Arts , located in Somers Point . As of May 2010, the city had a total of 10.44 miles (16.80 km) of roadways, of which 3.52 miles (5.66 km) were maintained by the municipality, 4.55 miles (7.32 km) by Atlantic County and 2.37 miles (3.81 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation . Route 50
1495-859: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from
1560-476: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing
1625-708: The electorate. There are 52 cities in New Jersey: Hispanic (U.S. census) In the United States census , the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in
1690-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census
1755-532: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in
1820-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while
1885-407: The 240 ballots cast by the city's 317 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.7% (vs. 68.1% in Atlantic County). In the 2004 presidential election , Republican George W. Bush received 143 votes (63.8% vs. 46.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 77 votes (34.4% vs. 52.0%) and other candidates with 1 vote (0.4% vs. 0.8%), among the 224 ballots cast by the city's 278 registered voters, for
1950-543: The City Council are Council President LaVerne Kirn (R, 2024), Bill Collins (R, 2023) and Daniel Patterson (R, 2025). In January 2022, the City Council selected former councilmember Thomas Bennis from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat vacated by Kristofer Surran, who resigned the previous month amid his accusations that his council colleagues had been violating
2015-467: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included
Corbin City, New Jersey - Misplaced Pages Continue
2080-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among
2145-522: The added costs of serving Corbin City would exceed revenues. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 8.97 square miles (23.24 km), including 7.70 square miles (19.94 km) of land and 1.28 square miles (3.3 km) of water (14.23%). Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Buck Hill and Rock Point. The city borders
2210-418: The age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city the population was spread out, with 29.9% under
2275-461: The age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 47,083, and the median income for a family was $ 56,000. Males had a median income of $ 35,938 versus $ 27,250 for females. The per capita income for
2340-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"
2405-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and
2470-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,
2535-510: The city was $ 21,321. None of the families and 4.9% of the population were living below the poverty line , including no under eighteens and 17.0% of those over 64. Corbin City operates within the City form of New Jersey municipal government. The city is one of 15 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The city's governing body is comprised of the Mayor and
2600-437: The city. The population density was 64.2 per square mile (24.8/km). There were 212 housing units at an average density of 27.7 per square mile (10.7/km). The racial makeup was 97.56% (480) White , 0.41% (2) Black or African American , 0.00% (0) Native American , 1.22% (6) Asian , 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander , 0.61% (3) from other races , and 0.20% (1) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.46% (17) of
2665-474: The city. The population density was 59.3 inhabitants per square mile (22.9/km). There were 204 housing units at an average density of 25.9 per square mile (10.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.02% White , 2.78% African American , 0.85% Native American , 1.28% Asian , 0.64% from other races , and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.99% of the population. There were 172 households, out of which 37.2% had children under
Corbin City, New Jersey - Misplaced Pages Continue
2730-470: The context of local government in New Jersey refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Despite the widely held perception of a city as a large, urban area , cities in New Jersey have a confused history as a form of government and vary in size from large, densely populated areas to much smaller hamlets . The 1897 and 1899 city charter laws applied only to areas with
2795-657: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census
2860-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,
2925-558: The district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Upper Township Primary School with 492 students in grades Pre-K–2, Upper Township Elementary School with 481 students in grades 3–5 and Upper Township Middle School with 469 students in grades 6–8. High school students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend Ocean City High School in Ocean City as part of
2990-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then
3055-487: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed
3120-658: The municipalities of Egg Harbor Township and Estell Manor in Atlantic County; and Upper Township in Cape May County . The city is one of 56 South Jersey municipalities that are included within the New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve , a protected natural area of unique ecology covering 1,100,000 acres (450,000 ha), that has been classified as a United States Biosphere Reserve and established by Congress in 1978 as
3185-736: The nation's first National Reserve. All of the city is included either in the state-designated Pinelands area (which includes portions of Atlantic County, along with areas in Burlington , Camden , Cape May , Cumberland , Gloucester and Ocean counties) or in the Pinelands National Reserve. Corbin City is the least-populous municipality with the city type of government in New Jersey. While there are municipalities with smaller populations, they are either boroughs, towns, townships or villages. The 2010 United States census counted 492 people, 185 households, and 130 families in
3250-403: The population were under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 96.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 92.9 males. As of the 2000 United States census there were 468 people, 172 households, and 120 families residing in
3315-681: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of
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#17327878950983380-414: The population. Of the 185 households, 30.3% had children under the age of 18; 53.0% were married couples living together; 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 29.7% were non-families. Of all households, 24.9% were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.18. 23.2% of
3445-427: The process for selection of a board of education (1897: elected; 1899: appointed by the council). By 1987, there were only eleven cities under these City Acts (including East Orange , which effectively operated under a special City charter). As in other forms, many amendments, revisions and changes had been made over the years, leading to confusing and often conflicting legislation. The City Act of 1987 provides for
3510-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry
3575-511: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry
3640-473: The state's Open Public Meetings Act by addressing official city business outside of public meetings. In 2018, the city had an average property tax bill of $ 3,680, the lowest in the county, compared to an average bill of $ 6,367 in Atlantic County and $ 8,767 statewide. Corbin City is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
3705-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in
3770-549: The three-member City Council. The Mayor is elected at-large to a two-year term of office and the City Council has three members elected at-large to three-year terms in office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. As of 2023, the Mayor of Corbin City is Republican Robert J. Schulte, whose term of office ends December 31, 2024. Members of
3835-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent
3900-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on
3965-411: Was investigating a prospective merger with neighboring Upper Township , across the county line in Cape May County , citing proximity and that Corbin City's children already attend Upper Township schools. There are no municipalities within New Jersey that have incorporated lands within multiple counties, and by 2010 Cape May County's Board of Chosen Freeholders objected to the plan, citing an analysis that
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#17327878950984030-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting
4095-538: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire
4160-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from
4225-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as
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