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97-470: The main feature of coronary care is the availability of telemetry or the continuous monitoring of the cardiac rhythm by electrocardiography . This allows early intervention with medication , cardioversion or defibrillation , improving the prognosis. As arrhythmias are relatively common in this group, patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina are routinely admitted to the coronary care unit. For other indications, such as atrial fibrillation ,

194-425: A cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed by experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments). For instance, an example of biomedical engineering in situ involves the procedures to directly create an implant from a patient's own tissue within

291-700: A CCU was given in 1961 to the British Thoracic Society by Desmond Julian , who founded the first CCU at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in 1964. Early CCUs were also located in Sydney , Kansas City , Toronto and Philadelphia . The first coronary care unit in the US was opened at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas by Hughes Day, and he coined the term. Bethany Medical Center

388-485: A base station. Telemetry hardware is useful for tracking persons and property in law enforcement. An ankle collar worn by convicts on probation can warn authorities if a person violates the terms of his or her parole , such as by straying from authorized boundaries or visiting an unauthorized location. Telemetry has also enabled bait cars , where law enforcement can rig a car with cameras and tracking equipment and leave it somewhere they expect it to be stolen. When stolen

485-446: A crucial determinant for treatment protocols and prognostic assessment. Space exploration utilizes in situ planetary research methods, conducting direct observational studies and data collection on celestial bodies , thereby avoiding the complexities inherent in sample-return missions . The humanities , notably archaeology , employ in situ methodologies to maintain contextual authenticity. Archaeological investigations preserve

582-430: A decimeter band and PPM on a centimeter band. Telemetry has been used by weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920. Telemetry is used to transmit drilling mechanics and formation evaluation information uphole, in real time, as a well is drilled. These services are known as Measurement while drilling and Logging while drilling . Information acquired thousands of feet below ground, while drilling,

679-862: A distance. In 1906 a set of seismic stations were built with telemetering to the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia. In 1912, Commonwealth Edison developed a system of telemetry to monitor electrical loads on its power grid. The Panama Canal (completed 1913–1914) used extensive telemetry systems to monitor locks and water levels. Wireless telemetry made early appearances in the radiosonde , developed concurrently in 1930 by Robert Bureau in France and Pavel Molchanov in Russia . Molchanov's system modulated temperature and pressure measurements by converting them to wireless Morse code . The German V-2 rocket used

776-466: A field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting. In gastronomy , "in situ" refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available at the site of the event. Here a person is not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to the person's home. In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong , in-situ land exchange refers to

873-475: A level of care intermediate to that of the intensive care unit and that of the general medical floor. These units typically serve patients who require cardiac telemetry, such as those with unstable angina . Coronary care units developed in the 1960s when it became clear that close monitoring by specially trained staff, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and medical measures could reduce the mortality from complications of cardiovascular disease. The first description of

970-507: A major role in disease prevention and precision irrigation. These stations transmit parameters necessary for decision-making to a base station: air temperature and relative humidity , precipitation and leaf wetness (for disease prediction models), solar radiation and wind speed (to calculate evapotranspiration ), water deficit stress (WDS) leaf sensors and soil moisture (crucial to irrigation decisions). Because local micro-climates can vary significantly, such data needs to come from within

1067-402: A mechanism where landowners can swap their existing or expired leases with new grants for the same land parcel. This approach facilitates redevelopment while preserving the property's original location. In the field of recognition of governments under public international law the term in situ is used to distinguish between an exiled government and a government with effective control over

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1164-1092: A methodological framework that emphasizes the relationship between artistic works and their environmental or cultural settings. In aerospace structural health monitoring , in situ inspection denotes diagnostic methodologies that evaluate components within their operational environments—eliminating the need for disassembly or service interruption. The nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques employed for in situ damage detection include: infrared thermography , which measures thermal emissions to identify structural anomalies; speckle shearing interferometry (also known as shearography ), which analyzes surface deformation patterns; and ultrasonic testing , which uses sound wave propagation to detect internal defects in composite materials . Each technique exhibits characteristic operational constraints. Infrared thermography exhibits reduced effectiveness on low- emissivity materials, shearography requires carefully controlled environmental conditions, and ultrasonic testing protocols can be time-intensive for large structural components. Nevertheless,

1261-410: A physical storage facility such as hay. In electrochemistry , the phrase in situ refers to performing electrochemical experiments under operating conditions of the electrochemical cell, i.e., under potential control. This is opposed to doing ex situ experiments that are performed under the absence of potential control. Potential control preserves the electrochemical environment essential to maintain

1358-531: A presenter looking at tips on a smart glass to reduce their speaking rate during a speech, or technicians receiving online and stepwise instructions for repairing an engine. An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm , if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1) , that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input. Typically such an algorithm operates on data objects directly in place rather than making copies of them. For example, heapsort

1455-430: A principal object of constant commercial telemetry. This typically includes monitoring of tank farms in gasoline refineries and chemical plants—and distributed or remote tanks, which must be replenished when empty (as with gas station storage tanks, home heating oil tanks, or ag-chemical tanks at farms), or emptied when full (as with production from oil wells, accumulated waste products, and newly produced fluids). Telemetry

1552-439: A project site. In this case, it is used to designate the state of an unmodified sample taken from a given stockpile. Site construction usually involves grading the existing soil surface so that material is "cut" out of one area and "filled" in another area creating a flat pad on an existing slope. The term "in situ" distinguishes soil still in its existing condition from soil modified (filled) during construction. The differences in

1649-410: A ranging device (the rangefinding telemeter ), by the late 19th century the same term had been in wide use by electrical engineers applying it refer to electrically operated devices measuring many other quantities besides distance (for instance, in the patent of an "Electric Telemeter Transmitter" ). General telemeters included such sensors as the thermocouple (from the work of Thomas Johann Seebeck ),

1746-548: A report of 250 patients with acute MI's, who had experienced significantly better survival rates in CCUs compared to other institutions. This, along with other reports, led to an increase in coronary care units. Now catheterization units are commonplace in large cities. Telemetry#Medicine Telemetry is the in situ collection of measurements or other data at remote points and their automatic transmission to receiving equipment ( telecommunication ) for monitoring. The word

1843-465: A route truck or to a headquarters. This data could be used for a variety of purposes, such as eliminating the need for drivers to make a first trip to see which items needed to be restocked before delivering the inventory. Retailers also use RFID tags to track inventory and prevent shoplifting. Most of these tags passively respond to RFID readers (e.g., at the cashier), but active RFID tags are available which periodically transmit location information to

1940-484: A specific indication is generally necessary, while for others, such as heart block , coronary care unit admission is standard. In the United States, cardiac conditions accounted for eight of the eighteen conditions and procedures with high ICU utilization (ICU utilization in more than 40% of stays) in 2011. In the United States, coronary care units are usually subsets of intensive care units (ICU) dedicated to

2037-546: A system of primitive multiplexed radio signals called "Messina" to report four rocket parameters, but it was so unreliable that Wernher von Braun once claimed it was more useful to watch the rocket through binoculars. In the US and the USSR, the Messina system was quickly replaced with better systems; in both cases, based on pulse-position modulation (PPM). Early Soviet missile and space telemetry systems which were developed in

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2134-484: A type of malignant skin cancer . In this stage, the cancerous melanocytes —the pigment-producing cells that give skin its color—are confined to the epidermis , the outermost layer of the skin . The melanoma has not yet penetrated into the deeper dermal layers of the skin or metastasized to other parts of the body. Beyond oncology, in situ applies to fields that require maintenance of natural anatomical or physiological positions. In orthopedic surgery , for example,

2231-467: A versatile platform for storage and release of therapeutic proteins. It has tremendous applications for cancer treatment, vaccination, diagnosis, regenerative medicine, and therapies for loss-of-function genetic diseases. In chemical engineering, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures that are performed in place." For example, aged catalysts in industrial reactors may be regenerated in place ( in situ ) without being removed from

2328-459: Is also recorded so the team can assess driver performance and (in case of an accident) the FIA can determine or rule out driver error as a possible cause. Later developments include two-way telemetry which allows engineers to update calibrations on the car in real time (even while it is out on the track). In Formula One, two-way telemetry surfaced in the early 1990s and consisted of a message display on

2425-555: Is also used for the remote monitoring of substations and their equipment. For data transmission, phase line carrier systems operating on frequencies between 30 and 400 kHz are sometimes used. In falconry , "telemetry" means a small radio transmitter carried by a bird of prey that will allow the bird's owner to track it when it is out of sight. Telemetry is used in testing hostile environments which are dangerous to humans. Examples include munitions storage facilities, radioactive sites, volcanoes, deep sea, and outer space. Telemetry

2522-499: Is also where the first "crash carts" were developed. Studies published in 1967 revealed that those observed in a coronary care setting had consistently better outcomes. DF Beck performed the first successful resuscitation of a physician with myocardial infarction in 1953, and pioneered the use of open-chest defibrillation. Zoll introduced external defibrillation in Boston in 1956, and Kouwenhoven and colleagues at Johns Hopkins highlighted

2619-409: Is an in situ sorting algorithm, which sorts the elements of an array in place. Quicksort is an in situ sorting algorithm, but in the worst case it requires linear space on the call stack (this can be reduced to log space). Merge sort is generally not written as an in situ algorithm. AJAX partial page data updates is another example of in situ in a Web UI/UX context. Web 2.0 included AJAX and

2716-413: Is commonly applied in the context of carcinoma in situ (CIS), a term describing abnormal cells confined to their original location without invasion of surrounding tissue. CIS is a critical term in early cancer diagnosis , as it signifies a non-invasive stage, allowing for more targeted interventions before potential progression. Similarly, melanoma in situ is an early, localized form of melanoma ,

2813-589: Is derived from the Greek roots tele , 'far off', and metron , 'measure'. Systems that need external instructions and data to operate require the counterpart of telemetry: telecommand . Although the term commonly refers to wireless data transfer mechanisms (e.g., using radio , ultrasonic, or infrared systems), it also encompasses data transferred over other media such as a telephone or computer network , optical link or other wired communications like power line carriers. Many modern telemetry systems take advantage of

2910-519: Is especially useful when the clinical examination is limited. Telemetry is used to study wildlife, and has been useful for monitoring threatened species at the individual level. Animals under study can be outfitted with instrumentation tags, which include sensors that measure temperature, diving depth and duration (for marine animals), speed and location (using GPS or Argos packages). Telemetry tags can give researchers information about animal behavior, functions, and their environment. This information

3007-421: Is not in situ (see wh-movement ): "What did John buy?" In literature in situ is used to describe a condition. The Rosetta Stone , for example, was originally erected in a courtyard, for public viewing. Most pictures of the famous stone are not in situ pictures of it erected, as it would have been originally. The stone was uncovered as part of building material, within a wall. Its in situ condition today

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3104-1097: Is reported like individual window metrics, counts of used features, and individual function timings. In situ In situ is a Latin phrase meaning "in place" or "on site", derived from in ("in") and situ ( ablative of situs , "place"). The term refers to the examination or preservation of phenomena within their original place or context. This methodological approach, used across diverse disciplines, maintains contextual integrity essential for accurate analysis. Conversely, ex situ methods examine subjects outside their original context. The natural sciences frequently implement in situ methodologies. Geological studies employ field analysis of soil composition and rock formations , while environmental science relies on direct ecosystem monitoring to obtain accurate environmental data. Biological field research examines organisms in their natural habitats , revealing behavioral patterns and ecological interactions that laboratory settings cannot replicate. In chemistry and experimental physics , in situ techniques enable

3201-430: Is sent through the drilling hole to the surface sensors and the demodulation software. The pressure wave (sana) is translated into useful information after DSP and noise filters. This information is used for Formation evaluation , Drilling Optimization, and Geosteering . Telemetry is a key factor in modern motor racing, allowing race engineers to interpret data collected during a test or race and use it to properly tune

3298-628: Is that it is erected, vertically, on public display at the British Museum in London, England. The term in situ in the medical context is part of a group of two-word Latin expressions, including in vitro , in vivo , and ex vivo . Similar to abbreviations, these terms support the concise transfer of essential information in medical communication. In situ , specifically, is among the most widely used and versatile Latin terms in medical discourse in modern times. In oncology , in situ

3395-589: Is the primary source of real-time measurement and status information transmitted during the testing of crewed and uncrewed aircraft. Intercepted telemetry was an important source of intelligence for the United States and UK when Soviet missiles were tested; for this purpose, the United States operated a listening post in Iran . Eventually, the Russians discovered the United States intelligence-gathering network and encrypted their missile-test telemetry signals. Telemetry

3492-479: Is then either stored (with archival tags) or the tags can send (or transmit) their information to a satellite or handheld receiving device. Capturing and marking wild animals can put them at some risk, so it is important to minimize these impacts. At a 2005 workshop in Las Vegas , a seminar noted the introduction of telemetry equipment which would allow vending machines to communicate sales and inventory data to

3589-410: Is used by crewed or uncrewed spacecraft for data transmission. Distances of more than 10 billion kilometres have been covered, e.g., by Voyager 1 . In rocketry, telemetry equipment forms an integral part of the rocket range assets used to monitor the position and health of a launch vehicle to determine range safety flight termination criteria (Range purpose is for public safety). Problems include

3686-608: Is used by the railway industry for measuring the health of trackage . This permits optimized and focused predictive and preventative maintenance. Typically this is done with specialized trains, such as the New Measurement Train used in the United Kingdom by Network Rail , which can check for track defects, such as problems with gauge , and deformations in the rail. Japan uses similar, but quicker trains, nicknamed Doctor Yellow . Such trains, besides checking

3783-413: Is used for patients ( biotelemetry ) who are at risk of abnormal heart activity, generally in a coronary care unit . Telemetry specialists are sometimes used to monitor many patients within a hospital. Such patients are outfitted with measuring, recording and transmitting devices. A data log can be useful in diagnosis of the patient's condition by doctors . An alerting function can alert nurses if

3880-576: Is used in many battery operated wireless systems to inform monitoring personnel when the battery power is reaching a low point and the end item needs fresh batteries. In the mining industry, telemetry serves two main purposes: the measurement of key parameters from mining equipment and the monitoring of safety practices. The information provided by the collection and analysis of key parameters allows for root-cause identification of inefficient operations, unsafe practices and incorrect equipment usage for maximizing productivity and safety. Further applications of

3977-830: Is used to communicate the variable measurements of flow and tank level sensors detecting fluid movements and/or volumes by pneumatic , hydrostatic , or differential pressure; tank-confined ultrasonic , radar or Doppler effect echoes; or mechanical or magnetic sensors. Telemetry of bulk solids is common for tracking and reporting the volume status and condition of grain and livestock feed bins, powdered or granular food, powders and pellets for manufacturing, sand and gravel, and other granular bulk solids. While technology associated with fluid tank monitoring also applies, in part, to granular bulk solids, reporting of overall container weight, or other gross characteristics and conditions, are sometimes required, owing to bulk solids' more complex and variable physical characteristics. Telemetry

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4074-599: The Earth sciences , in situ typically describes natural material or processes prior to transport. For example, in situ is used in relation to the distinction between weathering and erosion , the difference being that erosion requires a transport medium (such as wind , ice , or water ), whereas weathering occurs in situ . Geochemical processes are also often described as occurring to material in situ . In oceanography and ocean sciences , in situ generally refers to observational methods made by obtaining direct samples of

4171-532: The European Space Agency (ESA), and other agencies use telemetry and/or telecommand systems to collect data from spacecraft and satellites. Telemetry is vital in the development of missiles, satellites and aircraft because the system might be destroyed during or after the test. Engineers need critical system parameters to analyze (and improve) the performance of the system. In the absence of telemetry, this data would often be unavailable. Telemetry

4268-507: The in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need

4365-460: The resistance thermometer (by William Siemens based on the work of Humphry Davy ), and the electrical strain gauge (based on Lord Kelvin 's discovery that conductors under mechanical strain change their resistance ) and output devices such as Samuel Morse 's telegraph sounder and the relay . In 1889 this led an author in the Institution of Civil Engineers proceedings to suggest that

4462-540: The 19th century. One of the first data-transmission circuits was developed in 1845 between the Russian Tsar 's Winter Palace and army headquarters. In 1874, French engineers built a system of weather and snow-depth sensors on Mont Blanc that transmitted real-time information to Paris . In 1901 the American inventor C. Michalke patented the selsyn , a circuit for sending synchronized rotation information over

4559-412: The car for optimum performance. Systems used in series such as Formula One have become advanced to the point where the potential lap time of the car can be calculated, and this time is what the driver is expected to meet. Examples of measurements on a race car include accelerations ( G forces ) in three axes, temperature readings, wheel speed, and suspension displacement. In Formula One, driver input

4656-425: The care of critically ill cardiac patients. These units are usually present in hospitals that routinely engage in cardiothoracic surgery. Invasive monitoring such as with pulmonary artery catheters is common, as are supportive modalities such as mechanical ventilation and intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP). Certain hospitals, such as Johns Hopkins [1] , maintain mixed units consisting of both acute care units for

4753-441: The computation to where data is located, rather than the other way like in traditional RDBMS systems where data is moved to computational space. This is also known as in-situ processing . In design and advertising the term typically means the superimposing of theoretical design elements onto photographs of real world locations. This is a pre-visualization tool to aid in illustrating a proof of concept. In physical geography and

4850-417: The concept of asynchronous requests to servers to replace a portion of a web page with new data, without reloading the entire page, as the early HTML model dictated. Arguably, all asynchronous data transfers or any background task is in situ as the normal state is normally unaware of background tasks, usually notified on completion by a callback mechanism. With big data , in situ data would mean bringing

4947-468: The confines of the Operating Room . In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the original organism or environment. To bridge

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5044-516: The critically ill, and intermediate care units for patients who are not critical. Acute coronary care units (ACCUs), also called "critical coronary care units" (CCCUs), are equivalent to intensive care in the level of service provided. Patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock , or post-operative "open-heart" patients commonly abide here. Subacute coronary care units (SCCUs), also called progressive care units (PCUs), intermediate coronary care units (ICCUs), or stepdown units, provide

5141-552: The crop. Monitoring stations usually transmit data back by terrestrial radio , although occasionally satellite systems are used. Solar power is often employed to make the station independent of the power grid. Telemetry is important in water management , including water quality and stream gauging functions. Major applications include AMR ( automatic meter reading ), groundwater monitoring, leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment surveillance. Having data available in almost real time allows quick reactions to events in

5238-658: The dashboard which the team could update. Its development continued until May 2001, when it was first allowed on the cars. By 2002, teams were able to change engine mapping and deactivate engine sensors from the pit while the car was on the track. For the 2003 season, the FIA banned two-way telemetry from Formula One; however, the technology may be used in other types of racing or on road cars. One way telemetry system has also been applied in R/C racing car to get information by car's sensors like: engine RPM, voltage, temperatures, throttle. In

5335-599: The determination of individual identification, causes of death, and other forensic parameters. The concept of in situ in contemporary art emerged as a critical framework during the late 1960s and 1970s, designating artworks conceived and executed for specific spatial contexts. Such works incorporate the site's physical, historical, political, and sociological parameters as integral compositional elements. This methodology stands in contrast to autonomous artistic production, wherein works maintain independence from their eventual display locations. Theoretical discourse regarding

5432-546: The dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation. In conservation of genetic resources , " in situ conservation " (also "on-site conservation ") is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat , as opposed to ex situ conservation (also "off-site conservation"). In chemistry, in situ typically means "in

5529-473: The distinct preservation conditions in underwater environments, where diminished oxygen levels and temperature stability facilitate long-term artifact preservation. The extraction of artifacts from these submerged environments and subsequent exposure to atmospheric conditions typically accelerates deterioration processes, most notably in the oxidation of ferrous materials. In archaeological contexts involving burial sites, in situ documentation encompasses

5626-531: The double layer structure intact and the electron transfer reactions occurring at that particular potential in the electrode/electrolyte interphasial region. In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and stimulating the natural processes in the soil , contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy  (STEM), in situ refers to

5723-539: The effectiveness of a combo of mouth-to-mouth, sternal compression, and closed chest defibrillation in restoring cardiac function in ventricular fibrillation patients. The first diagnostic angiogram was discovered by Mason Sones in 1958, due to an accidental injection of dye directly into the coronary artery rather than into the entire circulation - something that was previously believed to be fatal. These developments led to an interest in intensive care for myocardial infarction. In 1967, Thomas Killip and John Kimball published

5820-710: The epilepsy monitoring unit, neuro ICU, pediatric ICU and newborn ICU. Due to the labor-intensive nature of continuous EEG monitoring NT is typically done in the larger academic teaching hospitals using in-house programs that include R.EEG Technologists, IT support staff, neurologist and neurophysiologist and monitoring support personnel. Modern microprocessor speeds, software algorithms and video data compression allow hospitals to centrally record and monitor continuous digital EEGs of multiple critically ill patients simultaneously. Neurotelemetry and continuous EEG monitoring provides dynamic information about brain function that permits early detection of changes in neurologic status, which

5917-478: The extreme environment (temperature, acceleration and vibration), the energy supply , antenna alignment and (at long distances, e.g., in spaceflight ) signal travel time . Today nearly every type of aircraft , missiles , or spacecraft carries a wireless telemetry system as it is tested. Aeronautical mobile telemetry is used for the safety of the pilots and persons on the ground during flight tests. Telemetry from an on-board flight test instrumentation system

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6014-516: The field. Telemetry control allows engineers to intervene with assets such as pumps and by remotely switching pumps on or off depending on the circumstances. Watershed telemetry is an excellent strategy of how to implement a water management system. Telemetry is used in complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft , oil rigs , and chemical plants since it allows the automatic monitoring, alerting, and record-keeping necessary for efficient and safe operation. Space agencies such as NASA , ISRO ,

6111-589: The item, its package, or (for large items and bulk shipments) affixed to its shipping container or vehicle. This facilitates knowledge of their location, and can record their status and disposition, as when merchandise with barcode labels is scanned through a checkout reader at point-of-sale systems in a retail store. Stationary or hand-held barcode RFID scanners or Optical reader with remote communications, can be used to expedite inventory tracking and counting in stores, warehouses, shipping terminals, transportation carriers and factories. Fluids stored in tanks are

6208-584: The late 1940s used either PPM (e.g., the Tral telemetry system developed by OKB-MEI) or pulse-duration modulation (e.g., the RTS-5 system developed by NII-885). In the United States, early work employed similar systems, but were later replaced by pulse-code modulation (PCM) (for example, in the Mars probe Mariner 4 ). Later Soviet interplanetary probes used redundant radio systems, transmitting telemetry by PCM on

6305-476: The low cost and ubiquity of GSM networks by using SMS to receive and transmit telemetry data. A telemeter is a physical device used in telemetry. It consists of a sensor , a transmission path, and a display, recording, or control device. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry and can be wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital . Other technologies are also possible, such as mechanical, hydraulic and optical. Telemetry may be commutated to allow

6402-457: The materials are cheaper, and the work is versatile and adaptable. Prefabricated techniques are usually much quicker, therefore saving money on labour costs, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are also inflexible, and must often be designed on a grid, with all details fully calculated in advance. Finished units may require special handling due to excessive dimensions. The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near

6499-716: The most efficient use of energy. Such systems also facilitate predictive maintenance . Many resources need to be distributed over wide areas. Telemetry is useful in these cases, since it allows the logistics system to channel resources where they are needed, as well as provide security for those assets; principal examples of this are dry goods, fluids, and granular bulk solids. Dry goods, such as packaged merchandise, may be tracked and remotely monitored, tracked and inventoried by RFID sensing systems, barcode reader , optical character recognition (OCR) reader, or other sensing devices—coupled to telemetry devices, to detect RFID tags , barcode labels or other identifying markers affixed to

6596-838: The observation of materials as they are exposed to external stimuli within the microscope, under conditions that mimic their natural environments. This enables real-time observation of material behavior at the nanoscale . External stimuli in in situ TEM/STEM experiments include mechanical loading and pressure, temperature changes, electrical currents ( biasing ), radiation , and environmental factors—such as exposure to gas, liquid, and magnetic field —or any combination of these. These conditions allow researchers to study atomic-level processes such as phase transformations , chemical reactions, or mechanical deformations , providing insights into material behavior and properties essential for advancements in materials science . In psychology experiments , in situ typically refers to those experiments done in

6693-555: The observation of substances and reactions under native conditions, facilitating the documentation of dynamic processes. In situ applications extend to various applied sciences as well. Aerospace industry implements on-site inspection protocols and monitoring systems for operational evaluation without system interruption. In medical terminology, particularly oncology , in situ designates early-stage cancers that remain confined to their point of origin. This diagnostic classification—indicating no invasion of adjacent tissues—serves as

6790-405: The ocean state, such as that obtained by shipboard surveying using a lowered CTD rosette that directly measure ocean salinity , temperature , pressure and other biogeochemical quantities like dissolved oxygen. Historically a reversing thermometer would be used to record the ocean temperature at a particular depth and a Niskin or Nansen bottle used to capture and bring water samples back to

6887-424: The ocean surface for further analysis of the physical, chemical or biological composition. In the atmospheric sciences , in situ refers to obtained through direct contact with the respective subject, such as a radiosonde measuring a parcel of air or an anemometer measuring wind, as opposed to remote sensing such as weather radar or satellites . In economics, in situ is used when referring to

6984-401: The orbital distance they are currently observed rather than to have migrated from a different orbit (referred to as ex situ formation ). In biology and biomedical engineering , in situ means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e., without moving it to some special medium). In the case of observations or photographs of living animals, it means that the organism

7081-430: The patient is suffering from an acute (or dangerous) condition. Systems are available in medical-surgical nursing for monitoring to rule out a heart condition, or to monitor a response to antiarrhythmic medications such as amiodarone . A new and emerging application for telemetry is in the field of neurophysiology, or neurotelemetry. Neurophysiology is the study of the central and peripheral nervous systems through

7178-484: The reaction mixture." There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and adrenochrome . In biomedical engineering, protein nanogels made by the in situ polymerization method provide

7275-469: The reactors. In architecture and building , in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the building site using raw materials - as opposed to prefabricated construction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly. For example, concrete slabs may be cast in situ (also "cast-in-place") or prefabricated . In situ techniques are often more labour-intensive, and take longer, but

7372-469: The recording of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. In neurotelemetry (NT) the electroencephalogram (EEG) of a patient is monitored remotely by a registered EEG technologist using advanced communication software. The goal of neurotelemetry is to recognize a decline in a patient's condition before physical signs and symptoms are present. Neurotelemetry is synonymous with real-time continuous video EEG monitoring and has application in

7469-414: The relevant artworks, particularly through the writings and practices of French conceptual artist and sculptor Daniel Buren , emphasized the dialectical relationship between artistic intervention and environmental context. The site-specific installations of Christo and Jeanne-Claude serve as notable examples of applying in situ principles in art. Their architectural interventions, characterized by

7566-518: The soil properties for supporting building loads, accepting underground utilities, and infiltrating water persist indefinitely. A use of the term in-situ that appears in Computer Science focuses primarily on the use of technology and user interfaces to provide continuous access to situationally relevant information in various locations and contexts. Examples include athletes viewing biometric data on smartwatches to improve their performance,

7663-594: The spatial distribution and typological characteristics of unexcavated in situ deposits, thereby informing subsequent excavation plans. The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage establishes mandatory principles for signatory states regarding underwater shipwrecks . Among its directives is the stipulation that in situ preservation constitutes the preferred methodological approach. This protocol derives from

7760-423: The spatial relationships and environmental conditions of artifacts at excavation sites, enabling more precise historical analysis. In art theory and practice, the in situ principle guides both creation and exhibition. Site-specific artworks , such as environmental sculptures or architectural installations, demonstrate deliberate integration with their designated locations. This contextual placement establishes

7857-600: The systematic integration of these complementary methodologies substantially enhances overall diagnostic capabilities. An additional approach involves the use of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) sensor arrays in real-time monitoring applications, facilitating in situ detection of structural degradation phenomena—including matrix discontinuities, interlaminar delaminations , and fiber fracture mechanisms—through quantitative analysis of electrical resistance and capacitance variations within composite laminate configurations. In archaeological methodology,

7954-481: The systematic recording and cataloging of human remains in their original depositional positions, often within complex matrices that incorporate sediments , clothing, and other associated artifacts. Mass grave excavations exemplify the methodological challenges of maintaining in situ preservation, as the presence of multiple individuals, sometimes numbering in the hundreds, necessitates comprehensive documentation of spatial relationships and contextual elements prior to

8051-706: The systematic wrapping of built structures and landscape elements in textile materials, effected temporary spatial reconfigurations that altered public perception of established environments, as seen in The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985) and Wrapped Reichstag (1995). The approach to in situ practice underwent further development through the land art movement, wherein practitioners such as Robert Smithson and Michael Heizer integrated their works directly into terrestrial environments, forging inextricable relationships between artistic intervention and geographical context. Within contemporary aesthetic discourse,

8148-415: The technology allow for sharing knowledge and best practices across the organization. In software, telemetry is used to gather data on the use and performance of applications and application components, e.g. how often certain features are used, measurements of start-up time and processing time, hardware, application crashes, and general usage statistics and/or user behavior. In some cases, very detailed data

8245-426: The telemetry equipment reports the location of the vehicle, enabling law enforcement to deactivate the engine and lock the doors when it is stopped by responding officers. In some countries, telemetry is used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed. The electricity meter communicates with a concentrator , and the latter sends the information through GPRS or GSM to the energy provider's server. Telemetry

8342-564: The telemetry from Soviet missile tests by building a telemeter of their own to intercept the radio signals and hence learn a great deal about Soviet capabilities. Telemeters are the physical devices used in telemetry. It consists of a sensor , a transmission path, and a display, recording, or control device. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry and can be wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital . Other technologies are also possible, such as mechanical, hydraulic and optical. Telemetering information over wire had its origins in

8439-1327: The term in situ designates artifacts and other materials that maintain their original depositional context, undisturbed since their initial deposition. The systematic documentation of spatial coordinates , stratigraphic position , and associated matrices of in situ materials enables the reconstruction of historical processes and cultural practices. While artifacts frequently require extraction for analytical purposes, archaeological features —including hearths , postholes , and architectural foundations —necessitate comprehensive in situ documentation to preserve contextual data during stratigraphic excavation . Documentation protocols encompass multiple recording methodologies: detailed field notation, scaled technical drawings , cartographic representation, and high-resolution photographic documentation. Contemporary archaeological practice incorporates advanced digital technologies, including 3D laser scanning , photogrammetry , unmanned aerial vehicles , and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to capture complex spatial relationships. Materials recovered from secondary contexts ( ex situ ), including those displaced through non-professional excavation activities, demonstrate diminished interpretive value; however, such assemblages may provide diagnostic indicators regarding

8536-547: The term in situ has evolved into a theoretical construct, denoting artistic methodologies predicated on the essential unity of work and site. A fraction of the globular star clusters in the Milky Way Galaxy , as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ . The rest might have been accreted from now-defunct dwarf galaxies. In astronomy, in situ also refers to in situ planet formation , in which planets are hypothesized to have formed at

8633-630: The term describes procedures where orthopedic plates such as bone screws are placed without altering the original alignment of the bone, as in "[the patient] was treated operatively with an in situ cannulated hip screw fixation". In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting lixiviant underground to dissolve ore and bringing the pregnant leach solution to surface for extraction. Commonly used in uranium mining but has also been used for copper mining. In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy crude oil or bitumen reservoirs beneath

8730-472: The term for the rangefinder telemeter might be replaced with tacheometer . In the 1930s use of electrical telemeters grew rapidly. The electrical strain gauge was widely used in rocket and aviation research and the radiosonde was invented for meteorological measurements. The advent of World War II gave an impetus to industrial development and henceforth many of these telemeters became commercially viable. Carrying on from rocket research, radio telemetry

8827-516: The territory, i.e. the government in situ . In linguistics , specifically syntax , an element may be said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the position where it is interpreted. For example, questions in languages such as Chinese have in situ wh-elements, with structures comparable to "John bought what?" with what in the same position in the sentence as the grammatical object would be in its affirmative counterpart (for example, "John bought bread"). An example of an English wh-element that

8924-590: The tracks, can also verify whether or not there are any problems with the overhead power supply (catenary), where it is installed. Dedicated rail inspection companies, such as Sperry Rail , have their own customized rail cars and rail-wheel equipped trucks, that use a variety of methods, including lasers, ultrasound, and induction (measuring resulting magnetic fields from running electricity into rails) to find any defects. Most activities related to healthy crops and good yields depend on timely availability of weather and soil data. Therefore, wireless weather stations play

9021-410: The transmission of multiple data streams in a fixed frame . The beginning of industrial telemetry lies in the steam age , although the sensor was not called telemeter at that time. Examples are James Watt 's (1736-1819) additions to his steam engines for monitoring from a (near) distance such as the mercury pressure gauge and the fly-ball governor . Although the original telemeter referred to

9118-430: The transportation industry, telemetry provides meaningful information about a vehicle or driver's performance by collecting data from sensors within the vehicle. This is undertaken for various reasons ranging from staff compliance monitoring, insurance rating to predictive maintenance. Telemetry is used to link traffic counter devices to data recorders to measure traffic flows and vehicle lengths and weights. Telemetry

9215-520: Was also a source for the Soviets, who operated listening ships in Cardigan Bay to eavesdrop on UK missile tests performed in the area . In factories, buildings and houses, energy consumption of systems such as HVAC are monitored at multiple locations; related parameters (e.g., temperature) are sent via wireless telemetry to a central location. The information is collected and processed, enabling

9312-414: Was observed (and photographed) in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where it was found. This means it was not taken out of the area. The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium. This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro . For example, examining

9409-539: Was used routinely as space exploration got underway. Spacecraft are in a place where a physical connection is not possible, leaving radio or other electromagnetic waves (such as infrared lasers) as the only viable option for telemetry. During crewed space missions it is used to monitor not only parameters of the vehicle, but also the health and life support of the astronauts. During the Cold War telemetry found uses in espionage. US intelligence found that they could monitor

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