19-880: Borasseae Caryoteae Chuniophoeniceae Corypheae Cryosophileae Phoeniceae Sabaleae Trachycarpeae The Coryphoideae is one of five subfamilies in the palm family, Arecaceae . It contains all of the genera with palmate leaves, excepting Mauritia , Mauritiella and Lepidocaryum , all of subfamily Calamoideae , tribe Lepidocaryeae , subtribe Mauritiinae . However, all Coryphoid palm leaves have induplicate (V-shaped) leaf folds (excepting Guihaia ), while Calamoid palms have reduplicate (inverted V-shaped) leaf folds. Pinnate leaves do occur in Coryphoideae, in Phoenix , Arenga , Wallichia and bipinnate in Caryota . Subfamily Coryphoideae
38-473: A vegetable or roasted and pounded to make meal. The fruits are eaten roasted or raw, as are the young, jelly-like seeds. A sugary sap , called toddy , can be obtained from the young inflorescence, both male and female, and this is fermented to make a beverage called arrack , or concentrated to produce a crude sugar called jaggery / palm sugar . It is called gula Jawa ( Javanese sugar) in Indonesia and
57-424: A house. It is also used for baskets, mats, hats, and more. The fruit is eaten by many. The fruit is called nungu. This fruit is also used to make sweets. The wood is used for making beds, tables, chairs, cabinets and much more. In ancient times, this plant's bark was used to make pencils to write on banana leaves. The Sri Lankan government has created a separate Palmyra Development Board for the sectoral development and
76-688: Is a tribe in the palm subfamily Coryphoideae . The tribe ranges from southern Africa and Madagascar north through the Arabian Peninsula to India , Indochina , Indonesia and New Guinea . Several genera are restricted to islands in the Indian Ocean . The two largest genera , Hyphaene and Borassus , are also the most widespread. Borassoid palms typically have large, column-like trunks, though several species of Hyphaene have branching or clustered stems. The leaves are large, palmate and often with spines or sharp edges along
95-449: Is a genus of five species of fan palms , native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Papua New Guinea . These massive palms can grow up to 30 m (98 ft) high and have robust trunks with distinct leaf scars; in some species, the trunk develops a distinct swelling just below the crown, though for unknown reasons. The leaves are fan-shaped, 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) long, with spines along
114-840: Is an extinct genus described from permineralized remains recovered from the Ypresian Princeton Chert in British Columbia, Canada. [REDACTED] Media related to Coryphoideae at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Data related to Coryphoideae at Wikispecies This palm -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Borasseae Bismarckia Hildebrandt & H. Wendl. Borassodendron Becc. Borassus L. Hyphaene Gaertn. Latania Comm. ex Juss. Lodoicea Comm. ex DC. Medemia Wurttemb. ex H. Wendl. Satranala J.Dransf. & Beentje Borasseae
133-427: Is divided into 8 tribes: The genus Sabinaria was discovered and described after the classification used here was published, but its morphology clearly places it in tribe Cryosophileae. The genus Saribus was split from Livistona , while Lanonia was split from Licuala , also after publication. Tribe Trachycarpeae was initially described as tribe 'Livistoneae', but the name Trachycarpeae has priority. Also Uhlia
152-631: Is restricted to Egypt and Sudan , while Hyphaene (8 spp.) ranges from southern Africa and Madagascar to western India. In subtribe Lataniieae , only the male flowers are sunken in pits and the fruits are sessile, with 1-3 seeds. Lodoicea (1 sp., L. maldivica ) is endemic to the Seychelles , Latania (3 spp.) is endemic to the Mascarene Islands , while Borassodendron has two species, one in Borneo ( B. borneense ) and one in
171-404: Is seen growing around Angkor Wat . Palmyra palms can live for over 100 years. In ancient India, palmyra leaves were used as writing paper , with their parallel veins providing a useful rule. In India, mature leaves of suitable size, shape, and texture were chosen and preserved by boiling in salt water with turmeric powder. Once dry enough, the leaf surfaces were polished with pumice , cut to
190-501: Is widely used in Javanese cuisine. The roots can be dried to form odiyal , a hard, chewable snack. In addition, the tree sap is taken as a laxative , and medicinal value has been ascribed to other parts of the plant. The palmyra tree ( பனை மரம் ) is the official tree of Tamil Nadu ; it is highly respected and used by the people. The leaf of the tree is used for fan making. It is also placed for roofs. The leaves are placed on top of
209-670: The Malay Peninsula ( B. machadonis ). The last of the genera, Borassus (5 spp.), is the most widespread and is found in Sub-Saharan Africa , Madagascar, Southeast Asia and New Guinea. An extinct genus of the subtribe Hyphaeninae is known from the Maastrichtian aged Intertrappean Beds of India. Many species in tribe Borasseae are threatened with extinction (36% of total recognized species): Borassus See text Borassus ( palmyra palm )
SECTION 10
#1732802142716228-559: The petiole margins (no spines in B. heineanus ). The leaf sheath has a distinct cleft at its base, through which the inflorescences appear; old leaf sheaths are retained on the trunk, but fall away with time. All Borassus palms are dioecious , with male and female flowers on separate plants; male flowers are less than 10 mm (0.39 in) long and in semicircular clusters, sandwiched between leathery bracts in pendulous catkins ; female flowers are 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) wide, globe-shaped and solitary, sitting directly on
247-494: The petioles . Leaves are retained on young palm stems, later falling to reveal prominent scars. All genera in the Borasseae are dioecious , with separate male and female trees; they are pleonanthic, flowering regularly for many years. Inflorescences are large and pendulous; the male flowers are much smaller than the female and are borne in clusters within catkin-like structures. Fruits contain hard, woody endocarps surrounding
266-481: The four tribes make up the syncarpous clade, all members of which have syncarpous ovaries with united carpels . The eight genera of tribe Borasseae split evenly into two subtribes. In the palms of subtribe Hyphaenieae , both the male and female flowers are sunken within pits and the fruits are stalked and typically one-seeded. Bismarckia (1 sp., B. nobilis ) and Satranala (1 sp., S. decussilvae ) are endemic to Madagascar, Medemia (1 sp., M. argun )
285-408: The most important trees of Cambodia and India, where it has over 800 uses. The leaves are used for thatching , mats , baskets , fans , hats , and umbrellas , and as writing material. In Sri Lanka , it is more common in the northern part of the country, where it has many uses including the production of jaggery from the syrup. In Cambodia, the tree is a national floral symbol/emblem that
304-431: The proper size and a hole was cut in one corner. Each leaf has four pages and a stylus is used to write; the style is cursive and interconnected. Completed leaves are then tied up as sheaves. The black timber is hard, heavy, and durable and highly valued for construction , especially in structures exposed to water, such as wharves, fences, and boats. The tree yields many types of food. The young plants are cooked as
323-403: The seeds; they range in size from date -sized ( Latania ) to the massive fruits of Lodoicea , which contain the largest seed in the world. The Borasseae is one of eight tribes in subfamily Coryphoideae. The tribe is monophyletic and most phylogenetic studies place it as sister to tribe Corypheae , though it is also close to tribe Caryoteae and tribe Chuniophoeniceae . Together,
342-452: The surface of the inflorescence axis. The fruits are 150–250 mm (5.9–9.8 in) wide and roughly spherical, and each contains one to three large seeds. Depending on the species, fruit colour varies from black to brown, yellow, or orange; the fibrous pulp is aromatic and sweet to taste. Each seed is enclosed in a woody endocarp , which protects it when the fruit is consumed by elephants, monkeys, and other frugivores . At germination ,
361-565: The young seedling extends downwards into the soil and only a few leaves are visible above ground; this provides some protection against frequent fires in its savanna habitat; after an indeterminate number of years (the establishment phase), the seedling forms a stem and quickly grows above the savanna vegetation, where it is then less vulnerable to fire. Palmyra palms are economically useful and widely cultivated, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The palmyra palm has long been one of
#715284