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88-615: The earliest account of major services being catered in the United States was an event for William Howe of Philadelphia in 1778. The event served local foods that were a hit with the attendees, who eventually popularized catering as a career. The official industry began to be recognized around the 1820’s, with the caterers being disproportionately African-American. The catering business began to form around 1820, centered in Philadelphia . The industry began to professionalize under

176-721: A cornet 's commission in the Duke of Cumberland's Dragoons in 1746, becoming a lieutenant the following year. He then served for two years in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession . After the war he was transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot , where he became a friend of James Wolfe . During the Seven Years' War Howe's service first brought him to America, and did much to raise his reputation. Promoted to

264-684: A light infantry battalion under General Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec . He was in the Battle of Beauport , and was chosen by Wolfe to lead the ascent from the Saint Lawrence River up to the Plains of Abraham that led to the British victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759. After spending the winter in the defence of Quebec City, his regiment fought in

352-613: A British force to capture the cliffs at Anse-au-Foulon , allowing James Wolfe to land his army and engage the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . Howe also participated in the campaigns to take Louisbourg , Belle Île and Havana . He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight , a post he held until 1795. Howe was sent to North America in March 1775, arriving in May after

440-517: A day or two [we] discovered that they ... had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain." Washington had intelligence that Howe had moved without taking the heavy river-crossing equipment, and was apparently not fooled at all. When Washington refused to take the bait, Howe withdrew the army to Perth Amboy , under harassment by Colonel Daniel Morgan 's skirmisher unit, Morgan's Riflemen , who used their superior weapons to snipe at and harry his forces as they moved. Washington moved down to

528-636: A familiar example of a catering truck in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom . Seat-back catering was a service offered by some charter airlines in the United Kingdom (e.g., Court Line , which introduced the idea in the early 1970s, and Dan-Air ) that involved embedding two meals in a single seat-back tray. "One helping was intended for each leg of a charter flight, but Alan Murray, of Viking Aviation, had earlier revealed that 'with

616-519: A lack of Loyalist support in the Philadelphia area. A small force sent north from New York by General Clinton in early October was also unable to assist Burgoyne. In October 1777 Howe sent his letter of resignation to London, complaining that he had been inadequately supported in that year's campaigns. He was finally notified in April 1778 that his resignation was accepted. A grand party, known as

704-466: A major role in the entry of France into the war . Howe's role in developing those plans and the degree to which he was responsible for British failures that year (despite his personal success at Philadelphia) have both been subjects of contemporary and historic debate. He was knighted after his successes in 1776. He resigned his post as Commander-in-Chief, British land forces in America, in 1777, and

792-408: A more exposed position, assuming Howe was going to embark his army on ships. Howe then launched a lightning strike designed to cut Washington's retreat off. This attempt was foiled by the Battle of Short Hills , which gave Washington time to retreat to a more secure position. Howe then did in fact embark his army and sailed south with his brother's fleet. Howe maintained an effective secrecy surrounding

880-420: A plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council), the attack, now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill , did not begin until that afternoon. With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack, the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by

968-422: A popular type of food at events, Christmas parties and weddings. A canapé is a type of hors d'oeuvre , a small, prepared, and often decorative food, consisting of a small piece of bread or pastry. They should be easier to pick up and not be bigger than one or two bites. The bite-sized food is usually served before the starter or main course or alone with drinks at a drinks party. A wedding caterer provides food for

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1056-471: A quartet of tales that first appeared in 1838–1839. Canap%C3%A9 A canapé ( French: [kanape] ) is a type of starter, a small, prepared, and often decorative food, consisting of a small piece of bread (sometimes toasted ) or cracker, wrapped or topped with some savoury food, held in the fingers and often eaten in one bite. The name comes from the French word for sofa , drawing on

1144-479: A role in the number of casualties incurred. Although Howe was not injured in the battle, it had a pronounced effect on his spirit. According to British historian George Otto Trevelyan , the battle "exercised a permanent and most potent influence" especially on Howe's behaviour, and that Howe's military skills thereafter "were apt to fail him at the very moment when they were especially wanted." Despite an outward appearance of confidence and popularity with his troops,

1232-615: A sea-based attack, thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army. This plan was developed to the extent that in April, Howe's army was seen constructing pontoon bridges; Washington, lodged in his winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey , thought they were for eventual use on the Delaware River. However, by mid-May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition: "I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon

1320-520: A second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton . Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter. Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat the Continental Army during the New York campaign. Contemporaries complained that his landing in Westchester failed to trap Washington, but failed to understand that his goal in

1408-476: A snowstorm interfered, and he eventually decided to withdraw from Boston. On 17 March, British troops and Loyalists evacuated the city , and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia . Howe and his troops began to arrive outside New York Harbour and made an uncontested landing on Staten Island to the west in early July. Howe, whose orders from Lord George Germain , the Secretary of State responsible for directing

1496-596: A wedding reception and party, traditionally called a wedding breakfast. A wedding caterer can be hired independently or can be part of a package designed by the venue. Catering service providers are often skilled and experienced in preparing and serving high-quality cuisine. They offer a diverse and rich selection of food, creating a great experience for their customers. There are many different types of wedding caterers, each with their approach to food. Merchant ships  – especially ferries , cruise liners , and large cargo ships  – often carry Catering Officers. In fact,

1584-711: Is also mentioned in The Battle of the Kegs , an American propaganda ballad written by Francis Hopkinson . In January 1776 Howe's role as commander in chief was cemented with a promotion to full general in North America. The siege was broken in March 1776 when Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox brought heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston during the winter, and General Washington used them to fortify Dorchester Heights , overlooking Boston and its harbour. Howe at first planned an assault on this position, but

1672-537: Is for Pennsylvania, where I expect to meet Washington, but if he goes to the northward contrary to my expectations, and you can keep him at bay, be assured I shall soon be after him to relieve you." This suggested that Howe would follow Washington if he went north to assist in the defence of the Hudson. Howe, however, sailed from New York on 23 July. On 30 August, shortly after his arrival at Head of Elk, Howe wrote to Germain that he would be unable to assist Burgoyne, citing

1760-403: Is likely that the resignation of both William and his brother Richard was due to their desire to hurry home to vindicate their conduct during the campaign. In 1779 Howe and his brother demanded a parliamentary inquiry into their actions. The inquiry that followed was unable to confirm any charges of impropriety or mismanagement levelled against either of them. Because of the inconclusive nature of

1848-584: The Bones episode "The Resurrection in the Remains", a crossover with Sleepy Hollow , in which Howe's decapitated skull is used as a murder weapon. The series also establishes that he was buried beneath an American church instead of Twickenham. Howe is also featured in "Howe's Masquerade" and "Old Esther Dudley", two of the stories that make up Nathaniel Hawthorne 's Legends of the Province House ,

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1936-458: The " Mischianza ", was thrown for the departing general on 18 May. Organized by his aides John André and Oliver De Lancey Jr. , the party featured a grand parade, fireworks, and dancing until dawn. Washington, aware that the British were planning to evacuate Philadelphia, sent the Marquis de Lafayette out with a small force on the night of the party to determine British movements. This movement

2024-645: The "genial six-footer with a face some people described as 'coarse ' ", privately often exhibited a lack of self-confidence, and in later campaigns became somewhat dependent on his older brother Richard (the admiral in the Royal Navy , also on station in the Colonies) for advice and approval. On 11 October 1775, General Gage sailed for England, and Howe took over as Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in America. British military planners in London had, with

2112-616: The 1777 campaign season. He proposed to send a 10,000-man force up the Hudson River to capture Albany, New York , in conjunction with an expedition sent south from Province of Quebec . He again wrote to Germain on 20 December 1776 with more elaborate proposals for 1777. These again included operations to gain control of the Hudson River, and included expanded operations from the base at Newport, and an expedition to take Philadelphia. The latter Howe saw as attractive, since Washington

2200-585: The 1880s at which point local directories began to use these term to describe the industry. White businessmen took over the industry by the 1900’s, with the Black Catering population disappearing. In the 1930s, the Soviet Union, creating more simple menus, began developing state public catering establishments as part of its collectivization policies. A rationing system was implemented during World War II, and people became used to public catering. After

2288-537: The 5th Viscount Howe and Baron Clenawly. In 1803, he resigned as lieutenant general of the ordnance, citing poor health. In 1808, he was appointed governor of Plymouth . He died at Twickenham in 1814 after a long illness. Howe had married Frances Connolly, often referred to as Fanny, in 1765. Their marriage was childless. Therefore, his titles died with him. His wife survived him by three years. Both are buried in Twickenham. Howe appears as an antagonist in

2376-541: The American Time Use Survey conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. There are many types of catering, including Event catering, Wedding Catering and Corporate Catering. An event caterer serves food at indoor and outdoor events, including corporate and workplace events and parties at home and venues. A mobile caterer serves food directly from a vehicle , cart or truck which is designed for

2464-574: The American War of Independence broke out. After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill , Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year. Howe's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia . However, poor campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign , which played

2552-643: The Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America. He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage , whom he knew was unpopular in government circles. In early 1775, when King George called on him to serve, he accepted, claiming publicly that if he did not, he would suffer "the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress." He sailed for America in March 1775, accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne . In May 1775 his colonelcy

2640-419: The April 1760 Battle of Sainte-Foy and subsequent siege of Quebec . He then led a brigade in the decisive Montreal Campaign under Jeffery Amherst before returning to England. Howe led a brigade in the 1761 Capture of Belle Île , off the French coast, and turned down the opportunity to become military governor after its capture so that he might continue in active service. He served as adjutant general of

2728-559: The House of Commons. In 1782, he was named lieutenant general of the ordnance and appointed to the Privy Council . His colonelcy was transferred from the 23rd Fusiliers to the 19th Light Dragoons in 1786. He resumed limited active duty in 1789, when a crisis with Spain over territorial claims in northwestern North America threatened to boil over into war. He was placed in command of the forces organized for action against Spain, but

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2816-734: The Jersies." When the campaign season opened in May 1777, General Washington moved most of his army from its winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey to a strongly fortified position in the Watchung Mountains . In June 1777, Howe began a series of odd moves in New Jersey, apparently in an attempt to draw Washington and his army out of that position onto terrain more favourable for a general engagement. His motives for this are uncertain; historian John Buchanan argues that Howe

2904-424: The New York area in the 28 October Battle of White Plains , and then turned his attention to consolidate British hold on Manhattan. In November he attacked the remaining Continental Army stronghold in the Battle of Fort Washington , taking several thousand prisoners. Washington then retreated across New Jersey, followed by Howe's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis . At this point, Howe prepared troops under

2992-550: The Second World War, many businessmen embraced catering as an alternative way of staying in business after the war. By the 1960s, the home-made food was overtaken by eating in public catering establishments. By the 2000s, personal chef services started gaining popularity, with more women entering the workforce. People between 15 and 24 years of age spent as little as 11–17 minutes daily on food preparation and clean-up activities in 2006-2016, according to figures revealed by

3080-432: The analogy that the garnish sits atop the bread as people do on a sofa. Because they are often served during cocktail hours, it is often desired that a canapé be either salty or spicy, in order to encourage guests to drink more. A canapé may also be referred to as finger food , although not all finger foods are canapés . Crackers or small slices of bread or toast or puff pastry are cut into various shapes, used as

3168-522: The army. He was promoted to major general in 1772, and in 1774 introduced new training drills for light infantry companies. In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies. He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts , and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against

3256-592: The base for savory butters or pastes, and often topped with other savory foods such as meat, cheese, fish, caviar , foie gras , purées or relish . Traditionally, canapés are built on stale bread (although other foods such as puff pastry, crackers, or fresh vegetables may be used as a base) cut in thin slices and then shaped with a cutter or knife into circles, rings, squares, strips or triangles. These are then deep fried , sautéed , or toasted, then topped or piped with highly processed and decoratively applied items. Colorful and eye-pleasing garnishes often complete

3344-528: The besieging colonial militia forces, setting its execution for 18 June. However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16–17 June, forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy. In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed

3432-412: The blame to Howe and Clinton. Howe's decision to focus his own activity on an expedition to Philadelphia may have been motivated by competition with General Burgoyne, who was given command of the northern force despite lobbying by Howe for its command to be given to Clinton. John Alden notes the jealousies among the British leaders, saying, "It is likely that [Howe] was as jealous of Burgoyne as Burgoyne

3520-400: The campaign was to secure Manhattan, and not necessarily to defeat Washington. However, historian George Billias observes that Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action. On 30 November 1776, as Washington was retreating across New Jersey, Howe had written to Germain with plans for

3608-435: The campaign. He first landed troops on Manhattan on 15 September and occupied New York City (which then covered only Lower Manhattan), although his advance northward on Upper Manhattan was checked the next day at Harlem Heights . He paused, spending nearly one month consolidating control of New York City and awaiting reinforcements. During this time he ordered the execution of Nathan Hale for espionage and had to deal with

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3696-557: The captured General John Sullivan to Philadelphia with a proposal for a peace conference. The meeting that resulted , conducted by Admiral Howe, was unsuccessful. The Howes had been given limited powers, as had the Congressional representatives, and the latter were insistent that the British recognise the recently declared colonial independence . This was not within the Howes' powers, so the conference failed, and Howe then continued

3784-439: The city on 26 September. The reception Howe received was not quite what he had expected, however. He had been led to believe that "Friends thicker than Woods" would greet him upon his arrival; he instead was greeted by women, children, and many deserted houses. Despite Howe's best attempts to minimise any misconduct by his troops (he authorised the execution of violators of his orders against it), marauding soldiers greatly impacted

3872-473: The clientele of caterers became the middle class, who could not afford lavish gatherings and increasing competition from white caterers led to a decline in black catering businesses. By the 1840s many restaurant owners began to combine catering services with their shops. Second-generation caterers grew the industry on the East Coast, becoming more widespread. Common usage of the word "caterer" came about in

3960-473: The colonial defenders. Howe's third assault gained the objective, but the cost of the day's battle was appallingly heavy. The British casualties, more than 1,000 killed or wounded, were the highest of any engagement in the war. Howe described it as a "success ... too dearly bought." Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield, his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised. One subordinate wrote that Howe's "absurd and destructive confidence" played

4048-656: The command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport, the other major goal of his plan. Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey, either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River , trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia . Howe rejected these proposals, despatching Clinton and General Hugh, Earl Percy , two vocal critics of his leadership, to take Newport. In early December, Howe came to Trenton, New Jersey to arrange

4136-548: The crisis was resolved and Howe did not see further action until 1793, when the French Revolutionary Wars involved Britain. He was promoted to full general in 1793, and commanded Northern District from 1793 and Eastern District from 1795. In 1795, he was appointed governor of Berwick-on-Tweed . When his brother Richard died in 1799 without surviving male issue, Howe inherited the Irish titles and became

4224-474: The daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington , an acknowledged illegitimate half-sister of King George I . His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III . This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all four sons, but all were also very capable officers. His father was a politician, who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735. William's eldest brother, General George Howe ,

4312-520: The disposition of his troops for the winter. Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware, and Howe returned to New York, believing the campaign to be ended for the season. When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776, Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington. Cornwallis was frustrated in this, with Washington gaining

4400-560: The effects of a major fire in the city. He then attempted a landing on the mainland at Throgs Neck , intending to flank Washington's position at Harlem Heights. However, the narrow causeway between the beach and the mainland was well-defended, and he ended up withdrawing the troops. He made a successful landing of troops at Pell's Point in Westchester County , but Washington managed to avoid being flanked, retreating to White Plains . Howe successfully forced Washington out of

4488-463: The entrenched Americans. This decision allowed General Washington to successfully orchestrate a nighttime strategic withdrawal across the East River on the night of 29–30 August, aided by a thick morning fog. Historian George Bilias notes that had Howe attacked Brooklyn Heights, the capture of even half of Washington's army, and possibly Washington himself, might have had a significant effect on

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4576-555: The fleet spent almost an entire extra month at sea to reach Head of Elk. Howe's army left Head of Elk early on 3 September 1777 and pushed back an advance guard of American light infantry at Cooch's Bridge . On 11 September 1777, Howe's army met Washington's near Chadds Ford along the Brandywine Creek in the Battle of Brandywine . Howe established his headquarters at the Gilpin Homestead , where it stayed until

4664-400: The fleet's destination: not only did Washington not know where it was going, neither did many British rank and file. Howe's campaign for Philadelphia began with an amphibious landing at Head of Elk, Maryland , southwest of the city in late August. Although Howe would have preferred to make a landing on the Delaware River below Philadelphia, reports of well-prepared defences dissuaded him, and

4752-466: The force that captured Havana in 1762, playing a part in a skirmish at Guanabacoa. In 1758, Howe was elected a member of parliament for Nottingham , succeeding to the seat vacated by his brother George's death. His election was assisted by the influence of his mother, who campaigned on behalf of her son while he was away at war, and may very well have been undertaken because service in Parliament

4840-433: The ingenious use of a nail file or coin, one could open the inbound meal and have seconds'. The intention of participating airlines was to "save money, reduce congestion in the cabin and give punters the chance to decide when to eat their meal". By requiring less galley space on board, the planes could offer more passenger seats. According to TravelUpdate ' s columnist, "The Flight Detective", "Salads and sandwiches were

4928-411: The inquiry, attacks continued to be made against Howe in pamphlets and the press, and in 1780 he published a response to accusations levelled by Loyalist Joseph Galloway , who issued a reply that harshly criticized the general's conduct and accused him of deliberately undermining the war effort for the benefit of the anti-war Whig faction in Parliament. In 1780, Howe lost in his bid to be re-elected to

5016-714: The lightly guarded Jamaica Pass far to the east (a ridge of hills running east to west bisected the island, with a series of lower entrances that were all guarded by Continentals except inexplicably to the farthest east at Jamaica), catching the Patriots off-guard and routing the Americans from their forward positions back into the entrenchments on Brooklyn Heights. Despite the urging of Clinton and others, Howe decided against an immediate assault on these fortifications, claiming "the Troops had for that day done handsomely enough." He instead began siege operations, methodically advancing on

5104-464: The morning of 16 September. In a reprise of earlier battles, Howe once again flanked the Continental Army position and forced Washington to retreat after inflicting heavy casualties. After two weeks of manoeuvre and engagements (including The Battle of the Clouds , The Battle of Paoli , and an engagement at Valley Forge where Alexander Hamilton was nearly killed in action), Howe triumphantly entered

5192-405: The navy from resupplying the army. It was late November before this task was accomplished, which included a poorly executed attack on Fort Mercer by a division of Hessians commanded by Colonel von Donop and an advance fleet commanded by Admiral Francis Reynolds . Concomitant with Howe's campaign, General Burgoyne led his expedition south from Montreal to capture Albany. Burgoyne's advance

5280-679: The next year returned to England, where he was at times active in the defence of the British Isles. He sat in the House of Commons from 1758 to 1780 for Nottingham . He inherited the Viscountcy of Howe upon the death of his brother Richard in 1799. He married, but had no children, and the viscountcy became extinct with his death in 1814. William Howe was born in England, the third son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe , and Charlotte ,

5368-513: The outbreak of hostilities, begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America. Their plans, made with recommendations from Howe, called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport, Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England. When orders arrived in November to execute these plans, Howe opted to remain in Boston for

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5456-1006: The presentation. The canapés are usually served on a canapé salver and eaten from small canapé plates. The composition of a canapé consists of a base (e.g., the bread or pancake), a spread, a main item, and a garnish . The spread is traditionally either a compound butter , made by creaming butter with other ingredients such as ham or lobster, or a flavored cream cheese . Mayonnaise salads can also be prepared as spreads. Common garnishes can range from finely chopped vegetables, scallions , and herbs to caviar or truffle oil . According to Lowney's Cook Book (1912): Canapés are made from white, graham, and brown bread , sliced very thin and cut in various shapes. They may be dipped in melted butter, toasted or fried. They could be served hot or cold, spread with anchovy , crab or caviar paste, served with garnishes like green and red peppers, paprika, and lemon juice. Bread triangles can be sauteed in bacon fat, deep fried, or just buttered and browned in

5544-513: The public opinion of his army. One week after Howe entered Philadelphia, on 4 October, Washington made a dawn attack on the British garrison at Germantown . He came close to winning the battle before being repulsed by belated reinforcements sent from the city. This forced Howe to withdraw his troops a little closer to the city, where they were also needed to help clear the American Delaware River defences, which were preventing

5632-403: The purpose. Mobile catering is common at outdoor events such as concerts , workplaces , and downtown business districts. Mobile catering services require less maintenance costs when compared with other catering services. Mobile caterers may also be known as food trucks in some areas. Mobile catering is popular throughout New York City , though sometimes can be unprofitable. Ice cream vans are

5720-569: The rank of major in 1756, he joined the newly formed 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot in February 1757, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year. He commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758, leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire. This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Wolfe. Howe commanded

5808-417: The rebellion. Some officers, notably General Clinton, were critical of Howe's decision not to storm the American works. Howe was knighted as a reward for his victory on Long Island. Howe and his brother Richard had, as part of their instructions, been assigned roles as peace commissioners, with limited authority to treat with the rebels. After Long Island, they pursued an attempt at reconciliation, sending

5896-435: The reigns of Robert Bogle who is recognized as "the originator of catering." Catering was originally done by servants of wealthy elites. Butlers and house slaves , which were often black, were in a good position to become caterers. Essentially, caterers in the 1860s were "public butlers" as they organized and executed the food aspect of a social gathering. A public butler was a butler working for several households. Bogle took on

5984-521: The role of public butler and took advantage of the food service market in the hospitality field. Caterers like Bogle were involved with events likely to be catered today, such as weddings and funerals. Bogle also is credited with creating the Guild of Caterers and helping train other black caterers. This is important because catering provided not only jobs to black people but also opportunities to connect with elite members of Philadelphia society. Over time,

6072-466: The season was Philadelphia. One British major wrote that "[t]he report circulated by those in power is that it was thought necessary to march to Hilsborough [ sic ] to offer Washington battle. " Americans like Henry Knox were perplexed but also concluded that was its purpose: "It was unaccountable that [the British] should stop short when they had gone only nine miles ... In the course of

6160-479: The size of their Continental Army with additional militia. After moving most of his army by amphibious barges across the Verazzano Narrows to southwestern Long Island without opposition, he attacked the American positions on 27 August in what became known as the Battle of Long Island . In a well-executed manoeuvre, a large column led by Howe and Clinton passed around the American left flank and through

6248-443: The skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April. The Cerberus provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He led a force of 4,000 troops sent to reinforce the 5,000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles. Gage, Howe, and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack

6336-463: The supernatural television series Sleepy Hollow , played in flashbacks by Nicholas Guest and depicted as a ruthless, cruel leader who was acquainted with protagonist Ichabod Crane ( Tom Mison ) before Crane defected to the United States during the War of Independence; he is later resurrected in the present as a zombie , but is destroyed by Crane using Greek fire . Howe's remains are a plot point in

6424-539: The term "catering" was in use in the world of the merchant marine long before it became established as a land-bound business. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe , KB , PC (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814), was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence . Howe

6512-409: The usual staples," and "a small pellet of dry ice was put into the compartment for the return meal to try to keep it fresh." However, in addition to the fact that passengers on one leg were able to consume the food intended for other passengers on the following leg, there was a "food hygiene" problem, and the concept was discontinued by 1975. A canapé caterer serves canapés at events. They have become

6600-563: The war against Britain. Burgoyne's loss also further weakened the British government of Lord North . Burgoyne made his advance under the assumption that he would be met in Albany by Howe or troops sent by Howe. Burgoyne was apparently not aware that Howe's plans had evolved as they had. Although Germain knew what Howe's plans were, whether he communicated them to Burgoyne is unclear. Some sources claim he did while others state that Burgoyne

6688-431: The war from Westminster, were fairly clear that he should avoid conflict before the arrival of reinforcements, then waited until those reinforcements arrived in mid-August, along with the naval commander, his brother Richard. This delay proved to be somewhat costly, since the Americans used this time to improve fortifications on northwestern Long Island (at Brooklyn Heights along the East River shoreline) and increased

6776-488: The wife of Loyalist Joshua Loring, Jr. Loring apparently acquiesced to this arrangement, and was rewarded by Howe with the position of commissary of prisoners. Contemporaries and historians have criticised Howe for both his gambling and the amount of time he supposedly spent with Mrs. Loring, with some going so far as to level accusations that this behaviour interfered with his military activities; historian John Alden does not give these ideas credence. The alleged relationship

6864-466: The winter and begin the campaign in 1776. As a result, the remainder of the Siege of Boston was largely a stalemate. Howe never attempted a major engagement with the Continental Army , which had come under the command of Major General George Washington . He did, however, spend a fair amount of time at the gambling tables, and allegedly established a relationship with Elizabeth Lloyd Loring,

6952-417: Was determined to attempt to draw Washington into a major engagement while both were in northern New Jersey, writing that "Washington's shift in position had whetted Howe's appetite for a major action when, if everything went right, he would finally accomplish what he and his brother's policies had denied him the previous year: the destruction of the Continental Army", but that Howe's underlying campaign goal for

7040-543: Was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga . Another brother, Admiral Richard Howe , rose to become one of Britain's leading naval commanders. A third brother, Thomas, commanded ships for the East India Company , Winchelsea in 1762–1764 and Nottingham in 1766, and made observations on Madeira and on the Comoro Islands . William entered the army when he was 17 by buying

7128-410: Was not notified of the changes until the campaign was well underway. Whether Germain, Howe and Burgoyne had the same expectations about the degree to which Howe was supposed to support the invasion from Quebec is also unclear. Some historians argue that Howe failed to follow instructions and essentially abandoned Burgoyne's army, while others suggest that Burgoyne failed on his own and then tried to shift

7216-477: Was noticed by alert British troops, and Howe ordered a column out to entrap the marquis. In the Battle of Barren Hill , Lafayette escaped the trap with minimal casualties. On 24 May, the day Howe sailed for England, General Clinton took over as commander-in-chief of British armies in America , and made preparations for an overland march to New York. Howe arrived back in England on 1 July, where he and his brother faced censure for their actions in North America. It

7304-561: Was of him and that he was not eager to do anything which might assist his junior up the ladder of military renown." Along the same lines historian Don Higginbotham concludes that in Howe's view, "It [the northern campaign] was Burgoyne's whole show, and consequently he [Howe] wanted little to do with it. With regard to Burgoyne's army, he would do only what was required of him (virtually nothing)." Howe himself wrote to Burgoyne on 17 July that he intended to stay close to Washington: "My intention

7392-439: Was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers. In historiography of the American war he is usually referred to as Sir William Howe to distinguish him from his brother Richard , who was 4th Viscount Howe at that time. Having joined the army in 1746, Howe saw extensive service in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War . He became known for his role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 when he led

7480-463: Was seen as a common way to improve one's prospects for advancement in the military. In 1764 he was promoted to colonel of the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot , and in 1768 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the Isle of Wight . As tensions rose between Britain and the colonies in the 1770s, Howe continued to rise through the ranks, and came to be widely regarded as one of the best officers in

7568-528: Was stopped in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, and he surrendered his army on 17 October. Burgoyne's surrender, coupled with Howe's near defeat at Germantown, dramatically altered the strategic balance of the conflict. Support for the Continental Congress , suffering from Howe's successful occupation of Philadelphia, was strengthened, and the victory encouraged France to enter

7656-514: Was then just north of the city: Howe wrote that he was "persuaded the Principal Army should act offensively [against Philadelphia], where the enemy's chief strength lies." Germain acknowledged that this plan was particularly "well digested", but it called for more men that Germain was prepared to provide. After the setbacks in New Jersey, Howe in mid-January 1777 proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and

7744-550: Was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers . Howe was first sent to Boston . Privately, he did not agree with the policy of the government towards the colonists, and regretted in particular that he was sent to Boston, where the memory of his brother George was still cherished by the inhabitants, and General Gage, in whom he had no confidence, was commander-in-chief. Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne, Howe arrived there aboard HMS  Cerberus on 25 May 1775, having learned en route that war had broken out with

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