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38-621: Cayuse may refer to: Cayuse people , a people native to Oregon, United States Cayuse language , an extinct language of the Cayuse people Cayuse, Oregon , an unincorporated community in the United States Cayuse horse , an archaic term for a feral or low-quality horse or pony OH-6 "Cayuse" , a military observation helicopter Cayuse Five , five Cayuse who were hanged for murder See also [ edit ] Cayoosh Flat

76-922: A Tribal member of the Confederate Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, was a Cayuse/Nez Pierce Language instructor who spoke and taught the Nez Pierce language, but also knew small amounts of the Original Cayuse Language that is now extinct. In 1855, the Cayuse joined the Treaty of Walla Walla with the Umatilla and Walla Walla by which the Umatilla Indian Reservation was formed. Since that time, they have officially resided within

114-629: A difficult passage through Snake River rapids, Lewis and Clark passed through a shorter rapids just east of the mouth of the Tucannon. Lewis wrote, "This we called called Kimooenim creek". The expedition did not stop, but continued down the Snake in dugouts . On their return trip to St. Louis on May 2, 1806, Lewis and Clark followed the Nez Perce Trail, crossing over from Patit Creek about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east of present-day Dayton to meet

152-767: A seminomadic tribe and maintained summer and winter villages on the Snake , Tucannon , Walla Walla , and Touchet rivers in Washington, and along the Umatilla , Grand Ronde , Burnt , Powder , John Day River , and from the Blue Mountains to the Deschutes River in Oregon. Historian Verne Ray has identified seventy-six traditional Cayuse Village sites, most temporary, seasonal sites; five separate villages in

190-1086: Is a language isolate and has been extinct since the 1930s. Weyíiletpuu was a dialect of the Nez Perce language spoken by the Cayuse inhabitants of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation . It has not been used since the 1940s and is designated as extinct. One of the Cayuse's main food sources was salmon from the Columbia River. Along with trout and lamprey , they also hunted elk and deer , as well as small game such as rabbits and fowl. Most significantly, women gathered camas roots , bitter roots , basket roots, wild celery , huckleberries and choke cherries , processing them for cooked and dried foods for their survival. They also gathered bark, leaves, flowers, and roots for making medicine. Tucannon River The Tucannon basin of 502 square miles (1,300 km ) ranges in elevation from about 540 feet (165 m) above sea level at

228-499: Is also the old name for the town of Lillooet, British Columbia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cayuse . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cayuse&oldid=1061009795 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

266-494: Is believed to have become extinct by then. As the members of the three tribes have intermarried, they no longer keep separate population numbers. The Cayuse Indians were located in the Columbia Basin and were nomadic, sometimes moving on a daily basis. They lived in teepees , which many nomadic tribes used for portability. The Cayuse were skilled horsemen, and used horses in hunting. They also used them for their trip over

304-565: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cayuse people The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in what is now the state of Oregon in the United States . The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation and government in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation . The reservation

342-718: Is located near Pendleton, Oregon , at the base of the Blue Mountains . The Cayuse called themselves the Liksiyu in the Cayuse language . Originally located in present-day northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington , they lived adjacent to territory occupied by the Nez Perce and had close associations with them. Like the Plains tribes, the Cayuse placed a high premium on warfare and were skilled horsemen. They developed

380-492: Is now called the Cayuse horse . No longer restricted to what they could carry or what their dogs could pull, they moved into new areas, traveling as far east as the Great Plains and as far south as California , to hunt, trade, fight, and capture slaves. Meanwhile, their herds multiplied rapidly, a combination of skillful breeding and periodic raids on other tribes. By the early 1800s, a Cayuse who owned only 15 to 20 horses

418-610: The Cayuse pony . The Cayuse ceded most of their traditional territory to the United States in 1855 by treaty and moved to the Umatilla Reservation, where they have formed a confederated tribe. According to Haruo Aoki (1998), the Cayuse called themselves Liksiyu in their language. Their name Cayuse was derived from the French word "cailloux," meaning stones or rocks, adopted by early French Canadian trappers of

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456-509: The Rocky Mountains each year to hunt a supply of buffalo to bring back for their families. The men hunted game and fished salmon. The women gathered and picked berries and dug and processed roots. The women also processed the animal skins to make materials for shelter and clothing. The men considered bravery to be an important quality, with brave warriors being held in high esteem. The strongest would be made chief. The Cayuse language

494-639: The mouth on the Snake River to about 6,400 feet (1,950 m) in the Umatilla National Forest of the Blue Mountains. River flows in the Tucannon basin depend solely on precipitation and groundwater. Studies in the early 1990s suggested that these flows would not be able to meet all of the claims, public and private, on the water resources of the lower river. In particular, farm irrigation projects were competing with fisheries for limited water. The Washington Department of Ecology named

532-469: The 10th of March, 1848, and after a search of ten days or so found the enemy encamped on the Tucannon River, about four miles above its confluence with the Snake. The enemy adopted the ruse of hoisting a white flag, asked for and had a talk with the troops, anti pretended not to belong to the hostile party; but, upon the whites taking charge of the stock of the murdered pioneers, which were herding on

570-777: The British Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) (the British fur-trading company) personnel were "undisputed occupants since 1829." A party was led by John Work , who served as an agent of the HBC. Starting from Fort Nez Perce in September 1831, Work and a 56-person party followed the Nez Perce Trail to the Upper Snake River country. In the late winter of 1834, Captain Benjamin Bonneville crossed the Tucannon on

608-606: The Cayuse on the Tucannon River: Returning to Waiilatpu, the best mounted and equipped of the riflemen, and Hall's company among them, were selected for an expedition against the Cayuse Indians, whose exact location was at this time unknown. The object was to bring the Indians to terms by some means, by fighting or otherwise, and recapture the stock stolen from the whites. The expedition started about

646-594: The Nez Perce Trail, surveying the Northwest on behalf of the United States government. A number of wagon roads were built through the area in the 1860s (including one between Walla Walla, Washington , and Lewiston, Idaho , in 1862). Settlers slowly drifted into the Tucannon River area in the 1860s, but in the early 1870s settlement rapidly increased. In 1848, during the Cayuse War Captain Lawrence Hall's Company fought an engagement with

684-537: The Snake valley into the badlands above; this journey led them to the Battle of Four Lakes on September 5. The railroad town of Starbuck on the Tucannon River was incorporated in the 1880s. In its early years Starbuck was a division point on the main line of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company . At one time up to 24 trains a day went through the town. Little Goose Dam , which became operational in 1975

722-581: The Tucannon River are also closed to protect four federally listed threatened and endangered fish species: spring/summer and fall chinook salmon as well as bull trout and steelhead . The areas which are closed protect the main spawning grounds. Steelhead may be caught, following prescribed fishing restrictions. The accessible areas of the Tucannon River are popular fishing areas. The Tucannon winds through national forest, state, and private lands, some of which are in stretches open to fishing. There are eight fishing ponds open to public fishing developed by

760-535: The Tucannon basin a Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) and in 1995 began hearings about how to allocate the water. The lower Snake River was home to bands of the Palouse and other Sahaptin-speaking people, including Nez Perce , Yakama, Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Wanapum. The Blue Mountains formed the western part of a 17,000,000-acre (69,000 km ) region traditional to the aboriginal Nimi'ipuu people, renamed Nez Perce by Lewis and Clark when they arrived in

798-465: The Tucannon. Only 12 miles (19 km) beyond their campsite they reached the stream. This creek rises in the southwest [Blue] mountains, and though only twelve yards wide discharges a considerable body of water into Lewis' river (the Snake River), a few miles above the narrows. Its bed is pebbled... (I)n its narrow bottoms are found some cottonwood, willow and the underbrush which grows equally on

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836-518: The United States and the Cayuse War ensued. Five Cayuse warriors were hanged; see Cayuse Five . The Cayuse put the captives to work together with their members; the adults made clothing for the tribe. They released the hostages after the Hudson's Bay Company brokered an exchange of 62 blankets, 63 cotton shirts, 12 Hudson Bay rifles, 600 loads of ammunition, 7 pounds of tobacco and 12 flints for

874-691: The Walla Walla Valley and seven Cayuse Bands scattered throughout Eastern Oregon and Washington. The Walla Walla River Cayuse Band was called the Pa'cxapu . Other sources name only three distinct regional bands within the Cayuse at the time: two centered on the Umatilla River, and the third on the Walla Walla River. The Cayuse were known for their bravery, and as horsemen. They bred their ponies for speed and endurance, developing what

912-671: The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and routinely stocked. Rainbow, Deer, Blue, Spring, Curl, Beaver, Watson and fly fishing-only Big Four Lake make up these trout-catching opportunities. Fishing access can also be gained at the Tucannon Fish Hatchery, where the river is bordered by state or national forest land. The Tucannon Campground is operated by the U.S. Forest Service in the Tucannon River Valley as one of 15 campgrounds in

950-536: The adjacent hills, the wily foe threw off the mask, and began an impetuous attack. The troops, greatly outnumbered, fought on the defensive, marching in retreat, formed in a hollow square, to resist the assaults made on all sides. The first night the captured stock was turned loose. The next morning the attack and retreat continued, and the Indians, as the Touchet River crossing was approached, took possession of it, attempting thereby to cutoff [ sic ]

988-419: The area. The name may have referred to the rocky area the tribe inhabited, or it may have been an imprecise rendering of the name they called themselves. The tribe has been closely associated with the neighboring Nez Percé and Walla Walla. The Cayuse language is an isolate , independent of the neighboring Sahaptin -speaking peoples. The Cayuse population was about 500 in the eighteenth century. The Cayuse were

1026-650: The east branch of the Wollawollah [Touchet]. Lewis and Clark camped on the Pataha Creek (a tributary to the Tucannon), which is recorded as the first locality for some distance where they were able to find ample firewood. The fur industry was important in the region. The Tucannon River provided a profitable area for beaver and otter trapping, which were abundant. F. A. Shaver's 1906 book, An Illustrated History of Southeastern Washington , said that prior to 1834

1064-559: The mouth of Tucannon River to establish Fort Taylor (a supply depot which honored Captain Oliver H. P. Taylor—killed that same year while he served with Lt. Colonel Edward Steptoe against the Spokanes in April. On August 25 this point served as a crossing point for Colonel George Wright , who led a force of 570 men across the Snake. It took several days to find a path to ascend from

1102-407: The natives were dying from the measles than were the whites. In addition, cultural differences and settler encroachment had caused growing tensions. The Cayuse attacked the missionaries, killing Whitman and his wife Narcissa, and eleven others. They captured 54 European-American women and children and held them for ransom. They destroyed the mission buildings. This attack prompted an armed response by

1140-588: The region in 1805. The horse was central to the lives of both the Palouse and the Nez Perce. The Nez Perce Trail followed part of the Touchet and Tucannon rivers, extending east from Wallula and reaching the Touchet below Waitsburg . From there it followed the southern bank of the Touchet River to present day Dayton . Here it crossed the river and followed Patit Creek northeast. On October 12, 1805, after

1178-523: The reservation's limits. During the mid-twentieth century, some members moved to cities under the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 , an effort to give better access for contemporary jobs. Their number was officially reported as 404 in 1904; this number may be misleading. A count in 1902 found one pure-blooded Cayuse on the reservation. Descendants with ancestry partially of the other tribes may still have identified as Cayuse. The Cayuse language

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1216-582: The retreat of the troops effectually. Here nothing but the most determined charge and fighting drove off the Indians and enabled the whites to cross that river and thus escape threatened extermination. During the Coeur d'Alene War on August 7, 1858, Captain Erasmus D. Keyes with a detachment of dragoons was ordered to the Snake River to erect a fort at a crossing point near the Palouse River. He selected

1254-576: The return of the now 49 surviving prisoners. The Cayuse and many from other nearby tribes such as the Walla Walla Tribe were hunted down by Militias and massacred. The Cayuse eventually lost the war. They were forced to cede their land to the US and shared a reservation with the Umatilla and Walla Walla. By 1851, the Cayuse had long intermarried with the neighboring Nez Percé , with whom they had sheltered; many learned their language. Kathleen Gordon,

1292-609: The south and east referred to as the Snake people and other tribes such as the Blackfeet over territory and hunting sites. As white settlers moved into their territory in large numbers following the opening of the Oregon Trail in 1842, the Cayuse suffered. Even settlers passing through competed with them for game and water. Crowds of whites invaded the region during the California gold rush beginning in 1848 and when gold

1330-549: Was considered poor; wealthy families controlled 2,000 or more. Horses improved the range and effectiveness of war parties, making it possible for Cayuses to dominate their sedentary neighbors on the Columbia. They claimed ownership of The Dalles , the great fishery and trade emporium of the Columbia, forcing the weaker bands in that area to pay them tribute in the form of salmon and other goods. They frequently were in conflict fighting with Piute, Shoshone , and Bannock Tribes to

1368-592: Was discovered in Eastern Oregon in 1862. The tribe gained wide notoriety in the early days of the white settlement of the territory. In 1838, Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa established a mission among the Cayuse at Waiilatpu ("Place of the Rye Grass"), a site about seven miles from the present-day city of Walla Walla and about a quarter mile east of where the Cayuse Pásxa winter village

1406-399: Was located. In 1847, a measles epidemic, suspected by some to be contracted from white settlers, resulted in high fatalities among the tribe. A small group of Cayuse, after putting Witmans medicine to the test with both sick and non sick individuals, and which all test individuals died, believed the missionaries were deliberately poisoning their native people, since a much higher percentage of

1444-681: Was near Starbuck. It temporarily boosted the local population and labor force greatly as construction workers and their families moved into the town. Blue Sky Wind built the Hopkins Ridge Wind Farm in Columbia County in 2005. Peak output from the project, bought by Puget Sound Energy and transmitted by the Bonneville Power Administration , is 150 megawatts (MW). All tributaries of the Tucannon River are closed to fishing, and sections of

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