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17-691: The best known examples of this formation can be found in the Massif des Calanques ( Massís dei calancas in Occitan , the traditional local language) in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of Southern France . The range extends for 20 km (12 mi) in length and four kilometres (2.5 mi) in width along the coast between Marseille and Cassis , culminating in Mont Puget (565 m or 1,854 ft). Similar calanques can also be found on

34-433: A combination of limestone, sandstone and puddingstone east of Cassis. 43°13′N 5°26′E  /  43.217°N 5.433°E  / 43.217; 5.433 This Bouches-du-Rhône geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Papilionaceae The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for

51-403: Is a wild and rugged terrain stretching from the ninth arrondissement of Marseille to the east towards Cassis , spanning 20 km in length and 4 km in width along the coast. Its highest peak is Mont Puget at 565m. The area has been protected by a national park since 2012. The massif is characterized by steep cliffs of limestone ( Urgonian and dolomite ) in the western part, and of

68-553: Is almost non-existent there, and the limestone cliffs instead contain numerous cracks into which the roots of plants are anchored. Nevertheless, the biota is diverse, with over 900 plant species, including a number of endemics like the Marseille Tragacanth and Sabline de Marseille: members of the Papilionaceae family, which can only be found in the hills of Marseille . In places where cliffs are less vertical,

85-492: The Corniche des Crêtes and Cap Canaille ) allowing spectacular panoramas . A great number of hikers frequent the area, following numerous pre-marked trails. The cliffs are also used as training spots for rock climbers . However, this excessive use has posed problems of potential damage to this delicate microhabitat. Most of the calanques are also closed to the public during the summer (typically July through September) due to

102-560: The French Riviera near the Massif de l'Esterel and on the island of Corsica ( Calanques de Piana ). The highest points along the calanques are located at Mont Puget (565 m or 1,854 ft) and in the mountains of Marseilleveyre (432 m or 1,417 ft). Similarities are seen between calanques and rias , the river mouths formed along the coast of Brittany in Northern France. The limestone calanques of

119-487: The 100-metre (330 ft) range. During these periods of interglacial low sea level, additional steep-sided valleys, which were later flooded to create calanques, along the Mediterranean coastline were formed by fluvial and karst processes. Today, they can be seen as deep, narrow valleys that are partly submerged by the sea and are made up of limestone or granite. The calanques have a particular ecosystem , as soil

136-664: The Atlantic Ocean. As a result, not only did evaporites accumulate on the abyssal plains of the Mediterranean Sea, but also rivers flowing into it deepened their valleys by hundreds of metres. The Rhône most notably cut a canyon as deep as 576 m (1,890 ft) into Cretaceous carbonate strata near its confluence with its tributary the Ardèche . Fluvial erosion by smaller streams and rivers created numerous other deep, steep-sided valleys in response to

153-643: The Italian Apennines, in locations such as the Accona Desert and in the Calanchi natural preserve of Atri . Modern day calanques along the Mediterranean Sea are steep-sided valleys that the Holocene ( Flandrian ) marine transgression partially submerged to form cliff-edged inlets. These valleys were either incised by rivers or created by cave collapse as karstic dry valleys when sea level

170-552: The Massif des Calanques lie within the recently created Calanques National Park (2012) and include the Calanque de Sormiou , Calanque de Morgiou , Calanque de Port-Miou and Calanque de Sugiton . There are additional calanques in the national park, further east along the coast, incised into Cap Canaille . These calanques formed in different rock strata, often in layers of cemented pebble conglomerate . Calanques are also present in

187-672: The calanques were declared a national park due to their uniqueness. The Cosquer Cave is an underwater grotto in the Calanque de Morgiou , 37 m (121 ft) underwater, that was once inhabited during the Paleolithic when the sea level was much lower than today. Its walls are covered with paintings and engravings dating back to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC and depict many terrestrial animals such as bison , ibex , and horses as well as sea animals like seals and auks . Massif des Calanques The Massif des Calanques ( French pronunciation: [masif de kalɑ̃k] )

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204-497: The greatly lowered sea level at this time. Also at this time, steep-walled, dry karstic valleys were formed by the collapse of caves that developed in limestone, dolomite, and other carbonate rocks in response to the greatly lowered sea level of the Mediterranean Sea. Later, during the Pleistocene , these valleys were further enlarged and modified by fluvial, karst, and other processes during interglacial drops of sea level within

221-541: The risks of forest fire that often happen during the dry season. The best time to visit calanques is probably March through May, when temperatures are cool and, unlike autumn and winter, rain is rare. As no fresh water sources are available in the calanques, visitors are advised to carry large supplies of water, especially during the summer heat, to prevent dehydration . Boat tours are also available starting either from Marseille , Cassis or La Ciotat , which can provide for some spectacular sightseeing. In April 2012, most of

238-493: The subfamily is Papilionoideae , or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family. This subfamily is widely distributed, and members are adapted to a wide variety of environments. Faboideae may be trees , shrubs , or herbaceous plants . Members include the pea , the sweet pea , the laburnum , and other legumes . The pea-shaped flowers are characteristic of the Faboideae subfamily and root nodulation

255-478: The vegetation is a classic Mediterranean maquis , typically consisting of densely growing evergreen shrubs such as sage , juniper and myrtle . It is similar to heath in many aspects, but with taller shrubs, typically 2–4 m (6.6–13.1 ft) high as opposed to 0.2–1 m (0.7–3.3 ft) for heath. Like elsewhere on the Mediterranean coast, the Calanques' climate is arid, with moisture during much of

272-405: The year coming only from the evaporation of the sea. This dry habitat associated with salt spray conditions the subsistence of adapted vegetation. The Calanques shelter rabbits , foxes , large crows and Bonelli's eagles , as well as many reptiles and wild boars . The calanques between Marseille and Cassis are popular amongst tourists and locals alike, offering several vantage points (such as

289-521: Was lower than at present. Along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, some of the valleys, which were flooded to form calanques, might date back to the Messinian salinity crisis between 5.96 and 5.32 million years ago. During this period of time, the Mediterranean Sea became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean and its surface level dropped as much as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) below the level of

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