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97-504: Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert , originally published as two separate serials (1963–64 novel Dune World and 1965 novel Prophet of Dune ) in Analog magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny 's This Immortal for the Hugo Award for Best Novel and won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1966. It is the first installment of

194-540: A cult following . The book was also adapted into the 2000 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune and its 2003 sequel, Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (the latter of which combines the events of Dune Messiah and Children of Dune ). A second film adaptation , directed by Denis Villeneuve , was released on October 21, 2021, to positive reviews. It grossed $ 434 million worldwide and went on to be nominated for ten Academy Awards , including Best Picture , ultimately winning six. Villeneuve's film covers roughly

291-627: A holy war across the known universe. Paul reveals that Jessica is the daughter of the Baron, a secret kept from her by the Bene Gesserit. Paul and Jessica traverse the desert in search of Fremen people. After being captured by a Fremen band, Paul and Jessica agree to teach the Fremen the Bene Gesserit fighting technique known to the Fremen as the " weirding way " and are accepted into the community of Sietch Tabr . Paul proves his manhood by killing

388-521: A narrative history recounting a mid-19th century conflict in the Caucasus between rugged caucasian Muslim tribes and the expanding Russian Empire . Language used on both sides of that conflict become terms in Herbert's world— chakobsa , a Caucasian hunting language, becomes a battle language of humans spread across the galaxy; kanly , a word for blood feud in the 19th century Caucasus, represents

485-471: A "bellows breath of cinnamon." This resembles the myth described by an unknown English poet in Beowulf , the compelling tale of a fearsome fire dragon who guarded a great treasure hoard in a lair under cliffs, at the edge of the sea. The desert of Frank Herbert's classic novel is a vast ocean of sand, with giant worms diving into the depths, the mysterious and unrevealed domain of Shai-hulud. Dune tops are like

582-487: A Fremen man named Jamis in a ritualistic crysknife fight and chooses the Fremen name Muad'Dib, while Jessica opts to undergo a ritual to become a Reverend Mother by drinking the poisonous Water of Life . Pregnant with Leto's daughter, she inadvertently causes the unborn child, Alia , to become infused with the same powers in the womb. Paul takes a Fremen lover, Chani , who bears him a son he names Leto. Two years pass. Paul's powerful prescience manifests, which confirms for

679-610: A Fremen outpost, killing many including young Leto, while Alia is captured and taken to the Emperor. Under cover of an electric storm, which shorts out the Sardaukar's defensive shields, Paul and the Fremen, riding giant sandworms, destroy the capital's natural rock fortifications with atomics and attack, while Alia assassinates the Baron and escapes. The Fremen quickly defeat both the Harkonnen and Sardaukar troops, killing Rabban in

776-874: A common name for several plants and may refer to: Any of several grasses that grow in poor or sandy soil, for example: Aristida dichotoma , Shinner's three-awn Eremochloa bimaculata Sporobolus vaginiflorus , sheathed dropseed Danthonia spicata , poverty oatgrass Any of several plants in the genus Hudsonia that grow up on beaches During the Dust Bowl period of The Great Depression, struggling farmers in Oklahoma referred to certain fluffy-headed grasses as "poverty grass". Those grasses had very little nutrition value to offer their stock, but would keep them from their noisy complaining if allowed to graze on them when there were no nutritious grasses to eat. [REDACTED] Index of plants with

873-600: A community". After the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962, science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences. Dune responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of Arrakis life, from giant sandworms (for whom water is deadly) to smaller, mouse-like life-forms adapted to live with limited water. Dune was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as A Door into Ocean (1986) and Red Mars (1992). Environmentalists have pointed out that Dune 's popularity as

970-509: A feud between Dune's noble Houses; sietch and tabir are both words for camp borrowed from Ukrainian Cossacks (of the Pontic–Caspian steppe ). Herbert also borrowed some lines which Blanch stated were Caucasian proverbs. "To kill with the point lacked artistry" , used by Blanch to describe the Caucasus peoples' love of swordsmanship, becomes in Dune "Killing with the tip lacks artistry" ,

1067-489: A fictional planet instead. His son Brian said that "Readers would have too many preconceived ideas about that planet, due to the number of stories that had been written about it." Herbert dedicated his work "to the people whose labors go beyond ideas into the realm of 'real materials'—to the dry-land ecologists , wherever they may be, in whatever time they work, this effort at prediction is dedicated in humility and admiration." Duke Leto Atreides of House Atreides , ruler of

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1164-571: A male Kwisatz Haderach. Their plan is to produce a male who can "possess complete racial memory, both male and female," and look into the black hole in the collective unconscious that they fear. A central theme of the book is the connection, in Jessica's son, of this female aspect with his male aspect. This aligns with concepts in Jungian psychology, which features conscious/unconscious and taking/giving roles associated with males and females, as well as

1261-564: A military capacity, Paul Atreides bears many similarities to the historical T. E. Lawrence . His 1962 biopic Lawrence of Arabia has also been identified as a potential influence. The Sabres of Paradise (1960) has also been identified as a potential influence upon Dune , with its depiction of Imam Shamil and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the themes, characters, events and terminology of Dune . The environment of

1358-644: A novel depicting a planet as a complex—almost living—thing, in combination with the first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period, strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day . While the genre of climate fiction was popularized in the 2010s in response to real global climate change , Dune as well as other early science fiction works from authors like J. G. Ballard ( The Drowned World ) and Kim Stanley Robinson (the Mars trilogy ) have retroactively been considered pioneering examples of

1455-442: A piece of advice given to a young Paul during his training. "Polish comes from the city, wisdom from the hills" , a Caucasian aphorism , turns into a desert expression: "Polish comes from the cities, wisdom from the desert". Another significant source of inspiration for Dune was Herbert's experiences with psilocybin and his hobby of cultivating mushrooms, according to mycologist Paul Stamets 's account of meeting Herbert in

1552-560: A poison spur in his belt. Paul gains the upper hand and kills him. The Emperor reluctantly cedes the throne to Paul and promises his daughter Princess Irulan 's hand in marriage. As Paul takes control of the Empire, he realizes that while he has achieved his goal, he is no longer able to stop the Fremen jihad, as their belief in him is too powerful to restrain. The Dune series is a landmark of science fiction . Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his Dune universe so he could address

1649-497: A reputation for being just as violent and dangerous as Fremen men. Chani travels with Stilgar in his military party, armed like the others. After becoming Paul's concubine, she kills one of the men who comes to challenge him. Alia leads an attack against the Emperor's Sardaukar and kills Baron Harkonnen with a gom jabbar. Women also take on the role of religious leaders. Chani is a Sayyadina who presides over tribal rituals such as Paul's worm-riding test, and Reverend Mother Ramallo carries

1746-475: A sandstorm by the Harkonnens. Yueh replaces one of Leto's teeth with a poison gas capsule, hoping Leto can kill the Baron during their encounter. Piter kills Yueh, and the Baron narrowly avoids the gas (due to his defensive shield), which kills Leto, Piter, and the others in the room. The Baron forces Thufir to take over Piter's position by dosing him with a long-lasting, fatal poison and threatening to withhold

1843-400: A series or collection of connected individual works, evoking the epic cycle . Originating once again from the style of the ancient epic, a certain level of seriousness is expected in the prose of something considered an “epic”. Put another way, to achieve the grandiosity typical of an “epic”, distance must be created from the story for the reader via the style of the prose. To further this,

1940-418: A type of androgynous Kwisatz Haderach, a male Reverend Mother. In a Bene Gesserit test early in the book, it is implied that people are generally "inhuman" in that they irrationally place desire over self-interest and reason. This applies Herbert's philosophy that humans are not created equal, while equal justice and equal opportunity are higher ideals than mental, physical, or moral equality. I am showing you

2037-467: A year, he published the much slower-paced five-part The Prophet of Dune in the January–May 1965 issues. The first serial became "Book One: Dune" in the final published Dune novel, and the second serial was divided into "Book Two: Muad'dib" and "Book Three: The Prophet". The serialized version was expanded, reworked, and submitted to more than twenty publishers, each of whom rejected it. The novel, Dune ,

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2134-637: Is ambitious with artistic goals. Star Wars , for example, is considered a modern cinematic epic. Providing a plethora of narrative tropes, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh , as the first recorded epic poem, would lay the foundation for the entire Western branch of the genre. Both the Old Testament and New Testament borrow many themes from Gilgamesh , which in turn has been found to draw from older Sumerian tradition. As such, some anthropologists identify Jesus as an embodiment of

2231-465: Is compelled to obey the Emperor's orders anyway. Leto's concubine Lady Jessica is an acolyte of the Bene Gesserit , an exclusively female group that pursues mysterious political aims and wields seemingly superhuman physical and mental abilities, such as the ability to control their bodies down to the cellular level, and also decide the sex of their children. Though Jessica was instructed by

2328-464: Is hard, the anthropology and the psychic abilities are soft." Hard elements include the ecology of Arrakis, suspensor technology, weapon systems, and ornithopters, while soft elements include issues relating to religion, physical and mental training, cultures, politics, and psychology. Herbert said Paul's messiah figure was inspired by the Arthurian legend, and that the scarcity of water on Arrakis

2425-444: Is likely Herbert relied on second-hand resources such as phrasebooks and desert adventure stories to find these Arabic words and phrases for the Fremen. They are meaningful and carefully chosen, and help create an "imagined desert culture that resonates with exotic sounds, enigmas, and pseudo-Islamic references" and has a distinctly Bedouin aesthetic. As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in

2522-478: Is not well supported by the Bene Gesserit doctrine in the story. Through the inspiration from The Sabres of Paradise , there are also allusions to the tsarist-era Russian nobility and Cossacks . Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility, and a significant theme behind the aristocratic families in Dune was "aristocratic bureaucracy" which he saw as analogous to

2619-529: Is part of the Latin legal phrase quamdiu se bene gesserit "as long as he shall behave himself well" seen in grants of certain offices (such as judgeships) meaning that the appointee shall remain in office so long as he shall not be guilty of abusing it. Some critics miss the connotation of the phrase, misled by the Latin future perfect gesserit , taking it over-literally (and adding an unwarranted passive) to mean "it will have been well borne", an interpretation which

2716-429: Is similarly corrupt and materially indulgent. Gibbon's Decline and Fall partly blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity. Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack. The Emperor's Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Dune not only because of the Sardaukar's overconfidence and the fact that Jessica and Paul have trained

2813-463: Is the only source of melange , or "spice", a drug that extends life and enhances mental abilities. Melange is also necessary for space navigation, which requires a kind of multidimensional awareness and foresight that only the drug provides. As melange can only be produced on Arrakis, control of the planet is a coveted and dangerous undertaking. The story explores the multilayered interactions of politics, religion, ecology, technology, and human emotion as

2910-596: Is the vehicle by which the epic's long, difficult narrative must be carried. They must therefore be a strong, distinct, and memorable character. An epic tends to draw upon existing narratives, specifically within the community or culture it represents. This can be thought of as the “mythos” of the epic. In ancient epics, this was often existing, published works. In the modern context, many narratives that could be considered “epic” have developed their own mythos, such as with comic book franchises like DC , or sci-fi like Star Wars and Star Trek and fantasy like The Lord of

3007-503: The Dune Chronicles . It is one of the world's best-selling science fiction novels. Dune is set in the distant future in a feudal interstellar society, descended from terrestrial humans, in which various noble houses control planetary fiefs . It tells the story of young Paul Atreides , whose family accepts the stewardship of the planet Arrakis . While the planet is an inhospitable and sparsely populated desert wasteland, it

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3104-571: The Ancient Greek adjective ἐπικός (epikos) deriving from ἔπος (epos), meaning "word, story, poem." The word Epic, throughout the years, has adapted to different meanings that stem far away from its origins. In Ancient Greece , Epic was used in the form of a noun . Epic (noun) refers to a long poem , book , movie , etc. that tells the story of a hero 's adventures. The earliest epics were long poems performed out loud that told these grandiose stories about heroes. Today, in modern society ,

3201-560: The Quileute reservation near Herbert's hometown. According to historian Daniel Immerwahr , Hansen regularly shared his writing with Herbert. " White men are eating the earth," Hansen told Herbert in 1958, after sharing a piece on the effect of logging on the Quileute reservation. "They're gonna turn this whole planet into a wasteland, just like North Africa ." The world could become a "big dune," Herbert responded in agreement. Herbert

3298-608: The Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam . She subjects Paul to a deadly test. She holds a poisoned needle, the gom jabbar , to his neck, ready to strike should he withdraw his hand from a box which creates extreme pain by nerve induction but causes no physical damage. This is to test Paul's ability to endure the pain so as not to die on the tip of the needle; to confirm that his human strengths can overcome his animal instincts. Paul passes by enduring greater pain than any woman who has ever been subjected to

3395-496: The Round Table lore whereby Arthur had twelve knights just as Jesus has twelve disciples . Specific echelons of popular culture draw from a variety of epic narrative tropes. This may preclude to genres such as heroic fantasy , sword and sorcery , space opera , fantasy adventures , and high fantasy . Some even draw influence from each other, just as ancient sources. For example Frank Herbert 's Dune Saga inspired

3492-473: The Soviet Union . Dune has been called the "first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale". Herbert hoped it would be seen as an " environmental awareness handbook" and said the title was meant to "echo the sound of 'doom'". It was reviewed in the best selling countercultural Whole Earth Catalog in 1968 as a "rich re-readable fantasy with clear portrayal of the fierce environment it takes to cohere

3589-652: The Star Wars trilogy and the Alejandro Jodorowsky 's Jodoverse . Folk Epic Folk epic can be defined as the earliest form of the epic genre, which was performed and passed down in oral form. Folk epics were often sung or narrated in royal courts. These stories recounted particular mythologies and consisted of mainly made on-the-spot stories. Due to their oral handing down, early folk epic authors and performers remain unknown. The authors are presumed to have been mostly common men. Literary Epic As

3686-611: The ocean world Caladan, is assigned by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV to serve as fief ruler of the planet Arrakis . Although Arrakis is a harsh and inhospitable desert planet , it is of enormous importance because it is the only planetary source of melange , or the "spice", a unique and incredibly valuable substance that extends human youth, vitality and lifespan. It is also through the consumption of spice that Spacing Guild Navigators are able to effect safe interstellar travel by having limited ability to see

3783-556: The "Kitab al-ibar" in Dune is a combination of a Fremen religious manual and a desert survival book. In addition to Arabic, Dune derives words and names from a variety of other languages, including Navajo , Latin , Dutch (" Landsraad "), Romani , Hebrew (" Kefitzat haderech ", in Hebrew "קפיצת הדרך", meaning contracting of the path), Serbo-Croatian , Nahuatl , Greek , Persian , Sanskrit ("prana bindu", "prajna"), Russian , Turkish , Finnish , and Old English . Bene Gesserit

3880-402: The 1960s, there were just these two colossal superpowers duking it out. Today we're living in a more feudal, corporatized world more akin to Herbert's universe of separate families, power centers and business interests, all interrelated and kept together by the one commodity necessary to all. But Dune has also been called a mix of soft and hard science fiction since "the attention to ecology

3977-573: The 1980s: Frank went on to tell me that much of the premise of Dune —the magic spice (spores) that allowed the bending of space ( tripping ), the giant sand worms ( maggots digesting mushrooms), the eyes of the Fremen (the cerulean blue of Psilocybe mushrooms ), the mysticism of the female spiritual warriors, the Bene Gesserits (influenced by the tales of Maria Sabina and the sacred mushroom cults of Mexico)—came from his perception of

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4074-597: The Bene Gesserit to bear a daughter as part of their breeding program , out of love for Leto she bore a son, Paul . From a young age, Paul is trained in warfare by Leto's aides, the elite soldiers Duncan Idaho and Gurney Halleck . Thufir Hawat , the Duke's Mentat (human computers, able to store vast amounts of data and perform advanced calculations on demand), has instructed Paul in the ways of political intrigue. Jessica has also trained her son in Bene Gesserit disciplines. Paul's prophetic dreams interest Jessica's superior,

4171-619: The Church tolerated new converts observing their older, pagan traditions. However, as the British Church grew in power, events taking place in Europe (such as The Crusades ) inspired authors to reshape the traditional legends with christian undertones. Author Robert de Boron , for instance, translated the legend into French in 1155, in which he would conceive of the now-iconic addition of the sword-in-the-stone legend, and would expand upon

4268-559: The Emperor's ferocious Sardaukar troops in disguise. Leto is betrayed by his personal physician, the Suk doctor Wellington Yueh , who delivers a drugged Leto to the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat, Piter De Vries . Yueh, who performed the kidnapping of Leto under duress, arranges for Jessica and Paul to escape into the desert. Duncan is killed helping them flee, and they are subsequently presumed dead in

4365-708: The Fremen housekeeper, the Shadout Mapes, is borrowed from the Arabic : شادوف , romanized :  šādūf , the Egyptian term for a device used to raise water . In particular, words related to the messianic religion of the Fremen, first implanted by the Bene Gesserit, are taken from Arabic, including Muad'Dib (from Arabic : مؤدب , romanized :  muʾaddib , lit.   'educator'), Lisan al-Gaib (from Arabic : لسان الغيب , romanized :  lisān al-ġayb , lit.   'voice of

4462-407: The Fremen in their battle tactics, but because of the Fremen's capacity for self-sacrifice. The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance, while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others. The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war, a process culminating in

4559-573: The Fremen that he is their prophesied "Lisan al-Gaib" messiah , a legend planted by the Bene Gesserit's Missionaria Protectiva . Paul embraces his father's belief that the Fremen could be a powerful fighting force to take back Arrakis, but also sees that if he does not control them, their jihad could consume the entire universe. Word of the new Fremen leader reaches both the Baron and the Emperor as spice production falls due to their increasingly destructive raids. The Baron encourages his brutish nephew Glossu "Beast" Rabban to rule with an iron fist, hoping

4656-466: The Harkonnen coup and became a smuggler, reunites with Paul and Jessica after a Fremen raid on his harvester. Believing Jessica to be a traitor, Gurney threatens to kill her but is stopped by Paul. Paul did not foresee Gurney's attack and concludes he must increase his prescience by drinking the Water of Life, which is traditionally fatal to males. Paul falls into unconsciousness for three weeks after drinking

4753-549: The Imperium, the Bene Gesserit can control bloodlines across generations through their secret breeding program. Even within the male-dominated Imperium, then, the Bene Gesserit wield reproductive power and choose which genetic markers to continue into the future. Reverend Mother Mohiam uses skills in Truthsaying to act as the Emperor's official Truthsayer and advisor. Her role can be considered similar to that of abbesses in

4850-509: The Jihad led by Paul Atreides, described by Frank Herbert as depicting "war as a collective orgasm" (drawing on Norman Walter's 1950 The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare ), themes that would reappear in God Emperor of Dune 's Scattering and Leto II's all-female Fish Speaker army. Gender dynamics are complex in Dune . Herbert offers a multi-layered portrayal of gender roles within

4947-508: The Rings is an example of epic fantasy, though the genre is not limited to the Western tradition, for example: Arabic epic literature includes One Thousand and One Nights ; and Indian epic poetry includes Ramayana and Mahabharata . Poverty grass (disambiguation) (Redirected from Poverty grass (disambiguation) ) Poverty grass is

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5044-412: The Rings which go so far as to develop multiple novel languages for their mythos. This creative mythos could still, however, be argued to be drawing upon existing narratives, traditions, and motifs present in cultures and communities represented in these epics. The themes within an epic are reflected in the relationship between the epic hero and the epic setting. The concerns of an epic are greater than

5141-591: The Sea was published in 1957, Herbert traveled to Florence, Oregon , at the north end of the Oregon Dunes . Here, the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes . Herbert claimed in a letter to his literary agent, Lurton Blassingame , that the moving dunes could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, highways." Herbert's article on

5238-401: The author, that stem from their own learned knowledge. The author, unlike with folk epics, tends to be recognised. Transition from Folk to Literary Epic Early famous poems such as Iliad and Odyssey , show the transition from folk to literary epics. With a need to preserve these famous stories, they were adapted to a written format. Their author known as Homer probably never existed, as

5335-430: The book all over again, focusing on an entirely different layer. At the end of the book, he intentionally left loose ends and said he did this to send the readers spinning out of the story with bits and pieces of it still clinging to them, so that they would want to go back and read it again." Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic language , as well as

5432-499: The book characters of his imagination are not so different from people familiar to us. Each chapter of Dune begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan. In forms such as diary entries, historical commentary, biography, quotations and philosophy, these writings set tone and provide exposition, context and other details intended to enhance understanding of Herbert's complex fictional universe and themes. They act as foreshadowing and invite

5529-639: The constraints of their environment. Their training in prana-bindu allows them to exert control over their minds and bodies, including over pregnancy, and they are skilled in hand-to-hand combat and use of the Voice to command others. Jessica's disobedience in bearing a son instead of daughter and training him in the Bene Gesserit Way is a major plot point that sets in motion the events of the novel. By setting up certain women with leaders of certain Houses in

5626-563: The context of a feudal, hierarchical society, particularly through the Bene Gesserit Sisterhood. Although the Bene Gesserit tend to hold roles that are traditionally associated with women, such as wives, concubines, and mothers, their characters transcend stereotypes as they play politics and pursue long-term strategic goals. Full gender equality is not depicted in Dune , but the Bene Gesserit use specialized training and access to high-ranking men to gain agency and power within

5723-458: The contrast with his shrewder nephew Feyd-Rautha will make the latter popular among the people of Arrakis when he eventually replaces Rabban. The Emperor, suspecting the Baron of trying to create troops more powerful than the Sardaukar to seize power, sends spies to monitor activity on Arrakis. Thufir uses the opportunity to sow seeds of doubt in the Baron about the Emperor's true plans, putting further strain on their alliance. Gurney, who survived

5820-534: The crests of waves, and there are powerful sandstorms out there, creating extreme danger. On Arrakis, life is said to emanate from the Maker (Shai-hulud) in the desert-sea; similarly all life on Earth is believed to have evolved from our oceans. Frank Herbert drew parallels, used spectacular metaphors, and extrapolated present conditions into world systems that seem entirely alien at first blush. But close examination reveals they aren't so different from systems we know … and

5917-860: The desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the environments of the Middle East . Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a desertified petrostate area. The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes of Arabia , and the Mahdi prophecy originates from Islamic eschatology . Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian Ibn Khaldun 's cyclical history and his dynastic concept in North Africa , hinted at by Herbert's reference to Khaldun's book Kitāb al-ʿibar ("The Book of Lessons"). The fictionalized version of

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6014-579: The dunes, "They Stopped the Moving Sands", was never completed (and only published decades later in The Road to Dune ), but its research sparked Herbert's interest in ecology and deserts. Herbert further drew inspiration from Native American mentors like "Indian Henry" (as Herbert referred to the man to his son; likely a Henry Martin of the Hoh tribe ) and Howard Hansen. Both Martin and Hansen grew up on

6111-423: The factions of the empire confront each other in a struggle for the control of Arrakis and its spice. Herbert wrote five sequels : Dune Messiah , Children of Dune , God Emperor of Dune , Heretics of Dune , and Chapterhouse: Dune . Following Herbert's death in 1986, his son Brian Herbert and author Kevin J. Anderson continued the series in over a dozen additional novels since 1999. Adaptations of

6208-628: The fall of Ancient Rome . In "The Articulation of Imperial Decadence and Decline in Epic Science Fiction" (2007), DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of the Emperor on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Harkonnen in his palace. The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler through an excess of ceremony and pomp. The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as "parasites". The Baron Harkonnen

6305-478: The first half of the original novel; a sequel , which covers the second half of the story, was released on March 1, 2024, to critical acclaim and has grossed $ 711 million worldwide. The series has also been used as the basis for several board, role-playing, and video games . Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-life nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn 's moon Titan . After his novel The Dragon in

6402-401: The fungal life cycle, and his imagination was stimulated through his experiences with the use of magic mushrooms . Herbert spent the next five years researching, writing, and revising. He published a three-part serial Dune World in the monthly Analog , from December 1963 to February 1964. The serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again. After an interval of

6499-513: The future. The Emperor is jealous of the Duke's rising popularity in the Landsraad , the council of Great Houses, and sees House Atreides as a potential future rival and threat. He conspires with House Harkonnen , the former stewards of Arrakis and the longstanding enemies of the Atreides, to destroy Leto and his family after their arrival. Leto is aware his assignment is a trap of some kind but

6596-643: The genre. The Imperium in Dune contains features of various empires in Europe and the Near East , including the Roman Empire , Holy Roman Empire , and Ottoman Empire . Lorenzo DiTommaso compared Dune 's portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , which argues that Christianity allied with the profligacy of the Roman elite led to

6693-462: The idea of the collective unconscious. Paul's approach to power consistently requires his upbringing under the matriarchal Bene Gesserit, who operate as a long-dominating shadow government behind all of the great houses and their marriages or divisions. He is trained by Jessica in the Bene Gesserit Way, which includes prana-bindu training in nerve and muscle control and precise perception. Paul also receives Mentat training, thus helping prepare him to be

6790-589: The individual hero's concerns; the grandiosity extends to the conflict, and the concern of the epic is the concern of the entire world within the narrative. There are many genres of epic and various mediums that have adopted such genres, including: Real-life stories of heroic figures have also been referred to as being epic. For example, Ernest Shackleton 's exploration adventures in Antarctica . Epic fantasy (or high fantasy) has been described as containing three elements: J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of

6887-478: The legend of King Arthur , which, as it exists in the modern day, has been interpreted to be loosely modeled upon the life of Jesus , however this was not always the case. Arthurian literature had originally been based on pre-Christian, Celtic folklore and may have been based on a British warrior (5th–6th century) who staved off invading Saxons . During the early christianization of the United Kingdom ,

6984-422: The medieval Church. Before Princess Irulan appears as a character who agrees to a political marriage with Paul, she acts as a historian who shapes the reader's interpretation of the story and Paul's legacy due to the excerpts from her writing that frame each chapter. Among the Fremen, women have roles as mothers and wives and also exercise agency through combat and religious authority. Fremen women and children have

7081-641: The name was used to incorporate the many generations of performers who told, retold, and shaped the stories of the Iliad and the Odyssey over time. It has been well-established that narrative works of extreme length can be considered “epics”. The exact length is less important than the relative length within its medium. For example, with poetry, the distinction is made between epics and lyrics , relatively long and short respectively as poetry. In film, television, or novels, just as in epic poetry, this can manifest as

7178-416: The nebulous definitions assigned to even the long-standing ancient epics due to their ubiquitous presence across vastly differing cultures and traditions, are still a topic of discourse for today's literary academics, and have caused lingering difficulties in creating a definitive definition for the umbrella term of “epic” as a genre. Epic originally comes from the Latin word epicus , which itself comes from

7275-491: The novel a universal and timeless reflection of "the human condition and its moral dilemmas", and said: A lot of people refer to Dune as science fiction. I never do. I consider it an epic adventure in the classic storytelling tradition, a story of myth and legend not unlike the Morte d'Arthur or any messiah story. It just happens to be set in the future ... The story is actually more relevant today than when Herbert wrote it. In

7372-431: The novel to cinema have been notoriously difficult and complicated. In the 1970s, cult filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky attempted to make a film based on the novel. After three years of development, the project was canceled due to a constantly growing budget. In 1984, a film adaptation directed by David Lynch was released to mostly negative responses from critics and failure at the box office, although it later developed

7469-462: The past two centuries as new mediums of storytelling emerged with developing technologies. Most significantly, the advent of the novel, such as classics like Tolstoy 's War and Peace which began to be referred to as “epic novels”, caused critics to reconsider what can be called an “epic”. With this discussion, epic became a larger overarching genre under which many subgenres, such as epic poetry, epic novels, and epic films could fall under. However,

7566-475: The poison, but when he wakes, he has clairvoyance across time and space: he is the Kwisatz Haderach , the ultimate goal of the Bene Gesserit breeding program. Paul senses the Emperor and the Baron are amassing fleets around Arrakis to quell the Fremen rebellion, and prepares the Fremen for a major offensive against the Harkonnen troops. The Emperor arrives with the Baron on Arrakis. The Sardaukar seize

7663-472: The politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. For example, a key pre-history event to the novel's present is the "Butlerian Jihad", in which all robots and computers were destroyed, eliminating these common elements to science fiction from the novel as to allow focus on humanity. Dune considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time. Director John Harrison , who adapted Dune for Syfy 's 2000 miniseries , called

7760-518: The process. Thufir is coerced to assassinate Paul, who, out of gratitude for the Mentat's service, gives him the opportunity to take anything that Thufir wishes of him. Thufir chooses to succumb to the poison instead. Paul faces the Emperor, threatening to destroy spice production forever unless Shaddam abdicates the throne. Feyd-Rautha attempts to stop Paul by challenging him to a ritualistic knife fight, during which he attempts to cheat and kill Paul with

7857-434: The reader to keep reading to close the gap between what the epigraph says and what is happening in the main narrative. The epigraphs also give the reader the feeling that the world they are reading about is epically distanced, since Irulan writes about an idealized image of Paul as if he had already passed into memory. Brian Herbert wrote: "Dad told me that you could follow any of the novel's layers as you read it, and then start

7954-418: The regular antidote doses unless he obeys. While he follows the Baron's orders, Thufir works secretly to undermine the Harkonnens. Having fled into the desert, Paul is exposed to high concentrations of spice and has visions through which he realizes he has significant powers (as a result of the Bene Gesserit breeding scheme). He foresees potential futures in which he lives among the Fremen before leading them on

8051-629: The same common name This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name ( vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_grass&oldid=1223752281 " Category : Set index articles on plant common names Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 Articles with short description Short description

8148-992: The same mythical archetype. Some similarities, among others, include stories of: Just as it provided a blueprint for biblical traditions, many other pre-Christian mythos and religious epics have also shown to be influenced by Gilgamesh , including those of Buddha in Buddhist tradition ; Krishna in Hindu tradition ; Odysseus , Perseus , and Dionysus in Greek tradition ; Ra , Horus , Osiris , and Amenhotep III in Ancient Egyptian tradition ; Romulus in Roman tradition ; and Zoroaster/Zarathustra and Mithra in Zoroastrian tradition . The Bible similarly extended its influence into existing epic literature such as

8245-551: The series' " Islamic undertones " and themes, a Middle-Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly. In his descriptions of the Fremen culture and language, Herbert uses both authentic Arabic words and Arabic-sounding words. For example, one of the names for the sandworm, Shai-hulud, is derived from Arabic : شيء خلود , romanized :  šayʾ ḫulūd , lit.   'immortal thing' or Arabic : شيخ خلود , romanized :  šayḫ ḫulūd , lit.   'old man of eternity'. The title of

8342-473: The superhero syndrome and your own participation in it. Epic (genre) The use of epic as a genre, specifically for epic poetry, dates back millennia, all the way to the Epic of Gilgamesh , widely agreed to be the first epic. But critique and discourse has continuously arisen over this long period of time, with attempts to clarify what the core characteristics of the “epic” genre really are beginning only in

8439-428: The test. Paul and his parents travel with their household to occupy Arrakeen , the capital on Arrakis formerly held by House Harkonnen. Leto learns of the dangers involved in harvesting the spice, which is protected by giant sandworms , and seeks to negotiate with the planet's indigenous Fremen people, seeing them as a valuable ally rather than foes. Soon after the Atreides' arrival, Harkonnen forces attack, joined by

8536-427: The time. Chilton considered the publication of Dune a write-off and Lanier was fired. Over the course of time, the book gained critical acclaim, and its popularity spread by word-of-mouth to allow Herbert to start working full time on developing the sequels to Dune , elements of which were already written alongside Dune . At first Herbert considered using Mars as setting for his novel, but eventually decided to use

8633-494: The tribe's memories and passes them along to Jessica through the Water of Life ceremony. Within the male-led sietches, Fremen women find different avenues of authority. The gom jabbar test of humanity is administered by the female Bene Gesserit order but rarely to males. The Bene Gesserit have seemingly mastered the unconscious and can play on the unconscious weaknesses of others using the Voice, yet their breeding program seeks after

8730-498: The unseen') Usul (from Arabic : أصول , romanized :  ʾuṣūl , lit.   'fundamental principles'), Shari-a (from Arabic : شريعة , romanized :  šarīʿa , lit.   ' sharia ; path'), Shaitan (from Arabic : شيطان , romanized :  šayṭān , lit.   ' Shaitan ; devil; fiend'), and jinn (from Arabic : جن , romanized :  ǧinn , lit.   ' jinn ; spirit; demon; mythical being'). It

8827-411: The word epic has been expanded and associated with all kinds of long literatures that still underlyingly focus on the values of a given society. It is often used as an adjective . Epic (adjective) refers to something very great or large and usually difficult or impressive. In addition, the word epic can be used to describe any media that has a large scope, that speaks about the human condition and that

8924-419: The work must be high quality within its medium, again to evoke “epicness”. Epics are thought of as representative of a culture and a community, and something which defines a social identity , thus the epic hero is the individual representative of that. The hero is often righteous or moralistically good, especially in the ancient epic, or else above all others in some field such as combat or leadership. The hero

9021-465: The years went by there was a need to preserve these folk epics in written form and attribute value to their authors. With this increased demand, the literary epic genre emerged. Literary epic shares similarities with folk epic, but instead of being in oral form, it is presented in a written format to ensure its survival across the years. Literary epics tend to be more polished, coherent, and compact in structure and style. They most often are based on ideas of

9118-499: Was a metaphor for oil , as well as air and water itself, and for the shortages of resources caused by overpopulation . Novelist Brian Herbert , his son and biographer, wrote: Dune is a modern-day conglomeration of familiar myths, a tale in which great sandworms guard a precious treasure of melange, the geriatric spice that represents, among other things, the finite resource of oil. The planet Arrakis features immense, ferocious worms that are like dragons of lore, with "great teeth" and

9215-489: Was also interested in the idea of the superhero mystique and messiahs . He believed that feudalism was a natural condition humans fell into, where some led and others gave up the responsibility of making decisions and just followed orders. He found that desert environments have historically given birth to several major religions with messianic impulses. He decided to join his interests together so he could play religious and ecological ideas against each other. In addition, he

9312-500: Was finally accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books , a printing house better known for publishing auto repair manuals. Sterling Lanier , an editor at Chilton, had seen Herbert's manuscript and had urged his company to take a risk in publishing the book. However, the first printing, priced at $ 5.95 (equivalent to $ 57.53 in 2023), did not sell well and was poorly received by critics as being atypical of science fiction at

9409-533: Was influenced by the story of T. E. Lawrence and the "messianic overtones" in Lawrence's involvement in the Arab Revolt during World War I . In an early version of Dune , the hero was actually very similar to Lawrence of Arabia, but Herbert decided the plot was too straightforward and added more layers to his story. Herbert drew heavy inspiration also from Lesley Blanch 's The Sabres of Paradise (1960),

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