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49-514: Its name is derived from cape , referring to either a species of rattan or to the local varietal of coffee, Kape Barako , both of which still grow abundantly there to this day. By the time Spaniards arrived, there was already a native settlement in Calape. In 1802, the Spanish governor of Cebu established it as an independent municipality. In 1957, the barangay of Abucayan Norte was created from

98-426: A choice of weapon, even against bladed objects. Rattan shields were historically used in ancient, medieval and early modern China and Korea. According to some contemporary sources, they were reasonably effective against both arrows and early firearms. It sees also prominent use in battle re-enactments as stand-ins to potentially lethal weapons. Rattan can also be used to build a functional sword that delivers

147-430: A few major staple crops such as potato and taro . Sugarcane stems are a major source of sugar. Maple sugar is obtained from trunks of maple trees. Vegetables from stems are asparagus , bamboo shoots , cactus pads or nopalitos , kohlrabi , and water chestnut . The spice, cinnamon is bark from a tree trunk. Gum arabic is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of Acacia senegal trees. Chicle ,

196-427: A furnace. Calcium and carbon are added. The wood is then further heated under intense pressure in another oven-like machine, and a phosphate solution is introduced. This process produces almost an exact replica of bone material. The process takes about 10 days. At the time of the announcement the bone was being tested in sheep, and there had been no signs of rejection. Particles from the sheep's bodies have migrated to

245-442: A great deal of basic introductory information is available. Available rattan floras and monographs by region (2002 ): Uses by taxon . The major commercial species of rattan canes as identified for Asia by Dransfield and Manokaran (1993) and for Africa, by Tuley (1995) and Sunderland (1999) ( Desmoncus not treated here): Utilized Calamus species canes: Other traditional uses of rattans by species: The name "rattan"

294-437: A non-lethal but similar impact compared to steel counterparts. Plant stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant , the other being the root . It supports leaves , flowers and fruits , transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem , engages in photosynthesis, stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue. The stem can also be called

343-484: A profitable crop that complements rather than competes with trees. However, the long-term profitability and utility of rattan compared to other alternatives remain subjects of ongoing evaluation and study. Cleaned rattan stems with the leaf sheaths removed are superficially similar to bamboo . Unlike bamboo, rattan stems are not hollow. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exists in Indonesia , distributed among

392-422: A single stem. Clustering rattan, on the other hand, develop clumps of up to 50 stems via suckers , similar to bamboo and bananas . These clusters can produce new stems continually as individual stems die. The impact of harvesting is much greater in solitary species, since the whole plant dies when harvested. An example of a commercially important single-stemmed species is Calamus manan . Clustering species, on

441-529: A strand of rattan, the skin is usually peeled off, to be used as rattan weaving material. The remaining "core" of the rattan can be used for various purposes in furniture making. Rattan is a very good material, mainly because it is lightweight, durable, and, to a certain extent, flexible and suitable for outdoor use. Traditionally, the women of the Wemale ethnic group of Seram Island , Indonesia wore rattan girdles around their waist. Thin rattan canes were

490-414: A vine-like habit, scrambling through and over other vegetation. However, they are different from true woody lianas in several ways. Because rattans are palms, they do not branch and they rarely develop new root structures upon contact of the stem with soil. They are monocots , and thus, do not exhibit secondary growth . This means the diameter of the rattan stem is always constant: juvenile rattan palms have

539-585: A wood with a light peach hue. In the Indian state of Assam , the shoot is also used as vegetable. The stem tips are rich in starch , and can be eaten raw or roasted. Long stems can be cut to obtain potable water. The palm heart can also be eaten raw or cooked. In early 2010, scientists in Italy announced that rattan wood would be used in a new "wood to bone" process for the production of artificial bone . The process takes small pieces of rattan and places them in

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588-587: A young industry and only constitutes a minority of the rattan resources harvested annually. In forests where rattan grows, its economic value can play a crucial role in conservation efforts. By offering an alternative source of income, rattan harvesting can deter loggers from engaging in timber logging. Harvesting rattan canes is simpler and requires less sophisticated tools compared to logging operations. Furthermore, rattan grows rapidly, which facilitates quicker replenishment compared to tropical wood species.This economic incentive supports forest maintenance by providing

637-556: Is Mount Candungao in the eastern portion of the town, with an elevation of 150 metres (500 ft) above sea level. Calape is politically subdivided into 33 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . There are 18 barangays which form part of coastal area. 92% of Calape's population is Roman Catholic . The remaining 8% is divided among other religious groups. Poverty incidence of Calape Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Rattan Rattan , also spelled ratan (from Malay : rotan ),

686-437: Is available in many colours, and it can be worked into many styles. Moreover, the inner core can be separated and worked into wicker . A typical braiding pattern is called Wiener Geflecht , Viennese Braiding, as it was invented in 18th century Vienna and later most prominently used by Thonet for their No. 14 chair . Generally, raw rattan is processed into several products to be used as materials in furniture making. From

735-855: Is first attested in English in the 1650s. It is derived from the Malay name rotan . Probably ultimately from rautan (from raut , "to trim" or "to pare"). Many rattan species also form mutualistic relationships with ant species. They provide ant shelters ( myrmecodomatia ) like hollow spines, funnel-shaped leaves, or leaf sheath extensions ( ochreae ). The rattans in turn, gain protection from herbivores. Rattans are threatened with overexploitation , as harvesters are cutting stems too young and reducing their ability to resprout. Unsustainable harvesting of rattan can lead to forest degradation , affecting overall forest ecosystem services . Processing can also be polluting. The use of toxic chemicals and petrol in

784-453: Is heavily used as a housing material in rural areas. The skin of the plant or wood is primarily used for weaving . Rattan cane is also used traditionally to make polo mallets , though only a small portion of cane harvested (roughly 3%) is strong, flexible, and durable enough to be made into sticks for polo mallets, and popularity of rattan mallets is waning next the more modern variant, fibrecanes. Fire-hardened rattan were commonly used as

833-458: Is important in aiding metabolic activities (eg. respiration , photosynthesis , transport, storage) as well as acting as structural support and forming new meristems . Most or all ground tissue may be lost in woody stems . Vascular tissue, consisting of xylem , phloem and cambium ; provides long distance transport of water , minerals and metabolites ( sugars , amino acids ); whilst aiding structural support and growth. The arrangement of

882-831: Is not restricted to Calamoideae, but has also evolved in three other evolutionary lines—tribes Cocoseae ( Desmoncus with c. 7–10 species in the New World tropics) and Areceae ( Dypsis scandens in Madagascar) in subfamily Arecoideae, and tribe Hyophorbeae (climbing species of the large genus Chamaedorea in Central America) in subfamily Ceroxyloideae. They do not have spinose stems and climb by means of their reflexed terminal leaflets. Of these only Desmoncus spp. furnish stems of sufficiently good quality to be used as rattan cane substitutes. There are 13 different genera of rattans that include around 600 species. Some of

931-423: Is present above the pericycle and vascular bundles. Woody dicots and many nonwoody dicots have secondary growth originating from their lateral or secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium or phellogen. The vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles and connects to form a continuous cylinder. The vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem to

980-794: Is the name for roughly 600 species of Old World climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae . The greatest diversity of rattan palm species and genera are in the closed- canopy old-growth tropical forests of Southeast Asia , though they can also be found in other parts of tropical Asia and Africa . Most rattan palms are ecologically considered lianas due to their climbing habits, unlike other palm species. A few species also have tree-like or shrub-like habits. Around 20% of rattan palm species are economically important and are traditionally used in Southeast Asia in producing wickerwork furniture, baskets, canes , woven mats, cordage , and other handicrafts . Rattan canes are one of

1029-430: Is the preferred natural material used to wick essential oils in aroma reed diffusers (commonly used in aromatherapy , or merely to scent closets, passageways, and rooms), because each rattan reed contains 20 or more permeable channels that wick the oil from the container up the stem and release fragrance into the air, through an evaporation diffusion process. In contrast, reeds made from bamboo contain nodes that inhibit

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1078-399: Is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates. The aerial stem of an adult tree is called a trunk . The dead, usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the heartwood and is the result of tylosis . The outer, living wood is termed the sapwood. Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem, although concentrated towards the outside. This differs from

1127-486: Is where the vascular tissue branches off to a frond . In cross section, the vascular tissue does not form a complete cylinder where a leaf gap occurs. Fern stems may have solenosteles or dictyosteles or variations of them. Many fern stems have phloem tissue on both sides of the xylem in cross-section. Foreign chemicals such as air pollutants, herbicides and pesticides can damage stem structures. There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses. Stems provide

1176-552: Is widely used to make paper , paperboard , cellulose sponges, cellophane and some important plastics and textiles , such as cellulose acetate and rayon . Bamboo stems also have hundreds of uses, including in paper, buildings, furniture, boats, musical instruments, fishing poles , water pipes , plant stakes, and scaffolding . Trunks of palms and tree ferns are often used for building. Stems of reed are an important building material for use in thatching in some areas. Tannins used for tanning leather are obtained from

1225-517: The culm , halm , haulm , stalk , or thyrsus . The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes: The term " shoots " is often confused with "stems"; "shoots" generally refers to new fresh plant growth, including both stems and other structures like leaves or flowers. In most plants, stems are located above the soil surface, but some plants have underground stems . Stems have several main functions: Stems have two pipe-like tissues called xylem and phloem . The xylem tissue arises from

1274-506: The sitios of Cabulihan and Cabinong, and the barangay of Abucayan Sur from the sitios of Rama and Bino. The sitios of Binogawan, Masonoy, Bentig, Cahayag, and Lawis were also constituted into barrios. Calape is bounded by Loon in the west and Tubigon in the east. To the north, the town center faces the Cebu Strait on the western side of Bohol Island , 42 kilometres (26 mi) from Tagbilaran . The jurisdiction of Calape includes

1323-463: The "wood bone" and formed long, continuous bones. The new bone-from-wood programme is being funded by the European Union . By 2023, experimental implants into humans were taking place. Rattans are extensively used for making baskets and furniture . When cut into sections, rattan can be used as wood to make furniture. Rattan accepts paints and stains like many other kinds of wood, so it

1372-538: The ability to climb wide-diameter trees, unlike other vines which use tendrils or twining which can only climb narrower supports. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long. A few species of rattans are non-climbing. These range from free-standing tree-like species (like Calamus dumetosa ) to acaulescent shrub -like species with short subterranean stems (like Calamus pygmaeus ). Rattans can also be solitary (single-stemmed), clustering (clump-forming), or both. Solitary rattan species grow into

1421-534: The cell facing inside and transports water by the action of transpiration pull , capillary action , and root pressure . The phloem tissue arises from the cell facing outside and consists of sieve tubes and their companion cells. The function of phloem tissue is to distribute food from photosynthetic tissue to other tissues. The two tissues are separated by cambium , a tissue that divides to form xylem or phloem cells. Stems are often specialized for storage, asexual reproduction, protection, or photosynthesis , including

1470-606: The dicot stem that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center. The shoot apex in monocot stems is more elongated. Leaf sheathes grow up around it, protecting it. This is true to some extent of almost all monocots. Monocots rarely produce secondary growth and are therefore seldom woody, with palms and bamboo being notable exceptions. However, many monocot stems increase in diameter via anomalous secondary growth. All gymnosperms are woody plants. Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most gymnosperms produce only tracheids in their xylem, not

1519-415: The epidermis in function. Areas of loosely packed cells in the periderm that function in gas exchange are called lenticels. Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood. The seasonal variation in growth from the vascular cambium is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates. Tree rings are the basis of dendrochronology , which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts. Dendroclimatology

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1568-455: The following: Stem usually consist of three tissues: dermal tissue , ground tissue , and vascular tissue . Dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the stem and usually functions to protect the stem tissue, and control gas exchange . The predominant cells of dermal tissue are epidermal cells . Ground tissue usually consists mainly of parenchyma , collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells ; and they surround vascular tissue. Ground tissue

1617-424: The inside and secondary phloem to the outside. As the stem increases in diameter due to production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem, the cortex and epidermis are eventually destroyed. Before the cortex is destroyed, a cork cambium develops there. The cork cambium divides to produce waterproof cork cells externally and sometimes phelloderm cells internally. Those three tissues form the periderm , which replaces

1666-522: The islands Borneo , Sulawesi , and Sumbawa . The rest of the world's supply comes from the Philippines , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Bangladesh and Assam, India . Some rattan fruits are edible, with a sour taste akin to citrus. The fruit of some rattans exudes a red resin called dragon's blood ; this resin was thought to have medicinal properties in antiquity and was used as a dye for violins , among other things. The resin normally results in

1715-449: The islands of Pangangan (eight barangays) and Mantatao, as well as two uninhabited islets, Poom Island and Basihan Island. There are four rivers that flow through the territory: Tultugan and Liboron Rivers that drain into Calape Bay, and Calunasan and Abucayan Norte Rivers that drain into Tipcan Bay. Most of the coastal area is a fairly level plain that gradually rises into rolling hills of coralline limestone . The highest point in Calape

1764-716: The main ingredient in chewing gum , is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree. Medicines obtained from stems include quinine from the bark of cinchona trees, camphor distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides cinnamon , and the muscle relaxant curare from the bark of tropical vines. Wood is used in thousands of ways; it can be used to create buildings , furniture , boats , airplanes , wagons , car parts, musical instruments , sports equipment , railroad ties , utility poles , fence posts, pilings , toothpicks , matches , plywood , coffins , shingles , barrel staves, toys , tool handles, picture frames , veneer , charcoal and firewood . Wood pulp

1813-907: The other hand, have more potential to become sustainable if the rate of harvesting does not exceed the rate of stem replacement via vegetative reproduction . Rattans display two types of flowering: hapaxanthy and pleonanthy . All the species of the genera Korthalsia , Laccosperma , Plectocomia , Plectocomiopsis , and Myrialepis are hapaxanthic; as well as a few species of Calamus . This means they only flower and fruit once then die. All other rattan species are pleonanthic, being able to flower and fruit continually. Most commercially harvested species are pleonanthic, because hapaxanthic rattans tend to have soft piths making them unsuitable for bending. Calamoideae includes tree palms such as Raffia (raphia) and Metroxylon (sago palm) and shrub palms such as Salacca (salak) (Uhl & Dransfield 1987 Genera Palmarum ). The climbing habit in palms

1862-598: The passage of essential oils. Many of the properties of rattan that make it suitable for furniture also make it a popular choice for handicraft and art pieces. Uses include rattan baskets, plant containers, and other decorative works. Due to its durability and resistance to splintering, sections of rattan can be used as canes , crooks for high-end umbrellas , or staves for martial arts . Rattan sticks 70 cm (28 inches) long, called baston , are used in Filipino martial arts , especially Arnis/Eskrima/Kali and for

1911-560: The processing of rattan affects soil, air and water resources, and also ultimately people's health. Meanwhile, the conventional method of rattan production is threatening the plant's long-term supply, and the income of workers. Rattans also exhibit rapid population growths in disturbed forest edges due to higher light availability than in the closed- canopy old-growth tropical forests . Although this can mean increased rattan abundance for economic exploitation, it can also be problematic in long-term conservation efforts. Rattan harvesting from

1960-441: The same width as when adult, usually around 2–5 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 –2 inches) in diameter, with long internodes between the leaves . This also means juvenile rattan palms are rigid enough to remain free-standing, unlike true lianas which always need structural support, even when young. Many rattans also have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores . The spines also give rattans

2009-576: The shafts of Philippine spears collectively known as sibat . They were fitted with a variety of iron spearheads and ranged from short throwing versions to heavy thrusting weapons. They were used for hunting, fishing, or warfare (both land and naval warfare). The rattan shafts of war spears are usually elaborately ornamented with carvings and metal inlays. Arnis also makes prominent use of rattan as "arnis sticks", commonly called yantok or baston . Their durability and weight makes it ideal for training with complex execution of techniques as well as being

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2058-967: The species in these "rattan genera" have a different habit and do not climb, they are shrubby palms of the forest undergrowth; nevertheless they are close relatives to species that are climbers and they are hence included in the same genera. The largest rattan genus is Calamus , distributed in Asia except for one species represented in Africa. From the remaining rattan genera, Korthalsia , Plectocomia , Plectocomiopsis , and Myrialepis are centered in Southeast Asia with outliers eastwards and northwards; and three are endemic to Africa: Laccosperma (syn. Ancistrophyllum ), Eremospatha and Oncocalamus . The rattan genera and their distribution (Uhl & Dransfield 1987 Genera Palmarum , Dransfield 1992): In Uhl & Dransfield (1987 Genera Palmarum , 2ºed. 2008), and also Dransfield & Manokaran (1993 ),

2107-733: The standard implement for school corporal punishment in England and Wales, and are still used for this purpose in schools in Malaysia, Singapore, and several African countries. The usual maximum number of strokes was six, traditionally referred to as getting "Six of the best". Similar canes are used for military punishments in the Singapore Armed Forces . Heavier canes, also of rattan, are used for judicial corporal punishments in Aceh , Brunei , Malaysia , and Singapore . Rattan

2156-487: The striking weapons in the Society for Creative Anachronism 's full-contact " armoured combat ". Along with birch and bamboo, rattan is a common material used for the handles in percussion mallets, especially mallets for keyboard percussion , e.g. , marimba , vibraphone , xylophone , etc. Most natives or locals from the rattan rich countries employ the aid of this sturdy plant in their home building projects. It

2205-519: The vascular tissues varies widely among plant species . Dicot stems with primary growth have pith in the center, with vascular bundles forming a distinct ring visible when the stem is viewed in cross section. The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain stomata for gas exchange and multicellular stem hairs called trichomes . A cortex consisting of hypodermis (collenchyma cells) and endodermis (starch containing cells)

2254-519: The vessels found in dicots. Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts. Woody dicots are called hardwoods, e.g. oak , maple and walnut . In contrast, softwoods are gymnosperms, such as pine , spruce and fir . Most ferns have rhizomes with no vertical stem. The exception is tree ferns , which have vertical stems that can grow up to about 20 metres. The stem anatomy of ferns is more complicated than that of dicots because fern stems often have one or more leaf gaps in cross section. A leaf gap

2303-526: The wild in most rattan-producing countries requires permits. These include the Philippines , Sri Lanka , India , Malaysia , Laos , Ghana , and Cameroon . In addition, the Philippines also imposes an annual allowable cut in an effort to conserve rattan resources. Rattan cultivation (both monoculture and intercropping ) is also being researched and pioneered in some countries, though it is still

2352-408: The wood of certain trees, such as quebracho . Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak . Rubber is obtained from the trunks of Hevea brasiliensis . Rattan , used for furniture and baskets, is made from the stems of tropical vining palms. Bast fibers for textiles and rope are obtained from stems of plants like flax , hemp , jute and ramie . The earliest known paper was obtained from

2401-624: The world's most valuable non-timber forest products. Some species of rattan also have edible scaly fruit and heart of palm . Despite increasing attempts in the last 30 years at commercial cultivation, almost all rattan products still come from wild-harvested plants. Rattan supplies are now rapidly threatened due to deforestation and overexploitation . Rattan were also historically known as Manila cane or Malacca cane , based on their trade origins, as well as numerous other trade names for individual species. Most rattan palms are classified ecologically as lianas because most mature rattan palms have

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