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65-740: Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton is the major West Coast base of the United States Marine Corps and is one of the largest Marine Corps bases in the United States. It is on the Southern California coast in San Diego County and is bordered by Oceanside to the south, San Clemente in Orange County to the north, Riverside County to the northeast, and Fallbrook to the east. The base

130-611: A Major League Baseball All-Star Game that was played at what is now SDCCU Stadium . In a 2002 letter to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , Marine Corps Commandant J.L. Jones stated to the Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA), who operates the toll roads in Orange County , “Frankly, my preference is that the proposed toll road not be constructed on or near Camp Pendleton. This construction

195-573: A 2019 Pew Research Center poll, 72% of adults in Pacific states said that "climate change is affecting their local community at least some", higher than in any other region in the country. Since 1992 , the three states have voted for Democrats in presidential elections without interruption, but Oregon and Washington also voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988 . In the 2010s, Democrats strengthened their political power along

260-712: A horse, Sergeant Reckless , which served with the Marine Corps in Korea. In 1975 Camp Pendleton was the first U.S. military base to provide accommodations for Vietnamese evacuees in Operation New Arrivals . Over 50,000 refugees came to the base in the largest humanitarian airlift in history. Camp Pendleton has continued to grow through renovations, replacing its original tent camps with more than 2,626 buildings and over 500 miles of roads. Preservation of Camp Pendleton heritage and Marine Corps history

325-474: A land bridge, Beringia , that existed between 45,000 BCE and 12,000 BCE (47,000–14,000 years ago). Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska . Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE (18,500–15,500 years ago), ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America and possibly by sea. Alaska Natives , Indigenous peoples of

390-713: A less specific definition as "the western coast of the U.S., along the Pacific Ocean ." As for the Cambridge Dictionary , the West Coast is "the area of the Pacific coast in the U.S. that includes California." The history of the West Coast begins with the arrival of the earliest known humans of the Americas, Paleo-Indians , crossing the Bering Strait from Eurasia into North America over

455-489: A medical field service school at the naval hospital at Santa Margarita Ranch, now Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton . The facility was used as a discharge base for soldiers returning from Europe and Asia after World War II ended in 1945. During the Korean War , $ 20 million helped expand and upgrade existing facilities, including the construction of Camp Horno . When Camp Pendleton trained the country's fighting force for

520-489: Is a difference of 17 °C (30 °F) between Eureka and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles (40 km) separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres (1,600 ft) elevation. Slightly narrower fluctuations can be seen all through the coastline, and could partially be explained by the cold currents in the Pacific Ocean moderating coastal temperatures and the mountain ranges blocking

585-430: Is considered a Democratic stronghold. Before achieving statehood in 1959, Hawaii became a state favorable to Democrats to the point that they sought statehood for the territory. Southern Democrats opposed the move because it would mean additional votes against their region on several issues. Since achieving statehood, Hawaii consistently voted for Democrats in presidential elections, except in 1972 and 1984 . Unlike

650-515: Is in the Mainside Complex, at the southeastern end of the base, and the remote northern interior is an impact area. Daytime population is around 100,000. Recruits from nearby Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego spend four weeks at Pendleton's Edson Range receiving field training; after graduating from recruit training , newly minted infantry Marines return to the base's School of Infantry for further training. Camp Pendleton remains

715-409: Is one more encroachment venture that will hinder [our] ability to prepare for war. It will also result in additional losses of natural areas that support endangered species, thus placing an even greater burden on Camp Pendleton to protect the region’s biodiversity.” In 2008, after the rejection of the proposed toll road extension of SR 241 through San Onofre State Beach Park for environmental reasons,

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780-499: Is ongoing. The original ranch house has been declared a National Historic Site as well as the Las Flores Adobe . The base's diverse geography, spanning over 125,000 acres (506 km), plays host to year-round training for Marines in addition to all other branches of the U.S. military . Amphibious and sea-to-shore training takes place at several key points along the base's 17 miles (27 km) of coastline. The main base

845-493: Is the 13th largest city, and Alaska's largest city, Anchorage , is 17th on the West Coast. California's history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic American tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on

910-662: The 1996 Republican National Convention , accompanying national anthem performers. Among the more famous performers who were accompanied by the Camp Pendleton color guard have been Frankie Laine , Herb Alpert , Wilson Phillips , Jewel , Trisha Yearwood and the Dixie Chicks , all of whom had performed the National Anthem at either a World Series game, Super Bowl , or, in Wilson Phillips' case,

975-536: The 9th Marine Regiment , under then Colonel Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. , marched from Camp Elliott in San Diego to Camp Pendleton to be the first troops to occupy the new base. On September 25, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially dedicated the base. Wartime training facilities at the base included landing craft school, amphibious tractor school, beach battalion school, amphibious communications school , Naval Construction Battalion Training Center and

1040-477: The I Marine Expeditionary Force and various training commands. In 1769, a Spanish expedition led by Captain Gaspar de Portolá explored northward from Loreto, Baja California Sur , seeking to reach Monterey Bay , something never before done overland by Europeans. On July 20 of that year , the expedition arrived in the area now known as Camp Pendleton, and as it was the feast day of St. Margaret , they christened

1105-641: The Mexican War of Independence from Spain, some of the former members of the Portolà expedition who had stayed on (mostly garrison soldiers) were awarded large land grants ( ranchos ) by Mexican governors. The retired soldiers were joined as rancheros by prominent businessmen, officials, and military leaders. They and their children, the Californios , became the landed gentry of Alta California . In 1841, two brothers, Pio Pico and Andrés Pico , became

1170-485: The North Pacific Ocean . The term typically refers to the contiguous U.S. states of California , Oregon , and Washington , but it occasionally includes Alaska and Hawaii in bureaucratic usage. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau considers both states to be part of a larger U.S. geographic division. There are conflicting definitions of which states comprise the West Coast of the United States, but

1235-654: The Pacific Northwest , Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both cities are known for small-scale coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. The culture has also been significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains, and rain. This may account for the fact that the Northwest has many high-quality libraries and bookshops (most notably Powell's Books and

1300-633: The Santa Margarita River and extensive salt marsh habitat. Outlying land within the base is made up of floodplain , oak woodlands , coastal dunes and bluffs, coastal sage scrub , chaparral , and several types of wetlands, including ephemeral wetlands such as vernal pools . Wildfire is not uncommon. Research in ecology takes place on undeveloped areas of the base, which contain examples of rare and endangered California habitat types. The Department of Defense has issued management plans for various ecosystems on this territory. Land within

1365-533: The Seattle Central Library ) and a "bibliophile soul". The region also has a marginal, but growing independence movement based on bioregionalism and a Cascadian identity. The Cascadian flag has become a popular image at Seattle Sounders FC and Portland Timbers games. Alaska is widely known for its outdoors and its inhabitants engage in a range of activities that are unique to the state. Some of these activities can be experienced through

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1430-484: The 122,798 acres (497 km) of Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores would be transformed into the largest Marine Corps base in the country. It was named for Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton who had long advocated the establishment of a West Coast training base. Construction began in April as a temporary facility built to minimum standards of wood frame construction. After five months of furious building activity,

1495-588: The 2020 United States Census, 16 of the 20 largest cities on the West Coast exist in California. Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , all among the top 10 most populous cities in the country, lead the West Coast in population with more than a million people in each city, with Los Angeles being nearly three times the size of San Diego's population. Behind these three cities, San Francisco , Seattle and Portland are respectively fourth, fifth and sixth in population. Hawaii's capital and largest city, Honolulu ,

1560-816: The Commanding Officer of the First Brigade and the Post Commander, and Commanding Officer of the First Brigade and the Post Commander, and Commanding Officer of the First Regiment, at Olongapo City . On May 23, 1911, Lieutenant Colonel Pendleton was promoted to the grade of colonel. He was detached from the Philippine Islands on May 6, 1912, and returned to the United States via the Suez Canal and Europe, reporting to

1625-664: The Delta and Charlie training areas, Zulu Impact Area and Case Springs on the base. In early 2021, there were around 90 adults, and 14 calves were expected in April. West Coast of the United States in the United States  (tan) The West Coast of the United States , also known as the Pacific Coast and the Western Seaboard , is the coastline along which the Western United States meets

1690-541: The Korean and Vietnam Wars , approximately 200,000 Marines passed through the base on their way to the Far East. Beginning in 1954, Camp Pendleton has hosted a variation of Basic Training familiarization for teenagers age 14 to 17. This training, called "Devil Pups", promotes physical fitness, instills discipline and promotes love of country and the Marine Corps. The camp's stables display a plaque and statue commemorating

1755-659: The Marine Barracks Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on August 1, 1912. Colonel Pendleton was detached on temporary foreign shore service from August 23, 1912, until December 16, 1912. This foreign service covered the period of the 1912 operations in Nicaragua . Colonel Pendleton was in command of the Marines during this campaign in the skirmishes at Masaya and Chichigalpa , and the capture of Coyotepe and Leon. From February 19, to June 1, 1913, Colonel Pendleton

1820-609: The Marines on the Island of Guam . From September 29, 1906, to September 20, 1909, Major Pendleton commanded the Marine Barracks at Navy Yard Puget Sound , Bremerton, Washington . On January 1, 1908, Major Pendleton was promoted to the grade of lieutenant colonel. Lieutenant Colonel Pendleton joined the First Brigade of Marines in the Philippines for his second tour of duty there, on November 4, 1902. He performed duty as

1885-607: The Naval Academy and was appointed a second lieutenant on July 1, 1884. He was a supporter of Henry George 's economic philosophy, now often known as Georgism . His first duty was performed at the Marine Barracks, Brooklyn Navy Yard where he served from August 31, 1884, to February 7, 1885. From here Second Lieutenant Pendleton went to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine , and joined

1950-542: The Pacific Coast, including Alaska and British Columbia . Although the encyclopedia acknowledges the inclusion of Hawaii in some capacity as part of the region, the editors wrote that "it has little in common geologically with the mainland states." Several dictionaries offer different definitions of the West Coast. Lexico restricts the West Coast's definition to "the western seaboard of the U.S. from Washington to California." However, Macmillan Dictionary provides

2015-625: The Pacific Northwest Coast , and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians . They developed various languages and established trade routes . Later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area . On May 10, 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed joining the West Coast to the East of the United States. The West Coast of

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2080-607: The Pacific Ocean to points throughout North America, and are often described as gateways to the Pacific Rim . Joseph Henry Pendleton Joseph Henry Pendleton was born on June 2, 1860, in East Rochester, Pennsylvania , which is about 25 miles NW of Pittsburgh , to Joseph Rhodes Pendleton and Martha Jane Cross. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1878. He graduated from

2145-672: The Second Provisional Brigade of Marines in support of the Government of Santo Domingo; for the wise and successful administration of important offices in the Government entrusted to his charge; and in general, for unfailing efforts to promote good order and material prosperity throughout the Dominican Republic," according to the Military Times. On November 22, 1916, Brigadier General Pendleton

2210-606: The TCA filed for permission to build on the northwestern portion of the base. A spokesman for Camp Pendleton denied the request in 2010, stating that they could only allow the toll road to run through the San Onofre State Beach Park because their training missions could not be completed without the proposed land. In fact, the California gnatcatcher , an endangered species , resides on the northwestern portion of

2275-594: The USS Pensacola on March 20, 1885. On March 6, 1888, Lieutenant Pendleton reported to the Marine Barracks, Brooklyn Navy Yard . His next duty was at the Marine Barracks, Mare Island Naval Shipyard , California, where he served from May 24, 1889, to May 12, 1892, but between June 21 and October 14, 1891, he was on temporary detached duty on board the AL-KI, cruising the Bering Sea . On June 28, 1891, Pendleton

2340-630: The USS South Dakota , and at Camp Howard, North Island, San Diego. From December 19, 1914, to February 3, 1916, Colonel Pendleton was in command of the Fourth Regiment at San Diego, part of the time being absent on expeditionary duty and temporary sea duty with the Pacific Fleet. From February 3, to December 31, 1916, Colonel Pendleton was in command of the Marine Barracks at San Diego, but from June 6, to December 31, 1916, he

2405-539: The United States has an oceanic climate in its Northwestern, Northern, and Eastern edge towards the U.S.-Canada border, but from Northern California, towards the U.S.-Mexico border the climate is Mediterranean . While the northern half of the west coast, particularly coastal Washington and Oregon has moderate rainfall, particularly during the winter months, much of coastal California is drier year-round. The coastline sees significantly milder temperatures compared to inland areas during summer. In far Northern California there

2470-533: The West Coast always includes California , Oregon , and Washington as part of that definition. Under most circumstances, however, the term encompasses the three contiguous states and Alaska , as they are all located in North America. For census purposes, Hawaii is part of the West Coast, along with the other four states. Encyclopædia Britannica refers to the North American region as part of

2535-434: The West Coast usually refers to the contiguous coastal states of California, Oregon, and Washington because of their similar political leanings. In 2017, The Oregonian columnist David Sarasohn described the West Coast as a " blue wall " of shared values on immigration , abortion , climate change , and civil liberties . By 2016, the West Coast states legalized marijuana after California voted to do so. According to

2600-428: The West Coast, with significant populations in other West Coast cities. San Francisco's Chinatown , the oldest in North America, is a noted cultural center. The West Coast also has a proportionally large share of green cities within the United States, which manifests itself in different cultural practices such as bicycling and organic gardening. Greater Los Angeles, in particular, has immense global influence due to

2665-460: The West Coast. After winning a special election for a seat in the Washington state senate in 2017, Democrats built a government trifecta in all three West Coast states. After the 2022 U.S. House of Representatives elections , Democrats controlled all congressional districts touching the Pacific. Hawaii is not usually considered part of the West Coast in the political definition, though it

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2730-629: The absence of the Military Governor. He was detached from Santo Domingo on October 21, 1918, and reported to Headquarters, Marine Corps , Washington, D.C., on October 28, 1918. From November 11, 1918, to September 25, 1919, Brigadier General Pendleton commanded the Marine Barracks at Parris Island , South Carolina, and on October 1, 1919, joined the Second Advanced Base Force at San Diego, as its Commanding General. From October 1, to November 7, 1921, General Pendleton

2795-643: The age of 64, Pendleton retired after 40 years of service in the Marine Corps. He settled in Coronado, California and served as mayor from 1928 to 1930. He died on February 4, 1942, at his home at age 81. Pendleton's awards include the Navy Cross and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal . The following were named for Pendleton: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

2860-549: The base still includes breeding habitat for birds such as the western snowy plover and California gnatcatcher . The coastal bluffs have many of the few existing specimens of the Pendleton button-celery , which was named for the base. Rare mammals on the base include the Pacific pocket mouse and Stephens's kangaroo rat . Fourteen American bison were introduced from the San Diego Zoo between 1973 and 1979. They roam

2925-410: The base. The TCA funded a study in 2013 to remove the California gnatcatcher from the endangered species list, which would have made it easier to negotiate the construction and planning of the 241's extension through the San Onofre State Beach Park. Areas 11-16 are collectively known as "Mainside." Camp Pendleton was built on a wide swath of coastal land that once supported an estuary at the mouth of

2990-432: The coast. Interstate travel is also served by roads such as Interstate 5 , the main high-speed north–south freeway along the West Coast. Interstate 5 follows the coast only as far north as Dana Point, California , before turning inland for much of its route. The main coastal scenic route throughout most of California is California State Route 1 . From the end of SR 1 at Leggett, California , U.S. Route 101 serves as

3055-439: The deed to the ranch. During his tenure as owner, he expanded the ranch house, built in 1827, and developed the rancho into a thriving cattle industry. Forster's heirs were forced to sell the ranch in 1882 because of a series of droughts and a fence law that forced Forster to construct fencing around the extensive rancho lands. It was purchased by wealthy cattleman James Clair Flood and managed by Irishman Richard O'Neill, who

3120-493: The first private owners of Rancho Santa Margarita. More land was later added to the grant, giving it the name of Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores , which stayed with the ranch until the Marine Corps acquired it in 1942. The design of the ranch's cattle brand is seen in the base's logo today. In 1863, an Englishman named John (Don Juan) Forster (Pio Pico's brother-in-law) paid off Pico's gambling debts in return for

3185-476: The land in the name of Santa Margarita. The expedition went on to establish military outposts and Franciscan missions at San Diego and Monterey . During the next 30 years, 21 missions were established, the most productive one being Mission San Luis Rey , just south of the present-day Camp Pendleton. At that time, San Luis Rey Mission had control over the Santa Margarita area. After 1821, following

3250-781: The last major undeveloped portion of the California coastline south of Santa Barbara , save for a few relatively small state parks. In 2015 the site was proposed for a large civilian airport. Since August 2004, Camp Pendleton has been one of five locations in the Department of Defense to operate the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) air radar. The STARS radar allows the facility to simulate air traffic for training purposes. Camp Pendleton's five-man color guard has participated in many sporting events in San Diego and at

3315-469: The main scenic route along the coast in far Northern California, Oregon, and Washington state. Sierra High Route is a popular trekking route. Several of the most important international airports in the United States are located along the West Coast, including Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , San Francisco International Airport , and Los Angeles International Airport . Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles all connect numerous destinations around

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3380-799: The maritime air from moving farther inland than its foothills during summer. Coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. While famous in the San Francisco Bay Area , coastal fog also affects Santa Monica in Los Angeles , Southern California , leading to May gray and June gloom conditions. Coastal California has very little yearly temperature differences with cool summers similar to those expected in parts of Northern Europe in San Francisco but warmer temperatures year-round further south. A short journey inland and summer temperatures are comparable with

3445-399: The other West Coast states, Alaska has been a reliable state for Republicans in presidential elections. Since achieving statehood, Alaska has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate only once in 1964 . In 1960 , the state narrowly voted for Republican Richard Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy and had voted for Republicans uninterrupted since 1968 . According to the results of

3510-455: The presence of the Hollywood film industry , and is considered the creative capital of the world due to the proportion of its population involved in the entertainment industry. Meanwhile, parts of the San Francisco Bay Area are also known as Silicon Valley , due to the tremendous presence of software companies in the area, including tech giants like Apple , Meta , and Alphabet Inc . In

3575-503: The rest of the United States on the same latitudes, sometimes warmer due to prevailing winds from the Nevada and Arizona hot desert climate . With the exception of Alaska , the Democratic Party has dominated West Coast politics in contemporary history, with the states consistently voting for Democrats in elections at various levels. Four out of five West Coast states have voted for Democrats in presidential elections since 1992 , three of which have done so since 1988 . In politics,

3640-427: The state's annual events, such as the Iron Dog snowmobile race from Anchorage to Nome and on to Fairbanks . Other events include the World Ice Art Championships (Fairbanks) and the Sitka Whalefest ( Sitka ). The Coast Starlight is the main interstate passenger railroad route provided by Amtrak along the coast. BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad own and operate railroads that connect cities on

3705-472: Was absent on expeditionary duty in command of the Fourth Regiment. He was placed in command of all Naval Forces ashore in Santo Domingo on June 19, 1916, as part of the occupation of the Dominican Republic . Colonel Pendleton was promoted to Brigadier General on August 29, 1916. The Navy Cross was awarded to Brigadier General Pendleton for "exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility June 18 to 31 December 1916, as Commanding Officer of

3770-452: Was absent with an expeditionary force at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , Cuba . On August 20, 1913, he was detached from the Marine Barracks at Portsmouth. From September 13, 1913, to December 19, 1914, Colonel Pendleton was in command of the Marine Barracks at Puget Sound, Washington, and was absent on expeditionary duty for a good part of this period. He was absent in command of the Fourth Regiment from April 17, to December 19, 1914, on board

3835-399: Was detailed to command the Second Provisional Brigade in Santo Domingo, and on December 31, 1916, was detached from the Marine Barracks, San Diego, and assigned to permanent duty in Santo Domingo. Brigadier General Pendleton was acting Military Governor of Santo Domingo from October 29, to November 29, 1917, and on March 18, 1918, was designated Military Governor of Santo Domingo, temporarily in

3900-433: Was established in 1942 to train U.S. Marines for service in World War II . By October 1944, Camp Pendleton was declared a "permanent installation," and by 1946 it became the home of the 1st Marine Division . It was named after Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton (1860–1942), who had long advocated setting up a training base for the Marine Corps on the West Coast. Today it is home to myriad Operating Force units, including

3965-417: Was eventually rewarded for his faithful service with half ownership. Under the guidance of O'Neill's son, Jerome, the ranch made a profit of nearly half a million dollars annually, and the house was modernized and refurbished. In the early 1940s, both the Army and the Marine Corps were looking for land for a large training base. The Army lost interest in the project, but in February 1942 it was announced that

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4030-417: Was in command of the Department of the Pacific at San Francisco. Upon the establishment of the Fifth Brigade of Marines on October 4, 1921, General Pendleton was assigned to that organization as the commanding officer. In addition to these duties he was assigned the additional duty as Commanding General Department of the Pacific in the absence of General Barnett, from May 13, 1922, to September 2, 1922. Pendleton

4095-423: Was promoted to Major General on December 10, 1923. From February 9, to March 29, 1924, General Pendleton was on duty inspecting Marine Corps stations and organizations in Central America and West Indies . After this inspection trip, he was on a short tour of duty at Headquarters Marine Corps and on May 12, 1924, he resumed duties at San Diego, as Commanding Officer of the Fifth Brigade Marines. On June 2, 1924, at

4160-476: Was promoted to captain on March 3, 1899, and to major on March 3, 1903. After being detached from the Marine Barracks, Sitka, Alaska, on March 21, 1904, Major Pendleton reported to the Marine Barracks, Mare Island, California, on April 2, 1904. On May 28, 1904, he joined the First Brigade of Marines in the Philippines and on April 7, 1905, reported to Olongapo City , where he served until January 27, 1906. From February 5, to July 26, 1906, Major Pendleton commanded

4225-434: Was promoted to the grade of first lieutenant. First Lieutenant Pendleton served at the Marine Barracks, Sitka, Alaska , from June 5, 1892, to June 28, 1894, and also from November 3, 1899, to March 21, 1904. During the period intervening between these two tours of duty in Alaska, Lieutenant Pendleton served at Marine Barracks Washington Navy Yard , New York, Annapolis, and on board the USS Yankee . First Lieutenant Pendleton

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