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37-575: Candlewick may refer to: Candle wick , a part of a candle or oil lamp Candlewick, a style of glassware made by the Imperial Glass Company Candlewick (fabric) , a thick, soft cotton fabric Candlewick, an element in financial candlestick charts Candlewick (ward) , a ward in the City of London Candlewick Press , a Massachusetts publisher Candlewick (character) ,

74-498: A character from the book The Adventures of Pinocchio Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Candlewick . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candlewick&oldid=1126607078 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

111-553: A component of glass , enamel , and pottery glazes , for tanning of skins and hides , for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood fungus , and as a pharmaceutic alkalizer . In chemical laboratories, it is used as a buffering agent. The terms tincal and tincar refer to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia. Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet . Native tincal from Tibet, Persia , and other parts of Asia

148-767: A consequence, certain foods, such as caviar , produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels of salt to assist preservation. In addition to its use as a preservative, borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food. In China , borax ( Chinese : 硼砂 ; pinyin : péng shā or Chinese : 月石 ; pinyin : yuè shí ) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles named lamian ( Chinese : 拉面 ; pinyin : lāmiàn ), shahe fen ( Chinese : 沙河粉 ; pinyin : shāhéfěn ), char kway teow ( Chinese : 粿條 ; pinyin : guǒ tiáo ), and chee cheong fun ( Chinese : 肠粉 ; pinyin : chángfěn ) In Indonesia , it

185-436: A risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern..." but that there could be some risk of irritation to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs. Overexposure to borax dust can cause respiratory irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal distress including nausea , persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea . Effects on

222-464: A suitable polymer bed are used to chromatograph non- glycated hemoglobin differentially from glycated hemoglobin (chiefly HbA1c ), which is an indicator of long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus . Borax alone does not have a high affinity for hardness cations , although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation for water-softening is given below: The sodium ions introduced do not make water "hard". This method

259-616: Is Latinized: the Middle English form was boras , from Old French boras, bourras . That may have been from Medieval Latin baurach (another English spelling), borac(-/um/em), borax , along with Spanish borrax (> borraj ) and Italian borrace , in the 9th century, and from Arabic bawraq, būraq, bōraq ( بورق ) as mentioned for example in Kitab al-Tabikh of Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq . The words tincal and tincar were adopted into English in

296-432: Is a proton conductor at temperatures above 21 °C. Conductivity is maximum along the b- axis. Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates , which have many applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is: Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid-base titrimetry . Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses. This property

333-400: Is a salt ( ionic compound), a hydrated or anhydrous borate of sodium , with the chemical formula Na 2 H 20 B 4 O 17 . It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to make a basic solution . It is commonly available in powder or granular form and has many industrial and household uses, including as a pesticide , as a metal soldering flux , as

370-447: Is a common, but forbidden, additive to such foods as noodles, bakso (meatballs), and steamed rice. When consumed with boric acid, numerous studies have demonstrated a negative association between borax and various types of cancers. Boric acid and borax are low in toxicity for acute oral exposures, at approximately the same acute toxicity as salt. The average dose for asymptomatic ingestion cases, which accounts for 88% of all ingestions,

407-437: Is around 0.9 grams. However, the range of reported asymptomatic doses is wide, from 0.01 to 88.8 g. Other uses include: According to one study, borax is not acutely toxic. Its LD 50 (median lethal dose) score is tested at 2.66 g/kg in rats, meaning that a significant dose of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans. On pesticide information websites it

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444-472: Is based on silicone polymers), can be made by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with borax. Making flubber from polyvinyl acetate -based glues , such as Elmer's Glue , and borax is a common elementary science demonstration. Borax, given the E number E285 , is used as a food additive but this use is banned in some countries, such as Australia , China , Thailand and the United States . As

481-428: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Candle wick Wicks are sometimes braided flat, so that as they burn they also curl back into the flame, thus making them self-consuming. The wick sizes determine the amount fuel brought into the flame. Prior to the introduction of these wicks specialty scissors were used to trim the excess wick without extinguishing

518-506: Is important for its uses in metallurgy and for the borax bead test of qualitative chemical analysis. Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, it is notably insoluble in ethanol. The term borax properly refers to the so-called "decahydrate" Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O , but that name is not consistent with its structure. It is actually octahydrate. The anion is not tetraborate [B 4 O 7 ] but tetrahydroxy tetraborate [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ] , so

555-509: Is listed as a non-lethal compound and of no hazardous concerns. Borax has been in use as an insecticide in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. All restrictions were removed in February 1986 due to the low toxicity of borax, as reported in two EPA documents relating to boric acid and borax. EPA has determined that, because they are of low toxicity and occur naturally, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from

592-647: Is part of the EU Regulations on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax as toxic for reproduction category 1B under the CLP Regulations . Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage

629-589: Is sodium tetraborate proper, with formula Na 2 B 4 O 7 . It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C. It has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline forms – α, β, and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively. α- Na 2 B 4 O 7 is the stable form. Borax occurs naturally in evaporite deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of seasonal lakes . The most commercially important deposits are found in: Turkey ; Boron, California ; and Searles Lake , California . Also, borax has been found at many other locations in

666-413: Is suitable for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness. A mixture of borax and ammonium chloride is used as a flux when welding iron and steel . It lowers the melting point of the unwanted iron oxide ( scale ), allowing it to run off. Borax is also mixed with water as a flux when soldering jewelry metals such as gold or silver , where it allows the molten solder to wet

703-583: Is toxic to ants and rats. Because it is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony. Borax is used in various household laundry and cleaning products, including the 20 Mule Team Borax laundry booster, Boraxo powdered hand soap, and some tooth bleaching formulas. Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers , e.g. for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, such as TBE buffer (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium) or

740-667: The Southwestern United States , the Atacama Desert in Chile , newly discovered deposits in Bolivia , and in Tibet and Romania . Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds. Naturally occurring borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process of recrystallization . Borax is used in pest control solutions because it

777-421: The rhombohedral crystal system . It occurs naturally as the mineral tinkhanite . It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" above 61 °C. Borax "dihydrate" has the formula Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·2H 2 O , which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formula Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 . It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C. Anhydrous borax

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814-516: The 17th century from Malay tingkal and from Urdu / Persian / Arabic تنکار ‎ tinkār/tankār ; thus the two forms in English. These all appear to be related to the Sanskrit टांकण ṭānkaṇa . From a chemical perspective, borax contains the [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ] ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers. It

851-550: The Chinese were using rice paper to create wicks and made wax out of insects and seeds. Stiffeners are used to direct the wick to remaining upright so that fuel can get to the flame. This provides two advantages: it makes the wick more rigid, letting it stand further out of the liquid wax, and it conducts heat downward, melting the wax more readily. The latter is particularly important in candles made of harder wax. Stiffeners were once made of lead , but these have been banned in

888-739: The US for several years by the Consumer Product Safety Commission , due to the concerns about lead poisoning . Fine wire (such as copper) can be included in the wick. Other core stiffeners, such as paper and synthetic fibers, may also be used. The CPSC was petitioned to ban candle wicks containing lead cores and candles with such wicks by Public Citizen, the National Apartment Association, and National Multi Housing Council on February 20, 2001. The ban against manufacturing, importing, or selling candles in

925-465: The US with lead wicks became effective in October 2003. Virtually all wicks are treated with various flame-resistant solutions in a process known as mordanting. Without mordanting the wick would be destroyed by the flames and the flow of melted wax to the flame would cease. Beyond that, wicks can be treated with substances to improve the color and brightness of the flame, provide better rigidity to keep

962-408: The flame. Large diameter wicks typically result in a larger flame, a larger pool of melted wax, and the candle burning faster. In tealights , the wick is tethered to a piece of metal to stop it from floating to the top of the molten wax and burning before the wax does. Candles designed to float in water require not only a tether for the wick, but also a seal on the bottom of the candle to prevent

999-643: The highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be required to exert adverse effects on reproductive functions." A draft risk assessment released by Health Canada in July 2016 has found that overexposure to boric acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Health Canada advised that exposure from other sources should be reduced as much as possible, especially for children and pregnant women. The concern

1036-446: The metal and flow evenly into the joint. Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tinning" tungsten with zinc , making the tungsten soft-solderable. Borax is often used as a flux for forge welding . In artisanal gold mining , borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as the borax method (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the gold extraction process, although it cannot directly replace mercury. Borax

1073-421: The more correct formula should be Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·8H 2 O . However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds. Borax "pentahydrate" has the formula Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·5H 2 O , which is actually a trihydrate Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·3H 2 O . It is a colorless solid with a density of 1.880 kg/m that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in

1110-419: The newer SB buffer or BBS buffer (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solutions in dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) based crosslinking reactions. Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances. Borate and

1147-557: The requirement of a tolerance (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities. Although it cited inconclusive data, a re-evaluation in 2006 by the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity observed during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the target organ." In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity due to overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks due to boric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not

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1184-578: The unborn child". It was proposed for addition to REACH Annex XIV by the ECHA on July 1, 2015. If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be authorized by the ECHA. A review of the boron toxicity (as boric acid and borates) published in 2012 in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health concluded: "It clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in

1221-522: The vascular system and human brain include headaches and lethargy but are less frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, buttocks and scrotum has occurred. The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of liver cancer with high consumption of borax over a period of 5–10 years. Borax was added to the Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list

1258-561: The wick from wicking water and extinguishing the flame. Wicks can be made of material other than string or cord, such as wood and (historically) even asbestos , although they are rare. The 17th century rushlight and rush candles also uses rush-pith. The cotton of tampons can be used as wicks for oil lamps in wilderness survival situations. Wicked candles initially started to be used by ancient Egyptians in 3000 B.C. Wicked candles were assumed to be made by waxes from available plants and animals in this time period. During this time,

1295-455: The wick out of the melted wax, and improve the flow of that wax up the wick. Common treatments are borax and salt which are dissolved in water in which the wicks are soaked. Wicks can also be pretreated with paraffin wax . [REDACTED] Media related to Cotton wicks at Wikimedia Commons Borax Borax (also referred to as sodium borate , tincal ( / ˈ t ɪ ŋ k əl / ) and tincar ( / ˈ t ɪ ŋ k ər / ) )

1332-755: Was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s. There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method is used in northern Luzon in the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood. The method has also been promoted in Bolivia and Tanzania. A rubbery polymer sometimes called Slime , Flubber , 'gluep' or 'glurch' (or erroneously called Silly Putty , which

1369-621: Was traded via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century AD. Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century when Francis Marion Smith 's Pacific Coast Borax Company began to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the 20 Mule Team Borax trademark , named for the method by which borax was originally hauled out of the California and Nevada deserts . The English word borax

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