104-622: The Caridea , commonly known as caridean shrimp or true shrimp , from the Greek word καρίς, καρίδος (karís, karídos, “shrimp”), are an infraorder of shrimp within the order Decapoda . This infraorder contains all species of true shrimp. They are found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water . Many other animals with similar names – such as the mud shrimp of Axiidea and the boxer shrimp of Stenopodidea – are not true shrimp, but many have evolved features similar to true shrimp. Carideans are found in every kind of aquatic habitat, with
208-645: A symbiotic relationship with sea slugs and sea cucumbers , and may help keep them clear of ectoparasites. Most shrimp are omnivorous , but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding. Some are filter feeders , using their setose (bristly) legs as a sieve; some scrape algae from rocks. Cleaner shrimp feed on the parasites and necrotic tissue of the reef fish they groom. Some species of shrimp are known to cannibalize others as well if other food sources are not readily available. In turn, shrimp are eaten by various animals, particularly fish and seabirds, and frequently host bopyrid parasites. Females of
312-483: A backward dart called the caridoid escape reaction (lobstering). Shrimp are widespread, and can be found near the seafloor of most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. There are numerous species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Most shrimp species are marine, although about a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water . Marine species are found at depths of up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), and from
416-404: A few of the millions caught every year, and due to their rarity, they usually are not eaten, instead being released back into the wild or donated to aquariums . Often, in cases of atypical coloring, there is a genetic factor, such as albinism or hermaphroditism . Special coloring does not appear to affect the lobster's taste once cooked; except for albinos, all lobsters possess astaxanthin, which
520-529: A final time into a post-larval juvenile: a young shrimp having all the characteristics of adults. Most adult carideans are benthic animals living primarily on the sea floor. Common species include Pandalus borealis (the "pink shrimp"), Crangon crangon (the "brown shrimp") and the snapping shrimp of the genus Alpheus . Depending on the species and location, they grow from about 1.2 to 30 cm (0.47 to 11.81 in) long, and live between 1.0 and 6.5 years. The most significant commercial species among
624-417: A food primarily available to the relatively well-off, at least among non-coastal dwellers. Lobster is first mentioned in cookbooks during the medieval period. Le Viandier de Taillevent , a French recipe collection written around 1300, suggests that lobster (also called saltwater crayfish) be “Cooked in wine and water, or in the oven; eaten in vinegar.” Le Viandier de Taillevent is considered to be one of
728-404: A handful exist from the medieval period. During the early 1400s, lobster was still a popular dish among the upper classes. During this time, influential households used the variety and variation of species served at feasts to display wealth and prestige. Lobster was commonly found among these spreads, indicating that it continued to be held in high esteem among the wealthy. In one notable instance,
832-431: A low-priced canned staple food. As a crustacean, lobster remains a taboo food in the dietary laws of Judaism and certain streams of Islam . Caught lobsters are graded as new-shell, hard-shell, or old-shell. Because lobsters that have recently shed their shells are the most delicate, an inverse relationship exists between the price of American lobster and its flavor. New-shell lobsters have paper-thin shells and
936-468: A popular mid-range delicacy during the mid to late Roman period . The price of lobster could vary widely due to various factors, but evidence indicates that lobster was regularly transported inland over long distances to meet popular demand. A mosaic found in the ruins of Pompeii suggests that the spiny lobster was of considerable interest to the Roman population during the early imperial period. Lobster
1040-513: A scorpion tail, fairy shrimp swim upside down with swimming appendages that look like leaves, and the tiny seed shrimp have bivalved carapaces which they can open or close. Krill resemble miniature shrimp, and are sometimes called "krill shrimp". Some mantis shrimp are a foot long, and have bulging eyes, a flattened tail and formidable claws equipped with clubs or sharp spikes, which it can use to knock out its opponents. In 1991, archeologists suggested that ancient raised paved areas near
1144-421: A shrimp tends to be called one. The following description refers mainly to the external anatomy of the common European shrimp, Crangon crangon , as a typical example of a decapod shrimp. The body of the shrimp is divided into two main parts: the head and thorax which are fused together to form the cephalothorax , and a long narrow abdomen . The shell which protects the cephalothorax is harder and thicker than
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#17327879720861248-436: A shrimp tends to be called one. They swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching. Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to
1352-462: A stab into the brain ( pithing ), in the belief that this will stop suffering. However, a lobster's brain operates from not one but several ganglia , and disabling only the frontal ganglion does not usually result in death. The boiling method is illegal in some places, such as in Italy, where offenders face fines up to €495. Lobsters can be killed by electrocution prior to cooking with a device called
1456-440: A thinner shell than the carapace. Each segment has a separate overlapping shell, which can be transparent. The first five segments each have a pair of appendages on the underside, which are shaped like paddles and are used for swimming forward. The appendages are called pleopods or swimmerets, and can be used for purposes other than swimming. Some shrimp species use them for brooding eggs, others have gills on them for breathing, and
1560-434: A total length of 230 mm (9"), and is particularly suited to farming because it "breeds well in captivity, can be stocked at small sizes, grows fast and at uniform rates, has comparatively low protein requirements... and adapts well to variable environmental conditions." In China, prawns are cultured along with sea cucumbers and some fish species, in integrated multi-trophic systems . The major producer of farmed shrimp
1664-519: A tradition for centuries. Some immigrants starting catching shrimp local to San Francisco Bay , particularly the small inch long Crangon franciscorum . These shrimp burrow into the sand to hide, and can be present in high numbers without appearing to be so. The catch was dried in the sun and was exported to China or sold to the Chinese community in the United States. This was the beginning of
1768-675: A wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season. They play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales . The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars
1872-480: A worse meat-to-shell ratio, but the meat is very sweet. However, the lobsters are so delicate that even transport to Boston almost kills them, making the market for new-shell lobsters strictly local to the fishing towns where they are offloaded. Hard-shell lobsters with firm shells but less sweet meat can survive shipping to Boston, New York, and even Los Angeles, so they command a higher price than new-shell lobsters. Meanwhile, old-shell lobsters, which have not shed since
1976-519: A year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to support shrimp farming. Many shrimp species are small as
2080-474: Is lamellar in carideans but branching in dendrobranchiates. The easiest practical way to separate true shrimp from dendrobranchiates is to examine the second abdominal segment . The second segment of a carideans overlaps both the first and the third segment, while the second segment of a dendrobranchiate overlaps only the third segment. They also differ in that carideans typically have two pairs of chelae (claws), while dendrobranchiates have three. A third group,
2184-572: Is China. Other significant producers are Thailand, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Ecuador and Bangladesh. Most farmed shrimp is exported to the United States, the European Union and Japan, also other Asian markets, including South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. Investigations by The Guardian in 2014 and The Associated Press in 2015 found human rights abuses on fishing boats operated by Thailand. The boats are manned with slaves , and catch shrimp and fish (including fish for
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#17327879720862288-488: Is found in lobster stomachs, this is not necessarily evidence of cannibalism because lobsters eat their shed skin after moulting. While cannibalism was thought to be nonexistent among wild lobster populations, it was observed in 2012 by researchers studying wild lobsters in Maine. These first known instances of lobster cannibalism in the wild are theorized to be attributed to a local population explosion among lobsters caused by
2392-566: Is no disagreement that the caridean species are shrimp. There are over 3000 caridean species. Occasionally they are referred to as "true shrimp". Traditionally, decapods were divided into two suborders: the Natantia (or swimmers) and the Reptantia (or walkers). The Natantia or swimmers included the shrimp. They were defined by their abdomen which, together with its appendages was well adapted for swimming. The Reptantia or walkers included
2496-410: Is often discarded dead or dying by the time it is returned to the sea, and may alter the ecological balance in discarded regions. Worldwide, shrimp trawl fisheries generate about 2% of the world's catch of fish in weight, but result in more than one third of the global bycatch total. The most extensively fished species are the akiami paste shrimp , the northern prawn , the southern rough shrimp , and
2600-666: Is pumped by the action of the mouthparts. Most carideans are omnivorous , but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding. Some are filter feeders , using their setose (bristly) legs as a sieve; some scrape algae from rocks. The snapping shrimp of the genus Alpheus snap their claws to create a shock wave that stuns prey. Many cleaner shrimp , which groom reef fish and feed on their parasites and necrotic tissue , are carideans. In turn, carideans are eaten by various animals, particularly fish and seabirds, and frequently host bopyrid parasites. Unlike Dendrobranchiates , Carideans brood their eggs rather than releasing them into
2704-566: Is responsible for the bright red color lobsters turn after being cooked. Lobsters live up to an estimated 45 to 50 years in the wild, although determining age is difficult: it is typically estimated from size and other variables. Newer techniques may lead to more accurate age estimates. Research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age and that older lobsters may be more fertile than younger lobsters. This longevity may be due to telomerase , an enzyme that repairs long repetitive sections of DNA sequences at
2808-400: Is similar to its predecessor in that it indicates the popularity of lobster as a food among the upper classes. That lobster was first mentioned in cookbooks during the 1300s and only mentioned in two during this century should not be taken as an implication that lobster was not widely consumed before or during this time. Recipe collections were virtually non-existent before the 1300s, and only
2912-429: Is sold whole, though sometimes only the meat of shrimp is marketed. As with other seafood, shrimp is high in calcium , iodine and protein but low in food energy . A shrimp-based meal is also a significant source of cholesterol , from 122 mg to 251 mg per 100 g of shrimp, depending on the method of preparation. Shrimp consumption, however, is considered healthy for the circulatory system because
3016-401: Is the largest producer. By 2016, the largest exporting nation is India, followed by Ecuador, Thailand, Indonesia and China. As can be seen from the global production chart on the left, significant aquaculture production started slowly in the 1970s and then rapidly expanded during the 1980s. After a lull in growth during the 1990s, due to pathogens, production took off again and by 2007 exceeded
3120-591: Is used when trawling . Baited traps are common in parts of the Pacific Northwest . Shrimp trawling can result in very high incidental catch rates of non-target species. In 1997, the FAO found discard rates up to 20 pounds for every pound of shrimp. The world average was 5.7 pounds for every pound of shrimp. Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for species of finfish and cetaceans . Bycatch
3224-478: The Bishop of Salisbury offered at least 42 kinds of crustaceans and fish at his feasts over nine months, including several varieties of lobster. However, lobster was not a food exclusively accessed by the wealthy. The general population living on the coasts made use of the various food sources provided by the ocean, and shellfish especially became a more popular source of nutrition. Among the general population, lobster
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3328-493: The Canadian Maritimes . Some servants specified in employment agreements that they would not eat lobster more than twice per week, however there is limited evidence for this. Lobster was also commonly served in prisons, much to the displeasure of inmates. American lobster was initially deemed worthy only of being used as fertilizer or fish bait, and until well into the 20th century, it was not viewed as more than
3432-660: The CrustaStun . Since March 2018, lobsters in Switzerland need to be knocked out, or killed instantly, before they are boiled. They also receive other forms of protection while in transit. Lobsters are caught using baited one-way traps with a color-coded marker buoy to mark cages. Lobster is fished in water between 2 and 900 metres (1 and 500 fathoms), although some lobsters live at 3,700 metres (2,000 fathoms). Cages are of plastic-coated galvanized steel or wood. A lobster fisher may tend to as many as 2,000 traps. Around
3536-548: The Lower Jurassic and Cretaceous . A number of extinct genera cannot be placed in any superfamily: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Shrimp A shrimp ( pl. : shrimp ( US ) or shrimps ( UK )) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish ) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of
3640-1103: The Stenopodidea , contains around 70 species and differs from the other groups in that the third pairs of legs is greatly enlarged. Procarididea are the sister group to the Caridea, comprising only eleven species. The cladogram below shows Caridea's relationships to other relatives within Decapoda , from analysis by Wolfe et al. , 2019. Dendrobranchiata (prawns) [REDACTED] Stenopodidea (boxer shrimp) [REDACTED] Procarididea Caridea ("true" shrimp) [REDACTED] Achelata (spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters) [REDACTED] Polychelida (benthic crustaceans) Astacidea (lobsters and crayfish) [REDACTED] Axiidea (mud shrimp, ghost shrimp, and burrowing shrimp) Gebiidea (mud lobsters and mud shrimp) [REDACTED] Anomura (hermit crabs and allies) [REDACTED] Brachyura ("true" crabs) [REDACTED] The below cladogram shows
3744-471: The brine shrimp , clam shrimp , fairy shrimp and tadpole shrimp belonging to the branchiopods , the lophogastridan shrimp , opossum shrimp and skeleton shrimp belonging the Malacostraca ; and seed shrimp which are ostracods . Many of these species look quite unlike the commercial decapod shrimp that are eaten as seafood. For example, skeleton shrimp have short legs and a slender tail like
3848-496: The family Nephropidae or its synonym Homaridae . They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. Highly prized as seafood , lobsters are economically important and are often one of the most profitable commodities in the coastal areas they populate. Commercially important species include two species of Homarus from
3952-421: The giant tiger prawn . Together these four species account for nearly half of the total wild capture. In recent years, the global capture of wild shrimp has been overtaken by the harvest from farmed shrimp. A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match
4056-589: The maxillipeds , Latin for "jaw feet", are used as mouthparts . In Crangon crangon , the first pair, the maxillula , pumps water into the gill cavity. After the maxilliped come five more pairs of appendages, the pereiopods . These form the ten decapod legs. In Crangon crangon , the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela . The chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth. They can also be used for fighting and grooming. The remaining four legs are long and slender, and are used for walking or perching. The muscular abdomen has six segments and has
4160-471: The reef lobsters and the three families of freshwater crayfish . Lobsters are invertebrates with a hard protective exoskeleton . Like most arthropods , lobsters must shed to grow, which leaves them vulnerable. During the shedding process, several species change color. Lobsters have eight walking legs; the front three pairs bear claws, the first of which are larger than the others. The front pincers are also biologically considered legs, so they belong in
4264-658: The whiteleg shrimp , Indian prawn and giant tiger shrimp . There is also evidence that shrimps, like other crustaceans, can feel pain . Common welfare concerns include water pollution, high population densities, and the spread of diseases. Additionally, many female shrimps have their eyes cut without anesthetic in order to induce maturation of the ovaries. Shrimp are marketed and commercialized with several issues in mind. Most shrimp are sold frozen and marketed based on their categorization of presentation, grading, colour, and uniformity. Shrimp have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and low levels of mercury . Usually shrimp
Caridea - Misplaced Pages Continue
4368-516: The 1920s, diesel engines were adapted for use in shrimp boats. Power winches were connected to the engines, and only small crews were needed to rapidly lift heavy nets on board and empty them. Shrimp boats became larger, faster, and more capable. New fishing grounds could be explored, trawls could be deployed in deeper offshore waters, and shrimp could be tracked and caught round the year, instead of seasonally as in earlier times. Larger boats trawled offshore and smaller boats worked bays and estuaries. By
4472-415: The 1960s, steel and fibreglass hulls further strengthened shrimp boats, so they could trawl heavier nets, and steady advances in electronics, radar, sonar, and GPS resulted in more sophisticated and capable shrimp fleets. As shrimp fishing methods industrialised, parallel changes were happening in the way shrimp were processed . "In the 19th century, sun dried shrimp were largely replaced by canneries . In
4576-418: The 20th century, the canneries were replaced with freezers." In the 1970s, significant shrimp farming was initiated, particularly in China. The farming accelerated during the 1980s as the quantity of shrimp demand exceeded the quantity supplied, and as excessive bycatch and threats to endangered sea turtles became associated with trawling for wild shrimp. In 2007, the production of farmed shrimp exceeded
4680-526: The American shrimping industry. Overfishing and pollution from gold mine tailings resulted in the decline of the fishery. It was replaced by a penaeid white shrimp fishery on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. These shrimp were so abundant that beaches were piled with windrows from their moults . Modern industrial shrimping methods originated in this area. ""For shrimp to develop into one of
4784-493: The United States, and prawns in other English-speaking countries, although not without exceptions. A lot of confusion surrounds the scope of the term shrimp . Part of the confusion originates with the association of smallness. That creates problems with shrimp-like species that are not small. The expression "jumbo shrimp" can be viewed as an oxymoron, a problem that does not exist with the commercial designation "jumbo prawns". Lobster Lobsters are malacostracans of
4888-580: The archaeological remains of their mandibles (jaws). Clay vessels with shrimp decorations have been found in the ruins of Pompeii . In the 3rd century AD, the Greek author Athenaeus wrote in his literary work, Deipnosophistae ; "... of all fish the daintiest is a young shrimp in fig leaves." In North America, indigenous peoples of the Americas captured shrimp and other crustaceans in fishing weirs and traps made from branches and Spanish moss , or used nets woven with fibre beaten from plants. At
4992-417: The capture from wild fisheries. By 2010, the aquaculture harvest was 3.9 million tonnes, compared to 3.1 million tonnes for the capture of wild shrimp. In the earlier years of marine shrimp farming the preferred species was the large giant tiger prawn . This species is reared in circular holding tanks where they think they are in the open ocean, and swim in "never ending migration" around the circumference of
5096-548: The capture of wild shrimp. Although there are thousands of species of shrimp worldwide, only about 20 of these species are commercially significant. The following table contains the principal commercial shrimp, the seven most harvested species. All of them are decapods; most of them belong to the Dendrobranchiata and four of them are penaeid shrimp . Commercial techniques for catching wild shrimp include otter trawls , seines and shrimp baiting . A system of nets
5200-406: The carapace and can be used for attack or defense. It may also stabilize the shrimp when it swims backward. Two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum. These are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement. Two pairs of whiskers ( antennae ) also issue from the head. One of these pairs is very long and can be twice the length of the shrimp, while
5304-536: The carideans is Pandalus borealis , followed by Crangon crangon . The wild-capture production of P. borealis is about ten times that of C. crangon . In 1950, the position was reversed, with the capture of C. crangon about ten times that of P. borealis . In 2010, the global aquaculture of all shrimp and prawn species (3.5 million tonnes) slightly exceeded the global wild capture (3.2 million tonnes). No carideans were significantly involved in aquaculture, but about 430,000 tonnes were captured in
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#17327879720865408-527: The coast in Chiapas , Mexico, were platforms used for drying shrimp in the sun, and that adjacent clay hearths were used to dry the shrimp when there was no sun. The evidence was circumstantial, because the chitinous shells of shrimp are so thin they degrade rapidly, leaving no fossil remains. In 1985 Quitmyer and others found direct evidence dating back to 600 AD for shrimping off the southeastern coast of North America, by successfully identifying shrimp from
5512-400: The crabs and lobsters. These species have small abdominal appendages, but robust legs well adapted for walking. The Natantia was thought to be paraphyletic ; that is, it was thought that originally all decapods were like shrimp. However, classifications are now based on clades , and the paraphyletic suborder Natantia has been discontinued. "On this basis, taxonomic classifications now divide
5616-420: The disappearance of many of the Maine lobsters' natural predators. In general, lobsters are 25–50 cm (10–20 in) long and move by slowly walking on the sea floor. However, they swim backward quickly when they flee by curling and uncurling their abdomens . A speed of 5 m/s (11 mph) has been recorded. This is known as the caridoid escape reaction . Symbiotic animals of the genus Symbion ,
5720-497: The early 2020s, plant-based and cultured alternatives to shrimps have emerged and have been rapidly improving. Several types of shrimp are kept in home aquaria . Some are purely ornamental, while others are useful in controlling algae and removing debris. Freshwater shrimp commonly available for aquaria include the Bamboo shrimp , Japanese marsh shrimp ( Caridina multidentata, also called "Amano shrimp," as their use in aquaria
5824-429: The ends of chromosomes, referred to as telomeres . Telomerase is expressed by most vertebrates during embryonic stages but is generally absent from adult stages of life. However, unlike most vertebrates, lobsters express telomerase as adults through most tissue, which has been suggested to be related to their longevity. Telomerase is especially present in green spotted lobsters, whose markings are thought to be produced by
5928-569: The enzyme interacting with their shell pigmentation. Lobster longevity is limited by their size. Moulting requires metabolic energy, and the larger the lobster, the more energy is needed; 10 to 15% of lobsters die of exhaustion during moulting, while in older lobsters, moulting ceases and the exoskeleton degrades or collapses entirely, leading to death. Like many decapod crustaceans, lobsters grow throughout life and can add new muscle cells at each moult. Lobster longevity allows them to reach impressive sizes. According to Guinness World Records ,
6032-468: The expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. There is little agreement among taxonomists concerning the phylogeny of crustaceans. Within the decapods, "every study gives totally different results. Nor do even one of these studies match any of the rival morphology studies". Some taxonomists identify shrimp with the infraorder Caridea and prawns with the suborder Dendrobranchiata . While different experts give different answers, there
6136-488: The family Nephropidae are similar in overall form to several other related groups. They differ from freshwater crayfish in lacking the joint between the last two segments of the thorax, and they differ from the reef lobsters of the family Enoplometopidae in having full claws on the first three pairs of legs, rather than just one. The distinctions from fossil families such as the Chilenophoberidae are based on
6240-637: The first and second maxillae . The head also bears the (usually stalked) compound eyes . Because lobsters live in murky environments at the bottom of the ocean, they mostly use their antennae as sensors. The lobster eye has a reflective structure above a convex retina. In contrast, most complex eyes use refractive ray concentrators (lenses) and a concave retina. The lobster's thorax is composed of maxillipeds , appendages that function primarily as mouthparts, and pereiopods , appendages that serve for walking and for gathering food. The abdomen includes pleopods (also known as swimmerets ), used for swimming, as well as
6344-453: The first “haute cuisine” cookbooks, advising on how to cook meals that would have been quite elaborate for the period and making usage of expensive and hard to obtain ingredients. Though the original edition, which includes the recipe for lobster, was published before the birth of French court cook Guillaume Tirel , Tirel later expanded and republished this recipe collection, suggesting that the recipes included in both editions were popular among
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#17327879720866448-464: The formal definition of scientific terms . They are not taxa , but are terms of convenience with little circumscriptional significance. There is no reason to avoid using the terms shrimp or prawn when convenient, but it is important not to confuse them with the names or relationships of actual taxa. According to the crustacean taxonomist Tin-Yam Chan, "The terms shrimp and prawn have no definite reference to any known taxonomic groups. Although
6552-479: The freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera are capable of storing sperm from multiple partners, and thus can produce progeny with different paternities. Reproductive success of sires was found to correlate inversely with their genetic relatedness to the mother. This finding suggests that sperm competition and/or pre- and post-copulatory female choice occurs. Female choice may increase the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression that ordinarily results from
6656-459: The ghost or mud shrimp belonging to the infra-order Thalassinidea . In Australia they are called yabbies . The monophyly of the group is not certain; recent studies have suggested dividing the group into two infraorders, Gebiidea and Axiidea. A shrimp seems to be almost any crustacean that isn't a lobster, barnacle, or crab – Greg Jensen A wide variety of non-decapod crustaceans are also commonly referred to as shrimp. This includes
6760-513: The highest circles of French nobility, including King Philip VI. The inclusion of a lobster recipe in this cookbook, especially one which does not make use of other more expensive ingredients, attests to the popularity of lobster among the wealthy. The French household guidebook Le Ménagier de Paris , published in 1393, includes no less than five recipes including lobster, which vary in elaboration. A guidebook intended to provide advice for women running upper-class households, Le Ménagier de Paris
6864-516: The influence of the Church and the government regulating and sometimes banning meat consumption during certain periods continued to encourage the popularity of seafood, especially shellfish, as a meat alternative among all classes. Throughout this period, lobster was eaten fresh, pickled , and salted . From the late 17th century onward, developments in fishing, transportation, and cooking technology allowed lobster to more easily make its way inland, and
6968-591: The internal relationships of eight selected families within Caridea, with the Atyidae (freshwater shrimp) being the most basal : Atyidae Oplophoridae Lysmatidae Barbouriidae Thoridae Hippolytidae Alpheidae Palaemonidae The infraorder Caridea is divided into 15 superfamilies: The fossil record of the Caridean is sparse, with only 57 exclusively fossil species known. The earliest of these cannot be assigned to any family, but date from
7072-517: The lack of significant levels of saturated fat in shrimp means that the high cholesterol content in shrimp improves the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides . Ebiko - shrimp roe , sometimes translated as "shrimp flakes" - is used as one of the ingredients in the preparation of sushi . Shrimp and other shellfish are among the most common food allergens . They are not kosher and thus are forbidden in Jewish cuisine . Since
7176-454: The large commercial pink shrimp or the snapping pistol shrimp . The caridean family of pistol shrimp are characterized by big asymmetrical claws, the larger of which can produce a loud snapping sound. The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 600 species. Colonies of snapping shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean and can interfere with sonar and underwater communication. The small emperor shrimp has
7280-790: The largest lobster ever caught was in Nova Scotia , Canada, weighing 20.15 kilograms (44.4 lb). Lobsters live in all oceans, on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf , contingent largely on size and age. Smaller, younger lobsters are typically found in crevices or in burrows under rocks and do not typically migrate. Larger, older lobsters are more likely to be found in deeper seas, migrating back to shallow waters seasonally. Lobsters are omnivores and typically eat live prey such as fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. They scavenge if necessary and are known to resort to cannibalism in captivity. However, when lobster skin
7384-523: The majority of species being marine. Around a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water , however, including almost all the members of the species-rich family Atyidae and the Palaemonidae subfamily Palaemoninae . They include several commercially important species, such as Macrobrachium rosenbergii , and are found on every continent except Antarctica . The marine species are found at depths to 5,000 m (16,000 ft), and from
7488-432: The males in some species use the first pair or two for insemination. The sixth segment terminates in the telson flanked by two pairs of appendages called the uropods . The uropods allow the shrimp to swim backward, and function like rudders, steering the shrimp when it swims forward. Together, the telson and uropods form a splayed tail fan. If a shrimp is alarmed, it can flex its tail fan in a rapid movement. This results in
7592-640: The market demands of the United States , Japan and Western Europe . The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars . About 75% of farmed shrimp are produced in Asia , in particular in China , Thailand , Indonesia , India and Vietnam . The other 25% are produced mainly in Latin America , where Brazil
7696-433: The meat with lobster picks . The meat is often eaten with melted butter and lemon juice . Lobster is also used in soup, bisque , lobster rolls , cappon magro , and dishes such as lobster Newberg and lobster Thermidor . Cooks boil or steam live lobsters. When a lobster is cooked, its shell's color changes from brown to orange because the heat from cooking breaks down a protein called crustacyanin , which suppresses
7800-486: The mid-19th century when New Yorkers and Bostonians developed a taste for it, and commercial lobster fisheries only flourished after the development of the lobster smack , a custom-made boat with open holding wells on the deck to keep the lobsters alive during transport. Before this time, lobster was considered a poverty food or as a food for indentured servants or lower members of society in Maine , Massachusetts , and
7904-715: The northern Atlantic Ocean and scampi (which look more like a shrimp , or a "mini lobster")—the Northern Hemisphere genus Nephrops and the Southern Hemisphere genus Metanephrops . Although several other groups of crustaceans have the word "lobster" in their names, the unqualified term "lobster" generally refers to the clawed lobsters of the family Nephropidae. Clawed lobsters are not closely related to spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters , which have no claws ( chelae ), or to squat lobsters . The most similar living relatives of clawed lobsters are
8008-506: The only known member of the phylum Cycliophora , live exclusively on lobster gills and mouthparts. Different species of Symbion have been found on the three commercially important lobsters of the North Atlantic Ocean: Nephrops norvegicus , Homarus gammarus , and Homarus americanus . Lobster is commonly served boiled or steamed in the shell. Diners crack the shell with lobster crackers and fish out
8112-609: The orange hue of the chemical astaxanthin , which is also found in the shell. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mean level of mercury in American lobster between 2005 and 2007 was 0.107 ppm . Humans are claimed to have eaten lobster since early history. Large piles of lobster shells near areas populated by fishing communities attest to the crustacean's extreme popularity during this period. Evidence indicates that lobster
8216-471: The order Decapoda , although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp". More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn , covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular tails ( abdomens ), long whiskers ( antennae ), and slender legs. Any small crustacean which resembles
8320-502: The order Decapoda into the two suborders: Dendrobranchiata for the largest shrimp clade, and Pleocyemata for all other decapods. The Pleocyemata are in turn divided into half a dozen infra-orders" A particularly significant family in this suborder is the Penaeidae , often referred to as penaeid shrimp or penaeid prawn. Most commercially important species are in this family. See below . Other decapod crustaceans also called shrimp, are
8424-424: The order Decapods ("ten-footed"). Although lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical like most other arthropods, some genera possess unequal, specialized claws. Lobster anatomy includes two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen . The cephalothorax fuses the head and the thorax , both of which are covered by a chitinous carapace . The lobster's head bears antennae , antennules, mandibles ,
8528-440: The other pair is quite short. The antennae have sensors on them which allow the shrimp to feel where they touch, and also allow them to "smell" or "taste" things by sampling the chemicals in the water. The long antennae help the shrimp orient itself with regard to its immediate surroundings, while the short antennae help assess the suitability of prey. Eight pairs of appendages issue from the cephalothorax. The first three pairs,
8632-482: The overall increase in marine activity due to the development of better boats and the increasing cultural investment in building ships and training sailors. The consumption of marine life went up overall in this period, and the consumption of lobster went up in accordance with this general trend. Unlike fish, however, lobster had to be cooked within two days of leaving salt water, limiting the availability of lobster for inland dwellers. Thus lobster, more than fish, became
8736-464: The pattern of grooves on the carapace. Analysis of the neural gene complement revealed extraordinary development of the chemosensory machinery, including a profound diversification of ligand-gated ion channels and secretory molecules. Typically, lobsters are dark colored, either bluish-green or greenish-brown, to blend in with the ocean floor, but they can be found in many colors. Lobsters with atypical coloring are extremely rare, accounting for only
8840-474: The previous season and have a coarser flavor, can be air-shipped anywhere in the world and arrive alive, making them the most expensive. Several methods are used for killing lobsters. The most common way of killing lobsters is by placing them live in boiling water, sometimes after being placed in a freezer for a period. Another method is to split the lobster or sever the body in half lengthwise. Lobsters may also be killed or immobilized immediately before boiling by
8944-472: The production of fishmeal which is fed to farmed prawns). Greenpeace has challenged the sustainability of tropical shrimp farming practices on the grounds that farming these species "has led to the destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries [and] over-fishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms." Greenpeace has placed a number of the prominent tropical shrimp species that are farmed commercially on its seafood red list, including
9048-649: The same time early European settlers, oblivious to the "protein-rich coasts" all about them, starved from lack of protein. In 1735 beach seines were imported from France, and Cajun fishermen in Louisiana started catching white shrimp and drying them in the sun, as they still do today. In the mid nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants arrived for the California Gold Rush , many from the Pearl River Delta where netting small shrimp had been
9152-452: The shell elsewhere on the shrimp and is called the carapace . The carapace typically surrounds the gills , through which water is pumped by the action of the mouthparts. The rostrum, eyes, whiskers and legs also issue from the carapace. The rostrum , from the Latin rōstrum meaning beak , looks like a beak or pointed nose at the front of the shrimp's head. It is a rigid forward extension of
9256-410: The tail fan, composed of uropods and the telson . Lobsters, like snails and spiders, have blue blood due to the presence of hemocyanin , which contains copper . In contrast, vertebrates, and many other animals have red blood from iron -rich hemoglobin . Lobsters possess a green hepatopancreas , called the tomalley by chefs, which functions as the animal's liver and pancreas . Lobsters of
9360-425: The tank. In 2000, global production was 630,984 tonnes, compared to only 146,362 tonnes for whiteleg shrimp . Subsequently, these positions reversed, and by 2010 the production of giant tiger prawn increased modestly to 781,581 tonnes while whiteleg shrimp rocketed nearly twenty-fold to 2,720,929 tonnes. The whiteleg shrimp is currently the dominant species in shrimp farming. It is a moderately large shrimp reaching
9464-464: The term shrimp is sometimes applied to smaller species, while prawn is more often used for larger forms, there is no clear distinction between both terms and their usage is often confused or even reverse in different countries or regions." Writing in 1980, L. B. Holthuis noted that the terms prawn and shrimp were used inconsistently "even within a single region", generalising that larger species fished commercially were generally called shrimp in
9568-856: The term shrimp suggests, about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, but some shrimp exceed 25 cm (9.8 in). Larger shrimp are more likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns , particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations and former British colonies. From Raymond Bauer in Remarkable Shrimps : From the English Oxford Dictionaries: Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae . Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it
9672-429: The tropics to the polar regions. In addition to the great variety in habitat, carideans vary greatly in form, from species a few millimetres long when fully grown, to those that grow to over a foot long. Except where secondarily lost , shrimp have one pair of stalked eyes, although they are sometimes covered by the carapace , which protects the cephalothorax . The carapace also surrounds the gills , through which water
9776-416: The tropics to the polar regions. Although shrimp are almost entirely fully aquatic, the two species of Merguia are semi-terrestrial and spend a significant part of their life on land in mangrove . There are many variations in the ways different types of shrimp look and behave. Even within the core group of caridean shrimp , the small delicate Pederson's shrimp (above) looks and behaves quite unlike
9880-498: The variety of dishes involving lobster and cooking techniques used with the ingredient expanded. However, these developments coincided with a decrease in the lobster population, and lobster increasingly became a delicacy food, valued among the rich as a status symbol and less likely to be found in the diet of the general population. The American lobster was not originally popular among European colonists in North America. This
9984-419: The water. Caridean larvae undergo all naupliar development within the egg, and eclose as a zoea . The zoea stage feeds on phytoplankton . There can be as few as two zoea stages, (e.g. some freshwater Palaemonidae ), or as many as 13, (e.g. some Pandalidae ). The post-zoeal larva, often called a decapodid, resembles a miniature adult, but retains some larval characteristics. The decapodid larva will metamorphose
10088-403: The wild. That is, about 13% of the global wild capture, or about 6% of the total production of all shrimp and prawns, were carideans. Shrimp of the infraorder Caridea are more closely related to lobsters and crabs than they are to the members of the sub-order Dendrobranchiata (prawns). Biologists distinguish these two groups based on differences in their gill structures. The gill structure
10192-534: The world's most popular foods, it took the simultaneous development of the otter trawl ... and the internal combustion engine." Shrimp trawling can capture shrimp in huge volumes by dragging a net along the seafloor. Trawling was first recorded in England in 1376, when King Edward III received a request that he ban this new and destructive way of fishing. In 1583, the Dutch banned shrimp trawling in estuaries. In
10296-538: Was a popular food among the Moche people of Peru between 50 CE and 800 CE. Besides its use as food, lobster shells were also used to create a light pink dye, ornaments, and tools. A mass-produced lobster-shaped effigy vessel dated to this period attests to lobster's popularity at this time, though the purpose of this vessel has not been identified. The Viking period saw an increase in lobster and other shellfish consumption among northern Europeans. This can be attributed to
10400-500: Was being consumed as a regular food product in fishing communities along the shores of Britain, South Africa, Australia, and Papua New Guinea years ago. Lobster became a significant source of nutrients among European coastal dwellers. Historians suggest lobster was an important secondary food source for most European coastal dwellers, and it was a primary food source for coastal communities in Britain during this time. Lobster became
10504-418: Was generally eaten boiled during the mid-15th century, but the influence of the cuisine of higher society can be seen in that it was now also regularly eaten cold with vinegar. The inland peasantry would still have generally been unfamiliar with lobster during this time. Lobster continued to be eaten as a delicacy and a general staple food among coastal communities until the late 17th century. During this time,
10608-527: Was partially due to the European inlander's association of lobster with barely edible salted seafood and partially due to a cultural opinion that seafood was a lesser alternative to meat that did not provide the taste or nutrients desired. It was also due to the extreme abundance of lobster at the time of the colonists' arrival, which contributed to a general perception of lobster as an undesirable peasant food. The American lobster did not achieve popularity until
10712-427: Was pioneered by Takashi Amano ), cherry shrimp ( Neocaridina heteropoda ), and ghost or glass shrimp ( Palaemonetes spp.). Popular saltwater shrimp include the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis , the fire shrimp ( Lysmata debelius ) and the harlequin shrimp ( Hymenocera picta ). The terms shrimp and prawn are common names , not scientific names . They are vernacular or colloquial terms, which lack
10816-536: Was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic division into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia . Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for swimming while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adapted for crawling or walking. Some other groups also have common names that include the word "shrimp"; any small swimming crustacean resembling
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