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64-662: An article written during the Bicentennial discusses the colonial routes passing through and around Frederick, Maryland. The Dennis Griffith map of 1794 clearly shows the Monocacy Road crossing the river at Ceresville, Maryland . Thus this important route, described at first as a "plain path" between the villages of the Susquehannock Indians in Pennsylvania and Oceaneechee Island in the south, became

128-625: A branch of the Indian trail what would later be called the Great Wagon Road in what would eventually be Henry County, Virginia , that "The Indians, who have no way of traveling except on the Hoof, make nothing of going 25 miles a day, and carrying their little Necessities at their backs, and Sometimes a Stout Pack of Skins into the bargain." While archaeology shows that the Valley of Virginia

192-879: A fine country, that is watered by Several beautiful Rivers. The Ohio branch led up the Holston Valley to the north fork of the Holston River by what is now Saltville, Virginia , to the New River , and thence down the New and Kanawha rivers to Indian settlements in Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Most GIW branches cross West Virginia, although one more eastern route skips the state entirely, following U.S. Route 15 from Winchester to Frederick, Maryland . The Winchester Pike (now U.S. 11) passes through Berkeley County, West Virginia (including Martinsburg ) before crossing

256-649: A narrow wooded stream valley still bears the name Rogues' Hollow, for tradition states that this geographic depression was the lair for thieves about to plunder travelers." During the Civil War, Fort Beauregard (Virginia) was established by the Confederate forces in Leesburg, Virginia , to protect the Carolina Road and Alexandria and Winchester Turnpike (present day Virginia State Route 7 ) approaches to

320-576: A road passing through Fredericktown. It was a link in the old Carolina Road. The main Monocacy Road was recorded as passing near the Quaker Meeting House at Buckeystown, Maryland (near Md. Route 85). Starting in Pennsylvania, this "Carolina Road" led through southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia and into Alabama. This was a major migration route of Swiss-German and Scotch-Irish settlers into frontier America in

384-507: A successor to the position of Collector of Annapolis. In August 1933, a tornado touched down causing extensive property damage and heavy rains caused the nearby Monocacy River to rise eight feet, resulting in flood damage as well. This article about a location in Frederick County , Maryland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Great Indian Warpath The Great Indian Warpath (GIW)—also known as

448-547: Is known as the Great Philadelphia Wagon Road, the Great Wagon Road , or simply the Wagon Road. In Virginia, it is called the Carolina Road, because it led to Carolina." An early settlement by Morgan Bryan , a Pennsylvania Quaker, took six weeks to travel from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. The road was so bad that at times his wagon had to be taken apart and carried away in sections over some of

512-585: Is now open for our brethren of the Six Nations and their allies, and they may now pass as safely and freely as the people of the Twelve United Colonies themselves. And we are further determined, by the assistance of God, to keep open and free for the Six Nations and their allies, as long as the earth remains. The Iroquois Confederacy's central trail had its western terminus at the site of present-day Buffalo on Buffalo Creek . It crossed to

576-618: Is the only one of note which traversed our county northward and southward. Generally, they passed eastward and westward, from the river, to and across the mountains. The trails northward from Virginia and Pennsylvania converged at the junction of the Susquehanna River and the Chemung River ; these led to where the Seneca Trail started/ended in western New York near present-day Niagara Falls , used for centuries by

640-558: The Bluestone River to the New and Greenbrier rivers to the vicinity of White Sulphur Springs . It then follows Anthony Creek down to the Greenbrier River near the present Pocahontas – Greenbrier County line, then ascending toward Hillsboro and Droop Mountain . It crossed through present Pocahontas County by way of Marlinton , Indian Draft Run, and Edray . Passing into present Randolph County , it descended

704-805: The Cahas Mountain Rural Historic District in Boones Mill , Virginia. The volume of travel along this part of the Carolina road was so great that it encouraged the construction of two brick homes from the 1820s, the John and Susan Boon House and the Taylor-Price house. The Boon house offered accommodations for travelers, and probably the Taylor Price House was used as an inn also. A quarter-mile section of

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768-788: The Great Indian War and Trading Path , or the Seneca Trail —was that part of the network of trails in eastern North America developed and used by Native Americans which ran through the Great Appalachian Valley . The system of footpaths (the Warpath branched off in several places onto alternate routes and over time shifted westward in some regions) extended from what is now upper New York to deep within Alabama . Various Native peoples traded and made war along

832-724: The Great Wagon Road or the Carolina Road . William Byrd II mentioned it during his survey of the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia in November 1728. "The Trading Path above mentioned receives its name from being the Route the Traders take with their caravans, when they go to traffick with the Catawbas and other Southern Indians... The Course from Roanoke to the Catawbas is laid down nearest Southwest, and lies through

896-832: The Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and U.S. Route 30 , which meets Route 15 at Gettysburg and Route 11 at Chambersburg. James Veech described the Catawba Trail in The Monongahela of Old : The most prominent, and perhaps the most ancient of these old pathways across our county, was the old Catawba or Cherokee Trail, leading from the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, &c., through Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, on to Western New York and Canada. We will trace it within our limits as well as we can. After crossing and uniting with numerous other trails,

960-585: The Onondaga Valley at the foot of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, met the Mohawk River at the "great carrying place" (the site of present-day Rome ), then followed the river to site of Schenectady and had its eastern terminus at the site of Albany (in the vicinity of Castle Island , where the Dutch built Fort Nassau ). Modern-day New York State Route 5 largely follows this path. Afterwards,

1024-638: The Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland through Chambersburg , Shippensburg and Carlisle, Pennsylvania ). Both these war and hunting routes joined to cross the Susquehanna River near Camp Hill (now a suburb of Harrisburg ) and jointly followed its tributaries further northward until again splitting near what became the Shamokin Dam and later Shikellamy State Park (then a major Indian village near Sunbury ). One branch followed

1088-653: The Roanoke River , down Catawba Creek to Fincastle or Amsterdam. The Richmond fork of the Chesapeake branch led off from Salem, and continued southwest of Lynchburg , and thence northeast to the future site of Richmond . Another branch turned south from Big Lick , near present-day Roanoke, and turned south toward the Catawba country in South Carolina. Later this trading path would be called part of

1152-539: The Shenandoah Valley through Buchanan , Lexington , Staunton , Harrisonburg , Winchester . From Winchester, most GIW routes briefly enter West Virginia , then continue northward into Maryland and Pennsylvania . Various forks led up (or down) rivers from Chesapeake Bay through the coastal plain and Piedmont . One Chesapeake branch cut off at present Ellett, Virginia , went up the North Fork of

1216-814: The Susquehanna , and into Western New York , then the empire of the Iroquois. A branch left the main trail at Robinson's mill, on Mill or Opossum run, which crossed the Yough at the Broad ford, bearing down across Jacobs creek , Sewickley and Turtle creeks, to the forks of the Ohio, at Pittsburgh , by the highland route. This branch, and the northern part within our county [Fayette], of the main route, will be found to possess much interest in connection with Braddock's line of march to his disastrous destiny. This Cherokee or Catawba Indian trail, including its Warrior branch,

1280-701: The Tygart Valley River from its headwaters and passed through the vicinity of present-day Elkins , after which it proceeded north by ascending Leading Creek . It left Randolph County after crossing Pheasant Mountain , and descended the Left Fork of Clover Run into present-day Tucker County . Crossing the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River , it exited Tucker county and West Virginia by way of Horseshoe Run northeast of St. George , crossing

1344-874: The West Branch Susquehanna River westward along one bank via the Great Shamokin Path to the Allegheny River or northward along the other bank via the Great Island Path to Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and another major village at the confluence of five major trails. Another branch continued north and eastward along the main branch of the Susquehanna into the Wyoming Valley . The Sheshequin Path connected

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1408-626: The Yough river , crossing it just below the run's mouth, where Braddock's army crossed, at Stewart's Crossings. The trail thence kept through the Narrows, by Rist's, near the Baptist meeting-house, beyond Pennsville, passing by the old Saltwell on Green Lick run, to the mouth of Bushy run, at Tinsman's or Welshouse's mill. Thence it bore across Westmoreland county , up the Allegheny , to the heads of

1472-982: The Youghiogheny and Allegheny rivers with Brownsville, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River . As the 19th century began, this east–west route became known as the Cumberland or National Road , later ( U.S. Route 40 ). Another major Indian route crossed the Potomac nearer what became Washington, D.C., and the falls of the Potomac River, crossing in the Sugarland/Seneca valley area of what became Montgomery County, Maryland (where historic Edward's Ferry operated and White's Ferry still operates), then continued to Rockville, Maryland . As European settlement progressed, this route also moved somewhat to

1536-492: The "Valley Pike" and even later, US Route 11. The colonial road was laid from Harrisburg toward the Potomac River, and extending southwards was settlements progressed in that direction. "During the interim, the North-South route was referred to by various other names such as "Indian Road", "Borden's Path", "Carolina Road", "Great Road", "The Great Philadelphia Wagon Road" and the "Road from Philadelphia to Yadkin." "The route

1600-896: The 1740s until the American Revolutionary War. Some consensus indicates this Carolina road started in Frederick, Maryland , with feeder roads and other trails reaching from Pennsylvania. Parts of this Carolina Road, almost 55 miles, follow modern U.S. Route 15 through Loudoun, Fauquier and Prince William Counties in Virginia. Noland's Ferry was a link in the Carolina Road. Used as a transportation route, in addition to early settlers, manufactured goods including woolen and linen clothes and leather products, such as harness, saddles, boots and shoes, were sent south, and hides, indigo and money were sent back north. Many drovers herded swine, cattle, sheep and even turkey flocks along

1664-529: The Blue Ridge. Originating as the Great Warrior Path ( Great Indian Warpath ) of the Iroquois centuries before, the path was frequently used by the Iroquois before being ceded to the whites in 1744 to become one of the most heavily traveled roads in all Colonial America." A portion of the roadbed can be seen at Maggoty Gap , where it crossed the Blue Ridge at Maggodee Gap. Today this is part of

1728-560: The Carolina Road can be seen at Waid Park in Franklin County, Virginia . Another branch turned south from Big Lick, near present-day Roanoke, and turned south toward the Catawba country in South Carolina. Later this trading path would be called part of the Great Wagon Road or the Carolina Road. William Byrd II would mention it during his survey of the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia during November 1728. "The Trading Path above mentioned receives its name from being

1792-472: The Carolina Road. Because many of these drovers would pick up cows and other livestock to add to their herds in northern Virginia, this was also called the "Rogues' Road" by local farmers. "Indeed, as early as 1747, a Fauquier land grant refers to the Carolina Road as "Rogues Road," a name that appears in Fauquier and Loudoun deeds throughout the early 1900s. A few miles north of Leesburg, on old Montresor farm,

1856-625: The Chesapeake Bay. The Great Indian Warpath continued its south–north route through Pennsylvania toward New York along three major paths, pushed westward by development. The easternmost route followed the Appalachian foothills in what became U.S. Route 15 (from the Potomac River at Point of Rocks through Frederick, Maryland and Gettysburg to the Susquehanna River at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania ). Another route followed Pennsylvania's Cumberland Valley via U.S. Routes 11 and 81 (from

1920-658: The Diamond Spring (now William James'); thence nearly on the route of the present Morgantown road, until it came to the Misses Hadden's; thence across Hellen's fields, passing near the Rev. William Brownfield's mansion, and about five rods west of the old Henry Beeson brick house; thence through Uniontown , over the old Bank house lot, crossing the creek where the bridge now is, back of the Sheriff's house; thence along

1984-404: The GIW passed through the Nickajack area, so-called by the Cherokee (from Ani-Kusati ) because it had once inhabited by the Koasati . After following the south bank of the Tennessee River, the path proceeded through Running Water Valley to Lookout/Will's Valley, where it met the Cumberland Trail. From present-day Gadsden, Alabama , this trail passed through the latter valley at a point along

Carolina Road - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-424: The GIW to Baltimore , where a connector path closely followed the present-day route of Maryland Route 10 , the Arundel Expressway. It continued south of Maryland Route 2 towards Annapolis near the once-planned extension of MD 10. War parties could then invade the Delmarva Peninsula , and the lands of the Algonkian speaking Lenape of the Delaware River Valley and/or the Piscataway and Powhatan Confederacy of

2112-423: The Middle Mississippian town which archaeologists call the Dallas site. After crossing that valley, the branch from Chickamauga passed east to Parker's Gap through Whiteoak Mountain and turned northeast, eventually rejoining the main route. In the Overhill Cherokee country, the path ran from the north to the town of Chota on the Little Tennessee. Here, another important trail, the Warriors' Path, continued south to

2176-447: The Mount Braddock mansion, it passed a few rods to the east of the old Conrad Strickler house, where it is still visible. Keeping on through land formerly of John Hamilton (now Freeman), it crossed the old Connellsville road immediately on the summit of the Limestone hill, a few rods west of the old Strickler distillery; thence through the old Lawrence Harrison land (James Blackiston's) to Robinson's falls on Mill Run, and thence down it to

2240-488: The Ohio River valley through Emmitsburg, Maryland and could ultimately connect to Nemacolin's trail further north, even along what became U.S. Route 30 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . Another GIW branch continued east along the Potomac River toward Washington, D.C. , and Alexandria, Virginia (then settlements of the Piscataway tribe ) following what became the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . Yet another hunting, fighting and trading route from Frederick continued eastward from

2304-437: The Potomac River near Hagerstown, Maryland . Another more western Seneca Trail branch crossed West Virginia along routes that became U.S. Route 19 , I-79 and U.S. Route 219 . Entering a few miles west of Bluefield , what became Route 19 winds through the mountains until Beckley , then continues to Sutton and Morgantown before entering Pennsylvania and continuing to the Great Lakes at Erie via I-79. Route 219 follows

2368-459: The Potomac River near Oakland, Maryland . From crossing the Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland , the Seneca Trail ( U.S. Route 11 ) continued northward toward the Cumberland Valley and modern Chambersburg, Pennsylvania . Since the terrain in Virginia and West Virginia was the most difficult to cross east to west (or vice versa), along the Appalachian mountain range, due to numerous north–south ridges, most hunters (and later settlers) crossed

2432-483: The Route the Traders take with their caravans, when they go to traffick with the Catawbas and other Southern Indians... The Course from Roanoke to the Catawbas is laid down nearest Southwest, and lies through a fine country, that is watered by Several beautiful Rivers." The early settlement of Martinsville, Virginia , coincides with the route of the Carolina Road through Henry County, Virginia . The Carolina Road follows along or parallels present day U.S. Route 220 through

2496-426: The Seneca of the Iroquois and previous peoples around the Great Lakes. In 1775 the twelve united colonies entered into an agreement concerning the use of Native American paths and the roads: Brothers: It is necessary, in order for the preservation of friendship between us and brothers of the Six Nations (Iroquois) and their allies, that a free and mutual intercourse be kept between us; therefore we, Brothers: The road

2560-511: The Upper Creek Path and crossing the Tennessee River near Guntersville . It then followed roughly the same route as the Tennessee upriver until reaching the vicinity of the modern Bridgeport . There it crossed the Tennessee once again at the Great Creek Crossing just below the foot of Long Island on the Tennessee, intersecting another path, the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail, which ran from the area of St. Augustine, Florida to that of Nashville, Tennessee . Several miles upriver from Long Island,

2624-399: The Upper Creek Path, on its way to the Cumberland Gap , the Ohio Valley , and the Great Lakes region. Having met, both trails crossed the foot of Lookout Mountain ; their route was later followed by the improved Old Wauhatchie Pike . Once over the mountain, the path crossed lower Chattanooga Valley to what archaeologists refer to as the Citico site. For several hundred years this was

Carolina Road - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-437: The area of present-day Cleveland, Tennessee , the path has been followed by Lee Highway until reaching the Little Tennessee River . From Old Chickamauga Town, a third branch of the path passed across Hickory Valley, where it intersected a path from the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail in North Georgia to the Tennessee River. This intersected the main route of the path before fording the stream at Harrison, Tennessee , to reach

2752-446: The branches and continued to follow the Appalachians into New York. The westernmost GIW routes actually crossed the Alleghanies. That which became ( Interstate 79 ) crossed into the Great Lakes watershed at Erie, Pennsylvania . This or the Great Shamokin Path may have become the most used after the French and Indian War as settlement, the Kittanning Expedition of 1756 and the Wyoming Valley massacre of 1778 as well as disease pushed

2816-430: The church (foot traffic only). Part of this "Carolina Road" follows the roadbed of U.S. Route 11 , also known as the "Lee Highway", through Virginia. Near Cloverdale, Virginia is the historical marker: ""This is the old road from Pennsylvania to the Yadkin Valley, over which in early times settlers passed going south. On it were the Black Horse Tavern and the Tinker Creek Presbyterian Church." The Black Horse Tavern on

2880-471: The county. By the 1760s, sometimes 1,000 wagons a day would pass through Martinsville. "Initial settlement of the area around Martinsville coincides with the road. Settlers represented diverse cultural backgrounds: Germans, Welsh, Scots-Irish, English and African." The Carolina Road extended into North Carolina as a major trade route and access for early settlers. However, once again it became known by different names, both locally and regionally. "In our state it

2944-468: The marker refers to the nearby Black Horse Tavern-Bellvue Hotel and Office . Part of the Great Wagon Road branched off near what is present day Roanoke, Virginia , and U.S. Route 220 in Virginia now follows along part of this section of the Carolina Road. In the early 1740s, white settlers followed an Indian Trading Path, sometimes referred to as the "Shenandoah Hunting Path" which led from Winchester Virginia to Salem, Virginia, and would later be known as

3008-486: The mountains between the Ohio River watershed and Chesapeake Bay watershed either in Tennessee to the south of that region, or via what was once called Nemacolin's Trail through the Cumberland Narrows of Maryland and western Pennsylvania. Named after the Delaware chief Nemacolin , who assisted surveyor Thomas Cresap on behalf of the Ohio Company of Virginia , it was further improved by Washington and General Braddock . This route connected Cumberland, Maryland by way of

3072-411: The mountains. "The trail called "The Great Wagon Road " or "The Old Carolina Road" passed thru the Bryan Settlement, about one mile south of the junction of the Deep Creek and the Yadkin River , at a place called the Shallow Ford. In York County, South Carolina , the Carolina Road seems to have split, one branch going westward to Chester and south to Columbia, South Carolina along U.S. Route 321 ,

3136-459: The northern side of the public grave-yard on the hill, through the eastern edge of John Gallagher's land, about six rods south of John F. Foster's (formerly Samuel Clarke's) house, it crossed Shute's Run where the fording now is, between the two meadows, keeping the high land through Col. Evans' plantation, and passed between William and John Jones' to the site of Pearse's Fort; thence by the Murphy school-house, and bearing about thirty rods westward of

3200-537: The old gun factory, and thence toward the mouth of Redstone , intersecting the old Redstone trail from the top of Laurel Hill , afterward Burd's road, near Jackson's, or Grace Church, on the National Road . The main Catawba trail pursued the even tenor of its way, regardless of minor points, which, like a modern grand railroad, it served by branches and turn-outs. After receiving the Warrior Branch junction, it kept on through land late of Charles Griffin, by Long's Mill, Ashcraft's Fort, Phillip Rogers' (now Alfred Stewart's),

3264-432: The other branch of the road staying nearer the river to Columbia (U.S. 21). The road ended at the Savannah River across from Augusta, Georgia . Ceresville, Maryland Ceresville is an unincorporated community in Frederick County, Maryland . In July 1793, Continental Army officer Otho H. Williams sent a letter to then U.S. secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton from Ceresville, recommending

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3328-490: The pre-eminent town in the early period of the Mississippian culture in East Tennessee (until around 1200). Past Citico, the path ran east (later followed by the late Shallowford Road) to Missionary Ridge , where it divided. The main branch headed northeast toward the Shallow Ford (which can still be seen) across the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek ) and the other branch went directly east (a route now followed by Bird's Mill/Brainerd Road) to cross at another ford at

3392-418: The principal one entered Fayette territory, at the State line, at the mouth of Grassy run. A tributary trail, called the Warrior Branch, coming from Tennessee, through Kentucky and Southern Ohio, came up Fish creek and down Dunkard , crossing Cheat river at McFarland's. It run out a junction with the chief trail, intersecting it in William Gans' sugar camp, but it kept on by Crow's mill, James Robinson's, and

3456-484: The remaining Algonquian-speaking peoples westward. The northernmost major east–west branch in Pennsylvania connecting to the GIW became the track of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; a part has recently been converted back to pedestrian use as the Susquehanna Warrior Trail in Luzerne County . The easiest and most traveled east–west route of the pre- and colonial era became the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike (first used in 1795), which even later became

3520-434: The site of the later Brainerd Mission and Bird's Mill. The east bank of that site is where Dragging Canoe and his Chickamauga Cherokee faction established their base after leaving the Overhill Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee River . From there, it proceeded north along the modern-day Chickamauga Road until reaching the main route again. Its path was later followed by the improved Chattanooga-Cleveland Pike. From

3584-436: The time of the French and Indian War (1756–63). When King George III issued a proclamation in 1763 forbidding further settlement beyond the mountains and demanding the return of settlers who had already crossed the Alleghenies , a line was designated roughly following the Seneca Trail. In the south, the GIW began at the Gulf of Mexico in the Mobile area and proceeded north by northeast, bisecting another trail known as

3648-466: The town of Great Tellico (present-day Tellico Plains ), following Ball Play Creek and the Tellico River . At Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path intersected the Trading Path (later called the "Unicoi Turnpike"), which ran east over the mountains. From Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path followed Conasauga Creek to its confluence with the Hiwassee River , where the town of Great Hiwassee stood. In Virginia, U.S. Route 11 (parallel to Interstate 81 )

3712-417: The town. A portion of Carolina Road from the mid-1800s is illustrated in map form as part of Loudoun County, Virginia history. Going south on the Old Carolina Road from Evergreen Mills Road at Goose Creek, one must turn right on Watson Road and follow it south to Highway 50 (the old Little River Turnpike , at Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church . The Old Carolina Road bed continues for a little just west of

3776-407: The trails were first broken by animals traveling to the salt licks in the region, especially by the herds of buffalo in the Valley of Virginia. These animal trails were later used by Native Americans. Certainly the trails were used for commerce, trading and communication between tribes before the land was explored by Europeans. In Virginia during November 1728, William Byrd II commented while passing

3840-412: The trails, including the Catawba , numerous Algonquian tribes, the Cherokee , and the Iroquois Confederacy . The British traders' name for the route was derived from combining its name among the northeastern Algonquian tribes, Mishimayagat or "Great Trail", with that of the Shawnee and Delaware , Athawominee or "Path where they go armed". The age of the Great Indian Warpath is unknown. Many of

3904-404: The west, so the major crossing became at Point of Rocks, Maryland or Brunswick, Maryland , then continued to Frederick, Maryland . This route did not cross the Alleghenies, instead following their foothills, especially along Monocacy River , roughly along the old alignment of U.S. Route 15 (the Catoctin Highway, now Maryland Route 28 and Maryland Route 85 ). One branch continued west toward

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3968-451: Was built along the GIW route. From the Cumberland Gap and Appalachian mountains at the Tennessee border, the fork called the Chesapeake Branch led northeast, passing 3 miles (5 km) west of what is now Bristol , then through the sites of present-day Abingdon , Glade Spring , Marion , Rural Retreat , Fort Chiswell (another possible westward gap route), Draper , Ingle's or Pepper's ferry , Salem , Roanoke and Amsterdam , then up

4032-405: Was improved as a stage road in the early years of the republic. In 1838 it was rebuilt to serve the Pittsylvania, Franklin and Botetourt Turnpike, which served to connect south central Virginia with the Valley." An historical marker, dated from 1987, is located nearby. "Here through the Maggoty Gap, the Great Wagon Road from Philadelphia to Georgia, known locally as the Carolina Road, passes through

4096-418: Was inhabited before the arrival of the Europeans, by the 18th century most of the region was abandoned. Only smaller villages and settlements of different tribes occupied the valley, which was used as a hunting ground, a travel route, and a warpath between the two great clusters of Eastern Indians in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the north, the line of the Seneca Trail formed the boundary of "the frontier" by

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