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46-530: Carnac Island ( Nyungar : Ngoorloormayup , lit.   'place of little brother') is a 19-hectare (47-acre), A-Class, island nature reserve about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-west of Fremantle and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) north of Garden Island in Western Australia . Carnac Island is aeolianite limestone remnant of Pleistocene dunes . In 1803, French explorer Louis de Freycinet , captain of Casuarina , named

92-531: A whaling station. The whalers transported Perth's first church to the island to be used as a storehouse. It was abandoned within a few years. From October to November 1838, the island was declared by the Swan River Colony colonial government to be a prison for indigenous Australians . The prison consisted of two guards, an overseer named Robert Menli Lyon , and three prisoners named Yagan , Danmera, and Ningina. The solitary conditions resulted in

138-502: A National IBA Conservation Strategy, whereas in others protection is completely lacking. In 1985, following a specific request from the European Economic Community , Birdlife International drew up a list of sites to be protected as a matter of priority. In 1989, a repertoire of IBAs of Europe was released. At first the official name of this type of site was Important Bird Area , hence the acronym IBA, then at

184-570: A dialect known as Nhanhagardi, which has also been classified, at different times, as a part of Nhanda, Noongar, or Widi .) There is a general consensus that the following varieties belong to the Noongar subgroup: Wudjari, Minang, Bibelman (a.k.a. Pibelman; Bibbulman), Kaneang (Kaniyang), Wardandi, Balardung (a.k.a. Ballardong; which probably included Tjapanmay/Djabanmai), and Yuat (Juat). Wiilman, Whadjuk (Wajuk) and Pinjarup are also usually regarded as dialects of Noongar, although this identification

230-565: A harsh island habitat, and the colony's origins has attracted significant debate. One example of a theory is that in 1929 a man named Lindsay "Rocky" Vane dumped his tiger snake collection on the island, after snake exhibitions were banned in Western Australia, after Vane's wife and his assistant died from snake bite. King skinks also inhabit the island, and there is evidence of confrontation between king skinks and tiger snakes. In November 2006, naturalist David Attenborough visited

276-429: A number of word lists. It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum ) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by

322-573: A variety of the language by Clive Humphreys of Kellerberrin , and is teaching Noongar to inmates in Perth prisons. Peter Bindon and Ross Chadwick have compiled an authoritative cross referenced "A Nyoongar Wordlist: from the South West of Western Australia", by assembling material from all of the above writers in their original spelling. It is clear from this reference that the orthographies used reflected not only dialectical differences, but also how

368-462: Is also true for intensified or emphatic adjectives, comparable to the English word very . The superlative is formed by the addition of - jil . Statements are negated by adding the appropriate particle to the end of the sentence. There are three negation particles: There is also an adverbial negation word, bru , roughly equivalent to the English less or without . Questions are formed by

414-457: Is because in the Noongar language, -up means "place of". For example, the name Ongerup means "place of the male kangaroo". The word gur , ger or ker in Noongar meant "a gathering". Daisy Bates suggests that central to Noongar culture was the karlupgur , referring to those that gather around the hearth ( karlup ). Noongar words which have been adopted into Western Australian English , or more widely in English , include

460-512: Is continuing as of April 2021 , with the site growing in the Wikimedia Incubator . It is the first Misplaced Pages in an Aboriginal Australian language site, but it is intended to be bilingual , so as to be used as a teaching aid in schools. Singer-songwriter Gina Williams has promoted the use of the language through song, including lullabies for children and a translation of the song " Moon River ". An adaption and translation of

506-565: Is controversy in some cases as to whether all of these varieties were part of the original Noongar subgroup. Some may have been distinct languages and some may have belonged to neighbouring subgroups. Many linguists believe that the northernmost language shown, Amangu, was not part of the Noongar subgroup, was instead a part of the Kartu subgroup , and may have been a dialect of the Kartu language Nhanda . (As such, Amangu may have been synonymous with

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552-461: Is known, estimated or thought to hold a population of a species categorized by the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered , Endangered or Vulnerable . In general, the regular presence of a Critical or Endangered species, irrespective of population size, at a site may be sufficient for a site to qualify as an IBA. For Vulnerable species, the presence of more than threshold numbers at a site

598-488: Is necessary to trigger selection. The site forms one of a set selected to ensure that all restricted-range species of an Endemic Bird Area (EBA) or a Secondary Area (SA) are present in significant numbers in at least one site and preferably more. The site forms one of a set selected to ensure adequate representation of all species restricted to a given biome, both across the biome as a whole and for all of its species in each range state. The assessment by expert individuals

644-527: Is not completely secure. The Koreng (Goreng) people are thought to have spoken a dialect of, or closely related to, Wudjari, in which case their language would have been part of the Noongar subgroup. Njakinjaki (Nyakinyaki) was possibly a dialect of Kalaamaya – a language related to, but separate from, the original Noongar subgroup. It is not clear if the Njunga (or Nunga) dialect was significantly different from Wudjari. However, according to Norman Tindale ,

690-862: The Languages Other Than English (LOTE) curriculum which would be taught in schools, it was decided to change to "Noongar". By 2010, 37 schools in the South West and Perth were teaching the language. In 2014, the Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (NBLCAC) was incorporated, and the Commonwealth Government provided funding for four years from 2015 under the Indigenous Languages Support program to establish

736-521: The Noongar community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting. The country of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of Western Australia . Within that region, many Noongar words have been adopted into English, particularly names of plants and animals. Noongar was first recorded in 1801 by Matthew Flinders , who made

782-775: The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth into Noongar was performed at the 2020 Perth Festival . The play, named Hecate , is produced by Yirra Yaakin Theatre Company with Bell Shakespeare , and performed by an all-Noongar cast. The play took years to translate, and has sparked wider interest in reviving the language. On July 2022, rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard released a special edition of their album Butterfly 3000 with all its 10 songs translated into Noongar by Merinda Hansen and Lois Spehn-Jackson; all proceedings of this edition are donated to

828-601: The 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s Wilfrid Douglas learnt and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials. More recently, Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the Noongar Dictionary in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre. In 2012 Tim McCabe finished a PhD on Noongar place names, songs and stories, having been taught

874-552: The BirdLife World Congress held in Canada in 2014 it was decided to adopt the name Important Bird and Biodiversity Area , without changing the acronym. IBAs are determined by an internationally agreed set of criteria. Specific IBA thresholds are set by regional and national governing organizations. To be listed as an IBA, a site must satisfy at least one of the following rating criteria: The site qualifies if it

920-538: The Langford Aboriginal Association. Several mobile apps have been created that use Noongar language, both written and spoken. These include a plant identification app, dictionary, and cultural information. The following are the sounds in the Noongar language: /r/ can be heard as either [r, ɾ] or a glide [ɹ]. Noongar grammar is fairly typical of Pama–Nyungan languages in that it is agglutinating , with words and phrases formed by

966-626: The Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia by George Fletcher Moore , later republished in 1884 as part of Moore's diary . This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by Gerhardt Laves on the variety known as "Koreng", near Albany in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Beginning in

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1012-634: The Njunga people rejected the name Wudjari and had adopted some of the customs of their non-Noongar-speaking eastern neighbours, the Ngadjunmaya . The Noongar names for birds were included in Serventy and Whittell 's Birds of Western Australia (1948), noting their regional variations. A later review and synthesis of recorded names and consultation with Noongars produced a list of recommended orthography and pronunciation for birds (2009) occurring in

1058-697: The Noongar Language Centre. The offices are located in Cannington . In 2015 Professor Len Collard from the School of Indigenous Studies at the University of Western Australia challenged the science behind the claim that it is an endangered language, citing the lack of rigour in the data. Collard began leading a project to create the " Noongarpedia ", recording the language in a wiki format, allowing for expansion over time. The project

1104-655: The Nyoongar Language Project Advisory Panel recognised that the Noongar subgroup included at least three distinct languages. This was highlighted by the 2011 Noongar Dictionary , edited by Bernard Rooney, which was based on the Yuat (Juat) variety, from the northwest part of the Noongar subgroup area. The highlighted area of the map shown here may correspond to the Noongar subgroup. The subdivisions shown correspond to individual varieties . In modern Noongar, these varieties have merged. There

1150-414: The addition of affixes to verb and noun stems. Word order in Noongar is free, but generally tends to follow a subject–object–verb pattern. Because there are several varieties of Noongar, aspects of grammar, syntax and orthography are highly regionally variable. Like most Australian languages, Noongar has a complex tense and aspect system. The plain verb stem functions as both the infinitive and

1196-475: The addition of suffixes. Nouns that end in vowels take the plural suffix - man , whereas nouns that end in consonants take - gar . Inanimate nouns, that is, nouns that do not denote human beings, can also be pluralized by the simple addition of a numeral. Noongar pronouns are declined exactly as nouns, taking the same endings. Thus, possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the regular genitive suffix - ang . Conversely, object pronouns are formed by

1242-589: The addition of the - any suffix. Notably, there does not appear to be a great deal of pronominal variation across dialectal lines. Noongar features a set of dual number pronouns which identify interpersonal relationships based on kinship or marriage. The "fraternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are siblings or close friends, "paternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are paternal relatives (parent-child, uncle-niece and so forth), and "marital" pronouns are used by and for people who are married to each other or are in-laws. Typically, if

1288-528: The addition of the interrogative interjection kannah alongside the infinitive root of the verb. Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for bandicoot include quernt (south) and quenda (west); the word for water may be käip (south) or kapi (west), or the word for fire may vary from kaall to karl . A large number of modern place names in Western Australia end in -up , such as Joondalup , Nannup and Manjimup . This

1334-412: The event of the verb took place. There are no articles in Noongar. Nouns (as well as adjectives) take a variety of suffixes which indicate grammatical case , specifically relating to motion or direction, among other distinctions. The direct object of a sentence (what might be called the dative) can also be expressed with the locative suffix - ak . Grammatical number is likewise expressed by

1380-466: The given name Kylie, "boomerang", gilgie or jilgie , the freshwater crayfish Cherax quinquecarinatus , and gidgie or gidgee , "spear". The word for smoke, karrik , was adopted for the family of compounds known as karrikins . The word kodj "to be hit on the head" comes from the term for a stone axe . The word quokka , denoting a type of small macropod , is thought to come from Noongar. Important Bird Area IBA

1426-412: The island Île Pelée ('Bald Island'). It was also known as Île Lévilian and later Île Berthelot . In 1827, James Stirling changed its name to Pulo Carnac Island in honour of John Rivett Carnac , Second Lieutenant on his ship HMS  Success . Pulo is Malay for "island"; it is not known why Stirling included the term, and it was soon dropped. From 1836 to 1837, the island served as

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1472-464: The island in abundance from 1827 to 1897, but were eradicated in 1969. It is particularly noted for the abundance and size of snakes, particularly tiger snakes , which live there. The island is densely populated with up to three tiger snakes in every 25 square metres (270 square feet). There is no permanent fresh water, providing a challenge for the animals that live there. The tiger snake colony has attracted research into how that species has adapted to

1518-473: The island with a BBC film crew to record a reptile documentary, in which Attenborough provided commentary on the blindness of many of the island's tiger snakes. This is caused by birds defending their chicks by pecking at the snakes' eyes. These blind snakes survive and thrive, relying upon scent and eating immobile prey such as seabird chicks. Carnac Island is the only place where this has been observed. Male tiger snakes largely out-number female tiger snakes on

1564-463: The island, which is another curiosity of the island's tiger snake colony. Carnac Island is classified as an Important Bird Area because it supports a large colony of the vulnerable fairy tern , as well as small numbers of other nesting seabirds. Nyungar language Noongar ( / ˈ n ʊ ŋ ɑːr / ; also Nyungar / ˈ n j ʊ ŋ ɡ ɑːr / ) is an Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum , spoken by some members of

1610-414: The language. Educators Glenys Collard and Rose Whitehurst started recording elders speaking using Noongar language in 1990. In 1997 at a meeting of around 200 Noongar people at Marribank , a standard orthography was agreed on for teaching the language in schools. A unanimous vote decided that the language would be spelt "Nyoongar", but later, as teaching and learning resources were being developed for

1656-544: The languages of the Noongar people and came to the conclusion that there was much in common between them. Just prior to publication, he received from Mr Bussel of the Busselton district a list of 320 words from that region which was near identical to those he had collected in the Swan River region. Much to Grey's disappointment, his work was published in an unfinished list as he was leaving the colony, but he believed that

1702-404: The present tense. Verb phrases are formed by adding suffixes or adverbs to the verb stem. The following adverbs are used to indicate grammatical tense or aspect . Some tense/aspect distinctions are indicated by use of a verb suffix. In Noongar, the past or preterite tense is the same as the past participle. A few adverbs are used with the past tense to indicate the amount of time since

1748-411: The publication would assist in communication between settlers and Noongar people. Also noted by Grey was that the Noongar language had no soft ⟨c⟩ sound, there was no use of ⟨f⟩ and that ⟨h⟩ was very rarely used and never at the start of a word. Serious documentation of the Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of A Descriptive Vocabulary of

1794-589: The region. The author, Ian Abbott, also published these recommendations for plants (1983) and mammals (2001), and proposed that these replace other vernacular in common use. A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the Swan River Colony , for example Robert Menli Lyon 's 1833 publication A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia . Lyon acquired much of his information from Yagan while Yagan

1840-583: The soldiers assisting the prisoners' escape in a stolen government stores boat. In 1884, the colonial government gazetted the island as a quarantine station for Fremantle, but it appears never to have been used for that purpose. In 1916, the Australian Federal Government assumed control over the island for defence purposes, and the island was transferred back to the State of Western Australia in 1961. The Carnac Island Nature Reserve

1886-687: The south west of Western Australia . As of 2022 it is one of the 24 Aboriginal languages being taught at 68 schools in Western Australia to around 10,000 students. Curtin University offers an open online Noongar language and culture course. The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up at the Bunbury Aboriginal Progress Association in 1986, and grew to include offices in Northam and Perth. Authors such as Charmaine Bennell have released several books in

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1932-506: The subject of a sentence is not qualified by a numeral or adjective, a subject-marker pronoun is used. Thus: yongka baal boyak yaakiny (lit. "kangaroo it on-rock standing"), "the kangaroo is standing on the rock." Adjectives precede nouns. Some adjectives form the comparative by addition of the suffix - jin but more generally the comparative is formed by reduplication , a common feature in Pama-Nyungan languages. The same

1978-544: The various authors "heard" and transcribed spoken Noongar. An English dialect with Noongar admixture , known as Neo-Nyungar , is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. On the 2016 census , 443 people identified themselves as speaking Noongar at home. Since the late 20th century, there has been increased interest in reviving the Noongar/Nyungar language, including teaching it at many schools throughout

2024-745: Was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International . There are over 13,000 IBAs worldwide. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat. In the United States the program is administered by the National Audubon Society . Often IBAs form part of a country's existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Legal recognition and protection of IBAs that are not within existing protected areas varies within different countries. Some countries have

2070-495: Was gazetted on 8 March 1963, has a size of 0.22 square kilometres (0.085 sq mi), and is located within the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion. Apart from Carnac Island itself, the nature reserve includes the rocks north and south of the island. The island is home to Australian sea lions , bottlenose dolphins and a large range of marine bird life. New Zealand fur seals are frequent visitors. Rabbits inhabited

2116-548: Was incarcerated on Carnac Island . Despite the significance of Lyon's work in being the first of its kind, George Fletcher Moore described Lyon's work as "containing many inaccuracies and much that was fanciful". During August and October 1839 the Perth Gazette published Vocabulary of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia , written by Lieutenant Grey of HM 83rd Regiment. Grey spent twelve months studying

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