Celebrity Theatre is a theater in the round located in Phoenix, Arizona .
47-581: Beverly Hills architect Perry Neuschatz designed the 196 foot-diameter building as a multipurpose conference and cultural center. He received the 1964 top award from the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) for his outstanding design. Gary Call was the associate architect. T. Y. Lin International was the structural engineer and E. L. Farmer Construction Company was general contractor. Owners planned to use Celebrity Theatre as
94-467: A corrosion -inhibiting grease , usually lithium based. Anchorages at each end of the tendon transfer the tensioning force to the concrete, and are required to reliably perform this role for the life of the structure. Unbonded post-tensioning can take the form of: For individual strand tendons, no additional tendon ducting is used and no post-stressing grouting operation is required, unlike for bonded post-tensioning. Permanent corrosion protection of
141-407: A skyscraper could sway severely and cause the occupants to be sick (much like sea-sickness ), yet be perfectly sound structurally. This building is in no danger of collapsing, yet since it is obviously no longer fit for human occupation, it is considered to have exceeded its serviceability limit state. A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and corresponds to
188-508: A broad range of structural, aesthetic and economic requirements. Significant among these include: a minimum number of (intrusive) supporting walls or columns; low structural thickness (depth), allowing space for services, or for additional floors in high-rise construction; fast construction cycles, especially for multi-storey buildings; and a low cost-per-unit-area, to maximise the building owner's return on investment. The prestressing of concrete allows "load-balancing" forces to be introduced into
235-680: A concert venue during the winter. It was further renovated significantly in 1995. The venue underwent another significant renovation in 2021, replacing plumbing, redoing the restrooms, and reimagine the lower level. The lower level was renamed the Encore Lounge with a new bar and secondary stage for smaller acts. The building was listed on the Phoenix Historic Property Register in 2013 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The stage
282-537: A conditions beyond which specified service requirements resulting from the planned use are no longer met. In limit state design , a structure fails its serviceability if the criteria of the serviceability limit state are not met during the specified service life and with the required reliability. Hence, the serviceability limit state identifies a civil engineering structure which fails to meet technical requirements for use even though it may be strong enough to remain standing. A structure that fails serviceability has exceeded
329-653: A prestressed concrete member, the internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner so that the stresses resulting from the imposed loads are counteracted to the desired degree. Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved performance can allow for longer spans , reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete . Typical applications include high-rise buildings , residential concrete slabs , foundation systems , bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks , industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures . First used in
376-609: A proof-loaded, redundant and monitorable pressure-containment system. Nuclear reactor and containment vessels will commonly employ separate sets of post-tensioned tendons curved horizontally or vertically to completely envelop the reactor core. Blast containment walls, such as for liquid natural gas (LNG) tanks, will normally utilize layers of horizontally-curved hoop tendons for containment in combination with vertically looped tendons for axial wall pre-stressing. Heavily loaded concrete ground-slabs and pavements can be sensitive to cracking and subsequent traffic-driven deterioration. As
423-419: A protective sleeve or duct which is either cast into the concrete structure or placed adjacent to it. At each end of a tendon is an anchorage assembly firmly fixed to the surrounding concrete. Once the concrete has been cast and set, the tendons are tensioned ("stressed") by pulling the tendon ends through the anchorages while pressing against the concrete. The large forces required to tension the tendons result in
470-626: A railway bridge constructed 1946 in the UK . By the 1960s, prestressed concrete largely superseded reinforced concrete bridges in the UK, with box girders being the dominant form. In short-span bridges of around 10 to 40 metres (30 to 130 ft), prestressing is commonly employed in the form of precast pre-tensioned girders or planks. Medium-length structures of around 40 to 200 metres (150 to 650 ft), typically use precast-segmental, in-situ balanced-cantilever and incrementally-launched designs . For
517-508: A result, prestressed concrete is regularly used in such structures as its pre-compression provides the concrete with the ability to resist the crack-inducing tensile stresses generated by in-service loading. This crack-resistance also allows individual slab sections to be constructed in larger pours than for conventionally reinforced concrete, resulting in wider joint spacings, reduced jointing costs and less long-term joint maintenance issues. Initial works have also been successfully conducted on
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#1732772617650564-532: A significant permanent compression being applied to the concrete once the tendon is "locked-off" at the anchorage. The method of locking the tendon-ends to the anchorage is dependent upon the tendon composition, with the most common systems being "button-head" anchoring (for wire tendons), split-wedge anchoring (for strand tendons), and threaded anchoring (for bar tendons). Tendon encapsulation systems are constructed from plastic or galvanised steel materials, and are classified into two main types: those where
611-503: A single tendon duct, with the exception of bars which are mostly used unbundled. This bundling makes for more efficient tendon installation and grouting processes, since each complete tendon requires only one set of end-anchorages and one grouting operation. Ducting is fabricated from a durable and corrosion-resistant material such as plastic (e.g., polyethylene ) or galvanised steel, and can be either round or rectangular/oval in cross-section. The tendon sizes used are highly dependent upon
658-536: Is 30 feet in diameter and completely round, exposed to the audience on all sides. An unusual feature of the theater is that the entire stage can turn through a complete revolution at a speed of up to 0.5 revolutions per hour, thus allowing everyone in the audience to see every part of the stage at some point during a two-hour performance. For the first six years of the theatre's operation, the stage had to be rotated manually after Liberace recommended that stage spin, before being upgraded to an electric motor in 1969. None of
705-400: Is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" ( compressed ) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. It was patented by Eugène Freyssinet in 1928. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve
752-592: Is a highly versatile construction material as a result of it being an almost ideal combination of its two main constituents: high-strength steel, pre-stretched to allow its full strength to be easily realised; and modern concrete, pre-compressed to minimise cracking under tensile forces. Its wide range of application is reflected in its incorporation into the major design codes covering most areas of structural and civil engineering, including buildings, bridges, dams, foundations, pavements, piles, stadiums, silos, and tanks. Building structures are typically required to satisfy
799-418: Is fed into a greasing chamber and then passed to an extrusion unit where molten plastic forms a continuous outer coating. Finished strands can be cut-to-length and fitted with "dead-end" anchor assemblies as required for the project. Both bonded and unbonded post-tensioning technologies are widely used around the world, and the choice of system is often dictated by regional preferences, contractor experience, or
846-423: Is most commonly used for the fabrication of structural beams , floor slabs , hollow-core slabs, balconies , lintels , driven piles , water tanks and concrete pipes . Post-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the surrounding concrete structure has been cast. The tendons are not placed in direct contact with the concrete, but are encapsulated within
893-465: Is the most popular structural material for bridges, and prestressed concrete is frequently adopted. When investigated in the 1940s for use on heavy-duty bridges, the advantages of this type of bridge over more traditional designs was that it is quicker to install, more economical and longer-lasting with the bridge being less lively. One of the first bridges built in this way is the Adam Viaduct ,
940-486: Is the protection afforded to the end-anchorage assemblies of unbonded tendons or cable-stay systems, as the anchorages of both of these are required to retain the prestressing forces. Failure of any of these components can result in the release of prestressing forces, or the physical rupture of stressing tendons. Modern prestressing systems deliver long-term durability by addressing the following areas: Several durability-related events are listed below: Prestressed concrete
987-417: Is undertaken for three main purposes: to protect the tendons against corrosion ; to permanently "lock-in" the tendon pre-tension, thereby removing the long-term reliance upon the end-anchorage systems; and to improve certain structural behaviors of the final concrete structure. Bonded post-tensioning characteristically uses tendons each comprising bundles of elements (e.g., strands or wires) placed inside
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#17327726176501034-457: The 2650 seats in the theater are more than 70 feet from the stage. The theater is equipped with an orchestra pit and can be reconfigured as a proscenium stage if necessary, although this reduces the seating capacity by 25% to 50% depending on configuration. The theatre opened on January 13, 1964 with the musical South Pacific starring Betsy Palmer . George Carlin filmed his second HBO special, George Carlin: Again! , here in 1978. It
1081-405: The application, ranging from building works typically using between 2 and 6 strands per tendon, to specialized dam works using up to 91 strands per tendon. Fabrication of bonded tendons is generally undertaken on-site, commencing with the fitting of end-anchorages to formwork , placing the tendon ducting to the required curvature profiles, and reeving (or threading) the strands or wires through
1128-442: The authorities of building codes or standards, but rather exist to promote the understanding and development of prestressed concrete design, codes and best practices. Rules and requirements for the detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons are specified by individual national codes and standards such as: Serviceability (structure) In civil engineering and structural engineering , serviceability refers to
1175-468: The availability of alternative systems. Either one is capable of delivering code-compliant, durable structures meeting the structural strength and serviceability requirements of the designer. The benefits that bonded post-tensioning can offer over unbonded systems are: The benefits that unbonded post-tensioning can offer over bonded systems are: Long-term durability is an essential requirement for prestressed concrete given its widespread use. Research on
1222-433: The concrete volume (internal prestressing) or wholly outside of it (external prestressing). While pre-tensioned concrete uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either bonded or unbonded tendons. Pre-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast. The concrete bonds to the tendons as it cures , following which
1269-404: The concrete wall to form a series of hoops, spaced vertically up the structure. When tensioned, these tendons exert both axial (compressive) and radial (inward) forces onto the structure, which can directly oppose the subsequent storage loadings. If the magnitude of the prestress is designed to always exceed the tensile stresses produced by the loadings, a permanent residual compression will exist in
1316-472: The conditions under which a building is still considered useful. Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building strength that render the buildings unusable. Serviceability limit state design of structures includes factors such as durability, overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and excessive vibration. For example,
1363-1042: The design and construction of prestressed concrete structures. In the United States, such organizations include the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). Similar bodies include the Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (CPCI), the UK's Post-Tensioning Association, the Post Tensioning Institute of Australia and the South African Post Tensioning Association. Europe has similar country-based associations and institutions. These organizations are not
1410-413: The ducting. Following concreting and tensioning, the ducts are pressure-grouted and the tendon stressing-ends sealed against corrosion . Unbonded post-tensioning differs from bonded post-tensioning by allowing the tendons permanent freedom of longitudinal movement relative to the concrete. This is most commonly achieved by encasing each individual tendon element within a plastic sheathing filled with
1457-426: The durability performance of in-service prestressed structures has been undertaken since the 1960s, and anti-corrosion technologies for tendon protection have been continually improved since the earliest systems were developed. The durability of prestressed concrete is principally determined by the level of corrosion protection provided to any high-strength steel elements within the prestressing tendons. Also critical
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1504-399: The end-anchoring of the tendons is released, and the tendon tension forces are transferred to the concrete as compression by static friction . Pre-tensioning is a common prefabrication technique, where the resulting concrete element is manufactured off-site from the final structure location and transported to site once cured. It requires strong, stable end-anchorage points between which
1551-451: The form of post-tensioned anchors drilled into the dam's concrete structure and/or the underlying rock strata. Such anchors typically comprise tendons of high-tensile bundled steel strands or individual threaded bars. Tendons are grouted to the concrete or rock at their far (internal) end, and have a significant "de-bonded" free-length at their external end which allows the tendon to stretch during tensioning. Tendons may be full-length bonded to
1598-404: The late nineteenth century, prestressed concrete has developed beyond pre-tensioning to include post-tensioning , which occurs after the concrete is cast. Tensioning systems may be classed as either monostrand , where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand , where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously. Tendons may be located either within
1645-432: The longest bridges, prestressed concrete deck structures often form an integral part of cable-stayed designs . Concrete dams have used prestressing to counter uplift and increase their overall stability since the mid-1930s. Prestressing is also frequently retro-fitted as part of dam remediation works, such as for structural strengthening, or when raising crest or spillway heights. Most commonly, dam prestressing takes
1692-647: The performance of the concrete in service. Tendons may consist of single wires , multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels , carbon fiber or aramid fiber . The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces . This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared with conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations. In
1739-553: The strands is provided by the combined layers of grease, plastic sheathing, and surrounding concrete. Where strands are bundled to form a single unbonded tendon, an enveloping duct of plastic or galvanised steel is used and its interior free-spaces grouted after stressing. In this way, additional corrosion protection is provided via the grease, plastic sheathing, grout, external sheathing, and surrounding concrete layers. Individually greased-and-sheathed tendons are usually fabricated off-site by an extrusion process. The bare steel strand
1786-579: The structure to counter in-service loadings. This provides many benefits to building structures: Some notable building structures constructed from prestressed concrete include: Sydney Opera House and World Tower , Sydney; St George Wharf Tower , London; CN Tower , Toronto; Kai Tak Cruise Terminal and International Commerce Centre , Hong Kong; Ocean Heights 2 , Dubai; Eureka Tower , Melbourne; Torre Espacio , Madrid; Guoco Tower (Tanjong Pagar Centre), Singapore; Zagreb International Airport , Croatia; and Capital Gate , Abu Dhabi UAE. Concrete
1833-475: The surface of the tendons is critical to the pre-tensioning process, as it determines when the tendon anchorages can be safely released. Higher bond strength in early-age concrete will speed production and allow more economical fabrication. To promote this, pre-tensioned tendons are usually composed of isolated single wires or strands, which provides a greater surface area for bonding than bundled-strand tendons. Unlike those of post-tensioned concrete (see below),
1880-432: The surrounding concrete or rock once tensioned, or (more commonly) have strands permanently encapsulated in corrosion-inhibiting grease over the free-length to permit long-term load monitoring and re-stressability. Circular storage structures such as silos and tanks can use prestressing forces to directly resist the outward pressures generated by stored liquids or bulk-solids. Horizontally curved tendons are installed within
1927-546: The tendon element is subsequently bonded to the surrounding concrete by internal grouting of the duct after stressing ( bonded post-tensioning); and those where the tendon element is permanently de bonded from the surrounding concrete, usually by means of a greased sheath over the tendon strands ( unbonded post-tensioning). Casting the tendon ducts/sleeves into the concrete before any tensioning occurs allows them to be readily "profiled" to any desired shape including incorporating vertical and/or horizontal curvature . When
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1974-418: The tendons are stretched. These anchorages form the ends of a "casting bed" which may be many times the length of the concrete element being fabricated. This allows multiple elements to be constructed end-to-end in the one pre-tensioning operation, allowing significant productivity benefits and economies of scale to be realized. The amount of bond (or adhesion ) achievable between the freshly set concrete and
2021-406: The tendons are tensioned, this profiling results in reaction forces being imparted onto the hardened concrete, and these can be beneficially used to counter any loadings subsequently applied to the structure. In bonded post-tensioning, tendons are permanently bonded to the surrounding concrete by the in situ grouting of their encapsulating ducting (after tendon tensioning). This grouting
2068-662: The tendons of pre-tensioned concrete elements generally form straight lines between end-anchorages. Where "profiled" or "harped" tendons are required, one or more intermediate deviators are located between the ends of the tendon to hold the tendon to the desired non-linear alignment during tensioning. Such deviators usually act against substantial forces, and hence require a robust casting-bed foundation system. Straight tendons are typically used in "linear" precast concrete elements, such as shallow beams, hollow-core slabs ; whereas profiled tendons are more commonly found in deeper precast bridge beams and girders. Pre-tensioned concrete
2115-677: The use of precast prestressed concrete for road pavements, where the speed and quality of the construction has been noted as being beneficial for this technique. Some notable civil structures constructed using prestressed concrete include: Gateway Bridge , Brisbane Australia; Incheon Bridge , South Korea; Roseires Dam , Sudan; Wanapum Dam , Washington, US; LNG tanks , South Hook, Wales; Cement silos , Brevik Norway; Autobahn A73 bridge , Itz Valley, Germany; Ostankino Tower , Moscow, Russia; CN Tower , Toronto, Canada; and Ringhals nuclear reactor , Videbergshamn Sweden. Worldwide, many professional organizations exist to promote best practices in
2162-491: The wall concrete, assisting in maintaining a watertight crack-free structure. Prestressed concrete has been established as a reliable construction material for high-pressure containment structures such as nuclear reactor vessels and containment buildings, and petrochemical tank blast-containment walls. Using pre-stressing to place such structures into an initial state of bi-axial or tri-axial compression increases their resistance to concrete cracking and leakage, while providing
2209-867: Was considered the first stand-up comedy routine done "in the round". In February 2013, Louis C.K. filmed his HBO special Oh My God , his fifth full-length comedy special. The round stage was made blue in color, to resemble the way it appeared when George Carlin filmed George Carlin: Again! . In September 2022, Nate Bargatze filmed his special, Hello World , released in January 2023 on Amazon Prime Video . Tom Segura filmed four sold-out shows in November 2022 for his Netflix special Tom Segura: Sledgehammer , released in 2023. 33°27′16″N 112°00′53″W / 33.4544°N 112.0147°W / 33.4544; -112.0147 Prestressed concrete#Design agencies and regulations Prestressed concrete
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