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62-628: The film's sets were designed by the art director Willi Herrmann . It was shot at the Terra Studios in Berlin and on location in Hamburg . A German woman's husband has been missing for years and is presumed dead. Then she receives information that is alive and living in Brazil . She resolves to travel to Rio de Janeiro to find out the truth. This article related to a German film of

124-513: A commission from the employer to find, screen and select suitable candidates. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees. A more traditional approach is with a "Help Wanted" sign in the establishment (usually hung on a window or door or placed on a store counter). Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skills to measure their talents within

186-670: A not-for-profit organization , a co-operative , or any other entity, pays the other, the employee, in return for carrying out assigned work. Employees work in return for wages , which can be paid on the basis of an hourly rate, by piecework or an annual salary , depending on the type of work an employee does, the prevailing conditions of the sector and the bargaining power between the parties. Employees in some sectors may receive gratuities , bonus payments or stock options . In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. Benefits may include health insurance , housing , and disability insurance . Employment

248-415: A surety bond , is referred to as an employment bond . In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some orchestra jobs, some employees may have tenure , which means that they cannot be dismissed at will. Another type of termination is a layoff . Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells their labor under

310-477: A compensation approach that has the added benefit, from the company's point of view, of helping to align the interests of the compensated individual with the performance of the company. Under the faithless servant doctrine, a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law , an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of

372-420: A film, including costumes. On films with smaller art departments, such as small independent films and short films, the terms "production designer" and "art director" are often synonymous, and the person taking on the role may be credited as either. Art directors in publishing typically work with the publication's editors . Together, they work on a concept for sections and pages of a publication. Individually,

434-579: A fixed term contract or a permanent contract. Both contracts are entitled to minimum wages, fixed working hours and social security contributions. Pakistan has no contract Labor, Minimum Wage and Provident Funds Acts. Contract labor in Pakistan must be paid minimum wage and certain facilities are to be provided to labor. However, the Acts are not yet fully implemented. In the Philippines , employment

496-445: A formal or informal employment contract . These transactions usually occur in a labor market where wages are market-determined. In exchange for the wages paid, the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer, except for special cases such as the vesting of intellectual property patents in the United States where patent rights are usually vested in the original personal inventor. A wage laborer

558-407: A higher rate; this is generally due to their employment in high-risk industries. For example, in the United States, young people are injured at work at twice the rate of their older counterparts. These workers are also at higher risk for motor vehicle accidents at work, due to less work experience, a lower use of seat belts, and higher rates of distracted driving. To mitigate this risk, those under

620-558: A sense of purpose and allows people to maintain social networks and activity levels. Older workers are often found to be discriminated against by employers. Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty , the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $ 2 a day poverty line . For instance, in India most of

682-459: A smaller organization, the art director may fill all these roles, including overseeing printing and other production. An art director, in the hierarchical structure of a film art department, works directly below the production designer , in collaboration with the set decorator and the set designers. A large part of their duties include the administrative aspects of the art department . They are responsible for assigning tasks to personnel such as

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744-404: A target audience. The art director makes decisions about visual elements, what artistic style(s) to use, and when to use motion . One of the biggest challenges art directors face is translating desired moods, messages, concepts, and underdeveloped ideas into imagery. In the brainstorming process, art directors, colleagues and clients explore ways the finished piece or scene could look. At times,

806-434: Is Hour employment (Swedish: Timanställning ), which can be Normal employment (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided per immediate need basis. The employee is expected to be answering the phone and come to work when needed, e.g. when someone is ill and absent from work. They will receive salary only for actual work time and can in reality be fired for no reason by not being called anymore. This type of contract

868-488: Is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of his or her labor in this way. In modern mixed economies such as that of the OECD countries , it is currently the dominant form of work arrangement. Although most work occurs following this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs , professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments , so that "wage labor"

930-559: Is a preposterous reading of the statute. It is obvious that within the context of both statutes the word 'includes' is a term of enlargement not of limitation, and the reference to certain entities or categories is not intended to exclude all others." Employees are often contrasted with independent contractors , especially when there is dispute as to the worker's entitlement to have matching taxes paid, workers compensation , and unemployment insurance benefits. However, in September 2009,

992-575: Is an association of national level with its international reputation of co-operation and welfare of the migrant workforce as well as its approximately 1200 members agencies in collaboration with and support from the Government of Bangladesh. In the Canadian province of Ontario , formal complaints can be brought to the Ministry of Labour . In the province of Quebec , grievances can be filed with

1054-400: Is associated with employment at a macro, sector and industry level was aggregated in 2013. Researchers found evidence to suggest growth in manufacturing and services have good impact on employment. They found GDP growth on employment in agriculture to be limited, but that value-added growth had a relatively larger impact. The impact on job creation by industries/economic activities as well as

1116-558: Is common in the public sector. In the United Kingdom, employment contracts are categorized by the government into the following types: For purposes of U.S. federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) provides a definition for the term "employee" specific to chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code : "For purposes of this chapter, the term "employee" includes an officer, employee, or elected official of

1178-473: Is considered to apply only to unskilled, semi-skilled or manual labor . Wage labor, as institutionalized under today's market economic systems, has been criticized, especially by socialists , using the pejorative term wage slavery . Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labor as a commodity and slavery . Cicero is also known to have suggested such parallels. The American philosopher John Dewey posited that until "industrial feudalism"

1240-450: Is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling. Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways. A key assumption is the extent to which the employment relationship necessarily includes conflicts of interests between employers and employees, and the form of such conflicts. In economic theorizing,

1302-516: Is regulated by the Department of Labor and Employment . According to Swedish law, there are three types of employment. There are no laws about minimum salary in Sweden. Instead, there are agreements between employer organizations and trade unions about minimum salaries, and other employment conditions. There is a type of employment contract which is common but not regulated in law, and that

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1364-497: Is replaced by " industrial democracy ", politics will be "the shadow cast on society by big business". Thomas Ferguson has postulated in his investment theory of party competition that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes elections to become occasions when blocs of investors coalesce and compete to control the state plus cities. American business theorist Jeffrey Pfeffer posits that contemporary employment practices and employer commonalities in

1426-575: Is typically governed by employment laws , organization or legal contracts. An employee contributes labour and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCB) and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job . In a corporate context, an employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business . An issue that arises in most companies, especially

1488-610: The AFL–CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL–CIO in 2005. Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, and take an active role in politics. The AFL–CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues. Young workers are at higher risk for occupational injury and face certain occupational hazards at

1550-687: The Commission des normes du travail . Two of the prominent examples of work and employment contracts in Germany are the Werksvertrag or the Arbeitsvertrag , which is a form of Dienstleistungsvertrag (service-oriented contract). An Arbeitsvertrag can also be temporary, whereas a temporary worker is working under Zeitarbeit or Leiharbeit . Another employment setting is Arbeitnehmerüberlassung (ANÜ). India has options for

1612-611: The 1930s is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Art director Art director is the title for a variety of similar job functions in theater , advertising , marketing , publishing , fashion, film and television , the Internet , and video games . It is the charge of a sole art director to supervise and unify the vision of an artistic production. In particular, they are in charge of its overall visual appearance and how it communicates visually , stimulates moods, contrasts features, and psychologically appeals to

1674-782: The United States is failing to provide jobs that can adequately support families. According to sociologist Matthew Desmond , the US "offers some of the lowest wages in the industrialized world," which has "swelled the ranks of the working poor, most of whom are thirty-five or older." Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across economic sectors in creating employment that reduces poverty. 24 instances of growth were examined, in which 18 reduced poverty. This study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment , such as manufacturing . The services sector

1736-523: The United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term "employee" also includes an officer of a corporation." This definition does not exclude all those who are commonly known as 'employees'. "Similarly, Latham's instruction which indicated that under 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) the category of 'employee' does not include privately employed wage earners

1798-477: The United States, including toxic working environments, job insecurity, long hours and increased performance pressure from management, are responsible for 120,000 excess deaths annually, making the workplace the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Australian employment has been governed by the Fair Work Act since 2009. Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies ( BAIRA )

1860-494: The United States. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level. Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations:

1922-609: The age of 17 are restricted from certain types of driving, including transporting people and goods under certain circumstances. High-risk industries for young workers include agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining. In the United States, those under the age of 18 are restricted from certain jobs that are deemed dangerous under the Fair Labor Standards Act . Youth employment programs are most effective when they include both theoretical classroom training and hands-on training with work placements. In

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1984-415: The art department coordinator and the construction coordinator, keeping track of the art department budget and scheduling, and overall quality control. They are often also a liaison to other departments, especially construction, special effects, property, transportation (graphics), and locations departments. The art director also attends all production meetings and tech scouts in order to provide information to

2046-554: The art director for the visual aspects. But the art director may come up with the headline or other copy, and the copywriter may suggest a visual or aesthetic approach. Each usually welcomes suggestions and constructive criticism from the other, as such collaboration often improves the work. Although a good art director is expected to have good graphic design judgment and technical knowledge of production, it may not be necessary for an art director to hand-render comprehensive layouts , or even be able to draw, now that virtually all but

2108-399: The art director is mostly responsible for the visual look and feel of the publication, and the editor has ultimate responsibility for the publication's verbal and textual contents. Employment Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract , one party, the employer, which might be a corporation ,

2170-421: The art director is responsible for solidifying the vision of the collective imagination while resolving conflicting agendas and inconsistencies between contributors' ideas. Despite the title, an advertising art director is not necessarily the head of an art department. In modern advertising practice, an art director typically works with a copywriter as a creative team. In advertising, an art director makes sure

2232-499: The beginning, and treating them accordingly, can save a company from trouble later on. Provided key circumstances, including ones such as that the worker is paid regularly, follows set hours of work, is supplied with tools from the employer, is closely monitored by the employer, acting on behalf of the employer, only works for one employer at a time, they are considered an employee, and the employer will generally be liable for their actions and be obliged to give them benefits. Similarly,

2294-454: The benefits may include meals. Employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is an employee's perception and judgement of employer's treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the employee-employer relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions , which represent

2356-470: The chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks. According to the UNRISD , increasing labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century

2418-401: The client's message is conveyed to their desired audience. They are responsible for the advertising's visual aspects, while working with other team members such as the graphic designer. They work together to devise an overall concept (also known as the "creative" or "big idea") for the commercial, mailer, brochure, or other advertisements. The copywriter is responsible for the textual content, and

2480-595: The compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty. Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their wages or salaries. The benefits can include: housing (employer-provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability income protection, retirement benefits, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education, and other specialized benefits. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions,

2542-449: The competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations. As a result, there are four common models of employment: These models are important because they help reveal why individuals hold differing perspectives on human resource management policies, labor unions, and employment regulation. For example, human resource management policies are seen as dictated by

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2604-520: The conversation of employment among younger aged workers, youth unemployment has also been monitored. Youth unemployment rates tend to be higher than the adult rates in every country in the world. Those older than the statutory defined retirement age may continue to work, either out of enjoyment or necessity. However, depending on the nature of the job, older workers may need to transition into less-physical forms of work to avoid injury. Working past retirement age also has positive effects, because it gives

2666-575: The court case of Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc. ruled that independent contractors are regarded as employees for the purpose of discrimination laws if they work for the employer on a regular basis, and said employer directs the time, place, and manner of employment. In non-union work environments, in the United States, unjust termination complaints can be brought to the United States Department of Labor . Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in

2728-634: The employer is the owner of any invention created by an employee "hired to invent", even in the absence of an assignment of inventions. In contrast, a company commissioning a work by an independent contractor will not own the copyright unless the company secures either a written contract stating that it is a "work made for hire" or a written assignment of the copyright. In order to stay protected and avoid lawsuits, an employer has to be aware of that distinction. Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming

2790-734: The extent of the body of evidence and the key studies. For extractives, they again found extensive evidence suggesting growth in the sector has limited impact on employment. In textiles, however, although evidence was low, studies suggest growth there positively contributed to job creation. In agri-business and food processing , they found impact growth to be positive. They found that most available literature focuses on OECD and middle-income countries somewhat, where economic growth impact has been shown to be positive on employment. The researchers didn't find sufficient evidence to conclude any impact of growth on employment in LDCs despite some pointing to

2852-614: The field can be best through assessments . Employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of a job interview . Training and development refers to the employer's effort to equip a newly hired employee with the necessary skills to perform at the job, and to help the employee grow within the organization. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve employee's job satisfaction . There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework , by yearly salary , or by gratuities (with

2914-547: The fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to find workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers (via classified advertising ) and online, also called job boards . Employers and job seekers also often find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive

2976-546: The labor market mediates all such conflicts such that employers and employees who enter into an employment relationship are assumed to find this arrangement in their own self-interest. In human resource management theorizing, employers and employees are assumed to have shared interests (or a unity of interests, hence the label “unitarism”). Any conflicts that exist are seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed away. From

3038-415: The latter often being combined with another form of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission , a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions ( e.g. , executive jobs), employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets. Some executives and employees may be paid in shares or stock options ,

3100-432: The market in the first view, as essential mechanisms for aligning the interests of employees and employers and thereby creating profitable companies in the second view, as insufficient for looking out for workers’ interests in the third view, and as manipulative managerial tools for shaping the ideology and structure of the workplace in the fourth view. Literature on the employment impact of economic growth and on how growth

3162-421: The most preliminary work is done on computer. Except in the smallest organizations, the art director/copywriter team is overseen by a creative director , senior media creative or chief creative director. In a large organization, an art director may oversee other art directors and a team of junior designers , image developers and/or production artists , and coordinate with a separate production department. In

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3224-451: The movie Gone with the Wind , David O. Selznick felt that William Cameron Menzies had such a significant role in the look of the film that the title art director was not sufficient, and so he gave Menzies the title of production designer. This title is now commonly used as the title for the head of the art department, although the title actually implies control over every visual aspect of

3286-475: The negative impact is beginning to show. In Vietnam , for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued. Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States , where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s. Oxfam and social scientist Mark Robert Rank have argued that the economy of

3348-471: The ones that are in the gig economy , is the classification of workers. A lot of workers that fulfill gigs are often hired as independent contractors . To categorize a worker as an independent contractor rather than an employee, an independent contractor must agree with the client on what the finished work product will be and then the contractor controls the means and manner of achieving the desired outcome. Secondly, an independent contractor offers services to

3410-399: The perspective of pluralist industrial relations, the employment relationship is characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label “pluralism), and some conflicts of interests are seen as inherent in the employment relationship (e.g., wages v. profits). Lastly, the critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g.,

3472-443: The positive impact, others point to limitations. They recommended that complementary policies are necessary to ensure economic growth's positive impact on LDC employment. With trade, industry and investment, they only found limited evidence of positive impact on employment from industrial and investment policies and for others, while large bodies of evidence does exist, the exact impact remains contested. Researchers have also explored

3534-400: The public at large, not just to one business, and is responsible for disbursing payments from the client, paying unreimbursed expenses, and providing his or her own tools to complete the job. Third, the relationship of the parties is often evidenced by a written agreement that specifies that the worker is an independent contractor and is not entitled to employee benefits; the services provided by

3596-405: The relationship between employment and illicit activities. Using evidence from Africa, a research team found that a program for Liberian ex-fighters reduced work hours on illicit activities. The employment program also reduced interest in mercenary work in nearby wars. The study concludes that while the use of capital inputs or cash payments for peaceful work created a reduction in illicit activities,

3658-606: The same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%. Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity (as long as it also translates into higher wages) are needed to tackle poverty. Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "working poor", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labor market policies. This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia , but

3720-464: The set designers in preparation for all departments to have a visual floor plan of each location visited. The term "art director" was first used in 1914 by Wilfred Buckland when this title was used to denote the head of the art department (hence the Academy Award for Best Art Direction ), which also included the set decorator. Now the award includes the production designer and set decorator. On

3782-489: The worker are not key to the business; and the relationship is not permanent. As a general principle of employment law, in the United States, there is a difference between an agent and an independent contractor. The default status of a worker is an employee unless specific guidelines are met, which can be determined by the ABC test. Thus, clarifying whether someone who performs work is an independent contractor or an employee from

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3844-579: The workforce to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working, and contractual conditions and services. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time, often subject to a certain notice period. This is referred to as at-will employment . The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include requirements such as notice periods, severance pay , and security measures. A contract forbidding an employee from leaving their employment, under penalty of

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