67-525: The Central Savannah River Area ( CSRA ) is an unofficial trading and marketing region in the U.S. states of Georgia and South Carolina , spanning thirteen counties in Georgia and seven in South Carolina. The term was coined in 1950 by C.C. McCollum, the winner of a $ 250 contest held by The Augusta Chronicle to generate the best name for the area. Today the initialism is so commonly used that
134-655: A Yale School of Public Health study. In a UNFPA report about ageing in the 21st century, it highlighted the need to "Develop a new rights-based culture of ageing and a change of mindset and societal attitudes towards ageing and older persons, from welfare recipients to active, contributing members of society". UNFPA said that this "requires, among others, working towards the development of international human rights instruments and their translation into national laws and regulations and affirmative measures that challenge age discrimination and recognise older people as autonomous subjects". Older people's music participation contributes to
201-449: A biological timetable that might be a continuation of inherent mechanisms that regulate childhood growth and development. This regulation would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses. Factors causing errors or damage include internal and environmental events that induce cumulative deterioration in one or more organs . One 2013 review assessed ageing through
268-559: A broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing , or to the population of a species . In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing is associated with increased risk of cancer, Alzheimer's disease , diabetes , cardiovascular disease , increased mental health risks, and many more . Of
335-478: A common transition faced by the elderly, may have both positive and negative consequences. As cyborgs currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of ageing and for instance a bio-techno-social definition of ageing has been suggested. There is a current debate as to whether or not the pursuit of longevity and the postponement of senescence are cost-effective health care goals given finite health care resources. Because of
402-407: A large extent, is genetically based. For example, numerous perennial plants ranging from strawberries and potatoes to willow trees typically produce clones of themselves by vegetative reproduction and are thus potentially immortal, while annual plants such as wheat and watermelons die each year and reproduce by sexual reproduction. In 2008 it was discovered that inactivation of only two genes in
469-409: A lower mortality rate compared to individuals who are not physically active. The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500 metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes per week. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for 25 minutes on a daily basis would together achieve about 3000 MET minutes
536-464: A new tissue or animal without ageing. Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the Hayflick Limit , discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961). A number of characteristic ageing symptoms are experienced by a majority, or by a significant proportion of humans during their lifetimes. Dementia becomes more common with age. About 3% of people between
603-438: A number of mental health issues as older adults deal with challenges such as the death of loved ones, retirement and loss of purpose, as well as their own health issues. Some warning signs are: changes in mood or energy, changes in sleep or eating habits, pain, sadness, unhealthy coping mechanisms such as smoking, suicidal ideations, and others. [1] Older adults are more prone to social isolation as well, which can further increase
670-495: A safety net that contributes to the postponement of disability and prevention of impoverishment in old age". It has been argued that population ageing has undermined economic development and can lead to lower inflation because elderly individuals care especially strongly about the value of their pensions and savings. Evidence suggests that pensions, while making a difference to the well-being of older persons, also benefit entire families especially in times of crisis when there may be
737-494: A shortage or loss of employment within households. A study by the Australian Government in 2003 estimated that "women between the ages of 65 and 74 years contribute A$ 16 billion per year in unpaid caregiving and voluntary work. Similarly, men in the same age group contributed A$ 10 billion per year." Due to increasing share of the elderly in the population, health care expenditures will continue to grow relative to
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#1732782712540804-430: A specific age for when an individual is allowed or obliged to do particular activities. These age specifications include voting age , drinking age , age of consent , age of majority , age of criminal responsibility , marriageable age , age of candidacy , and mandatory retirement age . Admission to a movie, for instance, may depend on age according to a motion picture rating system . A bus fare might be discounted for
871-469: A week. Exercise has also been found to be an effective measure to treat declines in neuromuscular function due to age. A meta-analysis found that resistance training with elastic bands or kettlebells provided significant improvements to grip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia . Furthermore, another analysis found that the positive effects of resistance exercise on strength, muscle mass, and motor coordination reduce
938-403: Is selected for in evolution. Traits that benefit early survival and reproduction will be selected for even if they contribute to an earlier death. Such a genetic effect is called the antagonistic pleiotropy effect when referring to a gene (pleiotropy signifying the gene has a double function – enabling reproduction at a young age but costing the organism life expectancy in old age) and is called
1005-523: Is a region where the population can receive the same (or similar) television and radio station offerings, and may also include other types of media such as newspapers and internet content. They can coincide with or overlap with one or more metropolitan areas , though rural regions with few significant population centers can also be designated as markets. Conversely, very large metropolitan areas can sometimes be subdivided into multiple segments. Market regions may overlap, meaning that people residing on
1072-484: Is also evidence to suggest that exercise of any type may mitigate the degradation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that occurs with age. Current evidence suggests that aerobic exercise causes the most hypertrophy of the NMJ, although resistance training is still somewhat effective. However, further evidence is necessary to identify optimal training protocols for NMJ function and to further understand how exercise affects
1139-459: Is another common visual disease that appears in older adults. Glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve, causing vision loss. Glaucoma usually develops over time, but there are variations to glaucoma, and some have a sudden onset. There are a few procedures for glaucoma, but there is no cure or fix for the damage, once it has occurred. Prevention is the best measure in the case of glaucoma. In addition to physical symptoms, aging can also cause
1206-472: Is credited with lowering the risk of heart disease and early death. The major contributors to mortality risk reduction appear to be a higher consumption of vegetables, fish, fruits, nuts and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as by consuming olive oil. As of 2021, there is insufficient clinical evidence that calorie restriction or any dietary practice affects the process of ageing. People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have
1273-401: Is ill-suited for digital broadcasting. In these cases, the outlying areas of a TMA may only be served by cable and satellite, or perhaps by small translators . (There are some cases, such as that of Olean, New York , where a sizable number of independent stations operate, but none carry any major network affiliation unless they operate as translators. Because of this, Olean is considered part of
1340-491: Is not mainly due to increasing demand from ageing populations, but rather has been driven by rising incomes, costly new medical technology, a shortage of health care workers and informational asymmetries between providers and patients. A number of health problems become more prevalent as people get older. These include mental health problems as well as physical health problems, especially dementia . It has been estimated that population ageing only explains 0.2 percentage points of
1407-562: Is of particular concern, particularly in developed countries, while social protection and old-age pension coverage remain a challenge for developing countries, where a large proportion of the labour force is found in the informal sector." The global economic crisis has increased financial pressure to ensure economic security and access to health care in old age. To elevate this pressure "social protection floors must be implemented in order to guarantee income security and access to essential health and social services for all older persons and provide
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#17327827125401474-446: Is over 80 now in 33 countries. Ageing is a "global phenomenon", that is occurring fastest in developing countries, including those with large youth populations, and poses social and economic challenges to the work which can be overcome with "the right set of policies to equip individuals, families and societies to address these challenges and to reap its benefits". As life expectancy rises and birth rates decline in developed countries,
1541-625: Is the increase in the number and proportion of older people in society. Population ageing has three possible causes: migration, longer life expectancy (decreased death rate) and decreased birth rate. Ageing has a significant impact on society. Young people tend to have fewer legal privileges (if they are below the age of majority ), they are more likely to push for political and social change, to develop and adopt new technologies, and to need education. Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights. In
1608-570: Is used by advertisers to determine how to reach a specific audience . In countries such as the United States, media regions are defined by a privately held institution without government status; in countries such as the United Kingdom , government-run television stations map their own regions. A Television Market Area ( TMA ) is a group of counties in the United States covered by a specific group of television stations . The term
1675-587: Is used by the U.S. Government's Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, according to the Code of Federal Regulations , at 47 CFR § 76.51 and FCC.gov. The TMAs not only have full control over local broadcasts, but also delineate which channels will be received by satellite or cable subscribers ( "must-carry" rules ). These market areas can also be used to define restrictions on rebroadcasting of broadcast television signals. Generally speaking, only stations within
1742-689: The Buffalo, New York market despite none of that city's major signals reaching the city from 70 miles [110 km] away.) Conversely, a geographically small market such as Erie, Pennsylvania may have stations where their signal spills well over into neighboring TMAs (most of Chautauqua County, New York , is closer to Erie than Buffalo, but the county is also located within the Buffalo DMA). Arbitron (now Nielsen Audio) also maintained similar areas for television ratings, each called an "area of dominant influence" (ADI), which were first created in 1966. For
1809-607: The United States , radio markets are generally a bit smaller than their television counterparts, as broadcast power restrictions are stricter for radio than TV, and TV reaches further via cable. AM band and FM band radio ratings are sometimes separated, as are broadcast and cable television ratings. Market researchers also subdivide ratings demographically between different age groups, genders , and ethnic backgrounds, as well as psychographically between income levels and other non-physical factors. This information
1876-480: The disposable soma effect when referring to an entire genetic programme (the organism diverting limited resources from maintenance to reproduction). The biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan probably evolved with the first multicellular organisms more than a billion years ago. However, even single-celled organisms such as yeast have been used as models in ageing, hence ageing has its biological roots much earlier than multi-cellularity. The Mediterranean diet
1943-544: The hard clam (known as quahog in New England) at 508 years, the Greenland shark at 400 years, various deep-sea tube worms at over 300 years, fish like the sturgeon and the rockfish , and the sea anemone and lobster . Such organisms are sometimes said to exhibit negligible senescence . The genetic aspect has also been demonstrated in studies of human centenarians . Life span, like other phenotypes ,
2010-488: The median age rises accordingly. According to the United Nations, this process is taking place in nearly every country in the world. A rising median age can have significant social and economic implications, as the workforce gets progressively older and the number of old workers and retirees grows relative to the number of young workers. Older people generally incur more health-related costs than do younger people in
2077-465: The 1993–1994 television season, there were 209 ADIs in the continental United States. Arbitron stopped offering a television ratings service in late 1993. Nielsen Audio (previously Arbitron) maintains smaller areas for radio stations ; each is called an Arbitron Radio Metro . Whereas a typical TMA may cover ten counties, an Arbitron market generally covers two to four, and a TMA may contain two to four separate Radio Metros. There are 302 Radio Metros in
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2144-606: The 21st century, one of the most significant population trends is ageing. Currently, over 11% of the world's current population are people aged 60 and older and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that by 2050 that number will rise to approximately 22%. Ageing has occurred due to development which has enabled better nutrition, sanitation, health care, education and economic well-being. Consequently, fertility rates have continued to decline and life expectancy has risen. Life expectancy at birth
2211-569: The U.S. Census Bureau, the seven-county Augusta-Richmond County Metropolitan Statistical Area (the core of the CSRA) had a 2020 population of more than 611,000, making it the second most populous (after metro Atlanta ) in the state of Georgia . 33°30′54″N 82°12′58″W / 33.51500°N 82.21611°W / 33.51500; -82.21611 Media market A media market , broadcast market , media region , designated market area (DMA) , television market area , or simply market
2278-547: The United States, but not all areas of the country are covered. In 2009, Nielsen began offering radio ratings in competition with Arbitron, starting in those markets ranked 101st and smaller. Ageing Ageing (or aging in American English ) is the process of becoming older . The term refers mainly to humans , many other animals , and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal . In
2345-479: The accumulated infirmities of old age, bioethicist Ezekiel Emanuel , opines that the pursuit of longevity via the compression of morbidity hypothesis is a "fantasy" and that human life is not worth living after age 75; longevity then should not be a goal of health care policy. This opinion has been contested by neurosurgeon and medical ethicist Miguel Faria , who states that life can be worthwhile during old age, and that longevity should be pursued in association with
2412-490: The age of 80. This degeneration is caused by systemic changes in the circulation of waste products and by the growth of abnormal vessels around the retina. Other visual diseases that often appear with age are cataracts and glaucoma. A cataract occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making vision blurry; it eventually causes blindness if untreated. They develop over time and are seen most often with those that are older. Cataracts can be treated through surgery. Glaucoma
2479-567: The ages of 65 and 74, 19% of those between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years old have dementia. The spectrum ranges from mild cognitive impairment to the neurodegenerative diseases of Alzheimer's disease , cerebrovascular disease , Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease . Furthermore, many types of memory decline with ageing , but not semantic memory or general knowledge such as vocabulary definitions. These typically increase or remain steady until late adulthood (see Ageing brain ). Intelligence declines with age, though
2546-461: The annual growth rate in medical spending of 4.3% since 1970. In addition, certain reforms to the Medicare system in the United States decreased elderly spending on home health care by 12.5% per year between 1996 and 2000. Beauty standards have evolved over time, and as scientific research in cosmeceuticals, cosmetic products seen to have medicinal benefits like anti-ageing creams, has increased,
2613-431: The annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana leads to its conversion into a potentially immortal perennial plant. The oldest animals known so far are 15,000-year-old Antarctic sponges , which can reproduce both sexually and clonally. Clonal immortality apart, there are certain species whose individual lifespans stand out among Earth's life-forms, including the bristlecone pine at 5062 years or 5067 years, invertebrates like
2680-433: The attainment of quality of life. Faria claims that postponement of senescence as well as happiness and wisdom can be attained in old age in a large proportion of those who lead healthy lifestyles and remain intellectually active. With age inevitable biological changes occur that increase the risk of illness and disability. UNFPA states that: "A life-cycle approach to health care – one that starts early, continues through
2747-591: The bacterium E. coli may split into distinguishable daughter cells, which opens the theoretical possibility of "age classes" among bacteria. Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in a cell culture such as the HeLa cell line, and specific stem cells such as germ cells (producing ova and spermatozoa ). In artificial cloning , adult cells can be rejuvenated to embryonic status and then used to grow
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2814-436: The center of the market region. However, geography and the fact that some metropolitan areas have large cities separated by some distance can make markets have unusual shapes and result in two, three, or more names being used to identify a single region (such as Wichita – Hutchinson, Kansas ; Chico – Redding, California ; Albany – Schenectady – Troy, New York ; and Harrisburg – Lebanon – Lancaster – York, Pennsylvania ). In
2881-695: The economy in coming decades. This has been considered as a negative phenomenon and effective strategies like labour productivity enhancement should be considered to deal with negative consequences of ageing. In the field of sociology and mental health, ageing is seen in five different views: ageing as maturity , ageing as decline, ageing as a life-cycle event, ageing as generation, and ageing as survival. Positive correlates with ageing often include economics, employment, marriage, children, education, and sense of control, as well as many others. The social science of ageing includes disengagement theory, activity theory, selectivity theory, and continuity theory. Retirement,
2948-471: The edge of one media market may be able to receive content from other nearby markets. They are widely used in audience measurements , which are compiled in the United States by Nielsen Media Research . Nielsen has measured both television and radio audiences since its acquisition of Arbitron , which was completed in September 2013. Markets are identified by the largest city, which is usually located in
3015-417: The emergence of the fungal/animal kingdoms approximately a billion years ago, and the evolution of seed-producing plants 320 million years ago. The sexual organism could henceforth pass on some of its genetic material to produce new individuals and could itself become disposable with respect to the survival of its species. This classic biological idea has however been perturbed recently by the discovery that
3082-595: The full name is not known to all CSRA residents. The region is located on and named after the Savannah River , which forms the border between the two states. The largest cities within the CSRA are Augusta, Georgia and Aiken, South Carolina . (The CSRA does not include the city of Savannah, Georgia or any portion of the Savannah metropolitan area .) The total population of the CSRA is 767,478 in 2018. According to
3149-482: The genus Hydra have a regenerative ability by which they avoid dying of old age. Early life forms on Earth, starting at least 3.7 billion years ago, were single-celled organisms. Such organisms ( Prokaryotes , Protozoans , algae ) multiply by fission into daughter cells; thus single celled organisms have been thought to not age and to be potentially immortal under favorable conditions. However, evidence has been reported that aging leading to death occurs in
3216-408: The impact on health care demand. The large number of suggestions in the literature for specific interventions to cope with the expected increase in demand for long-term care in ageing societies can be organized under four headings: improve system performance; redesign service delivery; support informal caregivers; and shift demographic parameters. However, the annual growth in national health spending
3283-616: The industry has also expanded; the kinds of products they produce (such as serums and creams) have gradually gained popularity and become a part of many people's personal care routine. The increase in demand for cosmeceuticals has led scientists to find ingredients for these products in unorthodox places. For example, the secretion of cryptomphalus aspersa (or brown garden snail) has been found to have antioxidant properties, increase skin cell proliferation, and increase extracellular proteins such as collagen and fibronectin (important proteins for cell proliferation). Another substance used to prevent
3350-492: The internal processes (epigenetic maintenance such as DNA methylation ) inherently may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). Human beings and members of other species, especially animals, age and die. Fungi, too, can age. In contrast, many species can be considered potentially immortal : for example, bacteria fission to produce daughter cells, strawberry plants grow runners to produce clones of themselves, and animals in
3417-452: The lens of the damage theory, proposing nine metabolic "hallmarks" of ageing in various organisms but especially mammals: There are three main metabolic pathways which can influence the rate of ageing, discussed below: It is likely that most of these pathways affect ageing separately, because targeting them simultaneously leads to additive increases in lifespan. The rate of ageing varies substantially across different species, and this, to
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#17327827125403484-459: The maintenance of interpersonal relationships and promoting successful ageing. At the same time, older persons can make contributions to society including caregiving and volunteering. For example, "A study of Bolivian migrants who [had] moved to Spain found that 69% left their children at home, usually with grandparents. In rural China, grandparents care for 38% of children aged under five whose parents have gone to work in cities." Population ageing
3551-788: The mechanisms that cause NMJ degradation. A meta-analysis showed that loneliness carries a higher mortality risk than smoking. Different cultures express age in different ways. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. (The most notable exception— East Asian age reckoning —is becoming less common, particularly in official contexts.) Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include juvenile (from infancy through childhood , preadolescence , and adolescence), early adulthood , middle adulthood , and late adulthood . Informal terms include " tweens ", "teenagers", "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "denarian", "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc. Most legal systems define
3618-453: The most viewers. There are 210 Nielsen DMAs in the United States, 70 of which are metered (in other words, viewership in these markets are estimated automatically instead of through the archaic diary system still in use in the smaller markets). TMAs may cover a much larger area than the stations that serve it, especially since the digital television transition . This is particularly true in markets that have hilly or mountainous terrain that
3685-562: The much longer lives of even small mammals, such as the mouse (around 3 years). A model organism for the study of ageing is the nematode C. elegans – having a short lifespan of 2–3 weeks – enabling genetic manipulations or suppression of gene activity with RNA interference , and other factors. Most known mutations and RNA interference targets that extend lifespan were first discovered in C. elegans . The factors proposed to influence biological ageing fall into two main categories, programmed and error-related . Programmed factors follow
3752-587: The physical manifestations of ageing is onobotulinumtoxinA, the toxin injected for Botox. In some cultures, old age is celebrated and honoured. In Korea, for example, a special party called hwangap is held to celebrate and congratulate an individual for turning 60 years old. In China, respect for elderly is often the basis for how a community is organized and has been at the foundation of Chinese culture and morality for thousands of years. Older people are respected for their wisdom and most important decisions have traditionally not been made without consulting them. This
3819-403: The rate varies depending on the type and may, in fact, remain steady throughout most of the human lifespan, dropping suddenly only as people near the end of their lives. Individual variations in the rate of cognitive decline may therefore be explained in terms of people having different lengths of life. There are changes to the brain: after 20 years of age, there is a 10% reduction each decade in
3886-476: The reproductive years and lasts into old age – is essential for the physical and emotional well-being of older persons, and, indeed, all people. Public policies and programmes should additionally address the needs of older impoverished people who cannot afford health care." Many societies in Western Europe and Japan have ageing populations. While the effects on society are complex, there is a concern about
3953-446: The risk for physical and mental conditions such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. [2] A distinction can be made between "proximal ageing" (age-based effects that come about because of factors in the recent past) and "distal ageing" (age-based differences that can be traced to a cause in a person's early life, such as childhood poliomyelitis ). Ageing is among the greatest known risk factors for most human diseases . Of
4020-602: The risk of falls in the elderly, which is a key factor for living a longer and healthier life. In terms of programming, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. General recommendations for improvements to gait speed, strength, and muscle size for reduced fall risk are resistance training programs with two to three 40-60 minute workouts per week, consisting of 1-2 sets of 5-8 repetitions of 2-3 different exercises for each major muscle group, but individual considerations must be taken due to differences in health status, motivation, and accessibility to exercise facilities. There
4087-401: The roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causes. Certain lifestyle choices and socioeconomic conditions have been linked to ageing. Current ageing theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation ) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby
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#17327827125404154-421: The roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds--100,000 per day--die from age-related causes . In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%. In the 21st century, researchers are only beginning to investigate the biological basis of ageing even in relatively simple and short-lived organisms, such as yeast . Little is known of mammalian ageing, in part due to
4221-497: The same market area can be rebroadcast. The only exception to this rule is the " significantly viewed " list. Virtually all of the United States is located within the boundaries of exactly one TMA. A similar term used by Nielsen Media Research is the Designated Market Area (DMA), and they control the trademark on it. DMAs are used by Nielsen Media Research to identify TV stations that best reach an area and attract
4288-405: The single-cell bacterium Escherichia coli , an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetrical division. Evidence of aging has also been reported for the bacterium Caulobacter crescintus . and the single cell yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Ageing and mortality of the individual organism became more evident with the evolution of eukaryotic sexual reproduction , which occurred with
4355-467: The total length of the brain's myelinated axons . Age can result in visual impairment , whereby non-verbal communication is reduced, which can lead to isolation and possible depression. Older adults, however, may not experience depression as much as younger adults, and were paradoxically found to have improved mood, despite declining physical health. Macular degeneration causes vision loss and increases with age, affecting nearly 12% of those above
4422-724: The workplace and can also cost more in worker's compensation and pension liabilities. In most developed countries an older workforce is somewhat inevitable. In the United States for instance, the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that one in four American workers will be 55 or older by 2020. Among the most urgent concerns of older persons worldwide is income security. This poses challenges for governments with ageing populations to ensure investments in pension systems continues to provide economic independence and reduce poverty in old age. These challenges vary for developing and developed countries. UNFPA stated that, "Sustainability of these systems
4489-410: The young or old. Each nation, government, and non-governmental organization has different ways of classifying age. In other words, chronological ageing may be distinguished from "social ageing" (cultural age-expectations of how people should act as they grow older) and "biological ageing" (an organism's physical state as it ages). Ageism cost the United States $ 63 billion in one year according to
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