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36-508: The contents of the work were published twice, under two slightly different titles. Centuria Insectorum Rariorum ("one hundred rare insects") was published as a standalone thesis, while Centuria Insectorum was published as part of Linnaeus' series of Amoenitates Academicæ ("academic delights"). Both bear the date June 23, 1763, although the latter was printed later, in September 1763. Since Centuria Insectorum Rariorum

72-581: A comprehensive program to reduce fossil fuel use. A local trucking firm, which employs nearly 450 people, has installed computers that track fuel efficiency and have cut diesel use by 10 percent, paying off the cost of the devices in just a year. The company is now looking to fuel its future fleet with biodiesel . A large wood pulp plant harnesses the steam and hot water it once released as waste to provide heating, through below-ground pipes, and generates enough electricity to power its own operations and 20,000 homes. Bicycle lanes are common; for example,

108-590: A large majority voted in favour of recognising Linnaeus as the author, the one dissenting vote caused the commission to defer its decision. The specimens used by Linnaeus or Johansson in writing Centuria Insectorum include some provided by Dr Alexander Garden , a horticulturist from Charles Town in the Province of South Carolina , by Carl Gustav Dahlberg in Suriname , by Hans Johan Nordgren in Java , and from

144-475: Is a city in the southeast of Sweden , situated by the Baltic Sea . It had 41,388 inhabitants in 2020 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality . It is also the capital of Kalmar County , which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 236,399 inhabitants (2015). Kalmar is the third largest urban area in the province and cultural region of Småland . From the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries, Kalmar

180-562: Is among the hottest Swedish cities, with an all-time record set at 35.2 °C (95.4 °F). The average summer temperatures however are typical for southern Sweden. The following sports clubs are located in Kalmar: Kalmar is twinned with eleven cities: Neuroptera See Taxonomy The insect order Neuroptera , or net-winged insects , includes the lacewings , mantidflies , antlions , and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species . Neuroptera

216-558: Is grouped together with the Megaloptera ( alderflies , fishflies , and dobsonflies ) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies) in the unranked taxon Neuropterida (once known as Planipennia). Adult neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins . They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis . Neuropterans first appeared during the Permian period , and continued to diversify through

252-545: Is mentioned as the darkest year of Kalmar's history, but by no means the only dark year; much blood has been shed in the vicinity of the castle. The last was during the Scanian War in the 1670s, so there have been 22 sieges altogether; however the castle was never taken. After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, the strategic importance of Kalmar gradually diminished as the borders of Sweden were redrawn further south. In 1689,

288-631: Is today. Kalmar became a diocese of the Church of Sweden in 1603, a position it held until 1915. In 1634, Kalmar County was founded, with Kalmar as the natural capital . In 1660, the Kalmar Cathedral was begun by drawings of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder . It would be inaugurated in 1703. In 1611–1613, it suffered in the Kalmar War , which began with a Danish siege of Kalmar Castle. 1611

324-671: The Early Cretaceous or earlier. The family Kalligrammatidae lived from the Jurassic to Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) periods. Ithonidae are from the Jurassic to Recent, and the extinct lineages of the family were widespread geographically. Following the end of the Cretaceous period, the diversity of neuropterans appears to have declined. Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places

360-671: The Hemiptera , dragonflies (Odonata) were included in the Neuroptera , and the section called "Aptera" contains crustaceans rather than insects in the modern sense. Most of the names introduced in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, albeit in different genera; in a few cases, it is not clear what animal the name refers to. Kalmar Kalmar ( / ˈ k æ l m ɑːr / , US also / ˈ k ɑː l m ɑːr / , Swedish: [ˈkǎlmar] )

396-503: The Kalmar Bloodbath, 1505 : the first in 1505, when King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had the mayor and city council of Kalmar executed; the second in 1599 by command of Duke Charles, later to become King Charles IX of Sweden . In the 1540s, first King Gustav Vasa , and later his sons Erik XIV of Sweden and John III of Sweden would organize a rebuilding of the castle into the magnificent Renaissance castle it

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432-506: The Mesozoic era . During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct family Kalligrammatidae , often called "the butterflies of the Jurassic " for their large, patterned wings. Neuropterans are soft-bodied insects with relatively few specialized features. They have large lateral compound eyes , and may or may not also have ocelli . Their mouthparts have strong mandibles suitable for chewing, and lack

468-571: The Tunguska basin in Siberia and a similar fauna from Australia. The osmylids are of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous origin and may be the most ancient of the Neuropteran groups. The extinct osmylid Protosmylus is fossilized in middle Eocene Baltic amber . The genus Burmaleon is described from two fossils of Cenomanian age Burmese amber , implying crown group radiation in

504-456: The ant lions , which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some Ithonidae are root feeders, and larvae of Sisyridae are aquatic, and feed on freshwater sponges . A few mantispids are parasites of spider egg sacs. As in other holometabolic orders, the pupal stage is enclosed in some form of cocoon composed of silk and soil or other debris. The pupa eventually cuts its way out of

540-485: The Kalmarsundsleden, and cars line up at Kalmar city's public biogas pump. Building codes now require thermal insulation and efficient windows for new construction or retrofits. Street lights use low-energy sodium bulbs, and car dealers promote fuel-efficient and hybrid vehicles . In 2011 Guldfågeln Arena was initiated. It is the new stadium of the football team of the city, Kalmar FF. The capacity of

576-558: The King established his main naval base further south in Karlskrona and Kalmar lost its status as one of Sweden's main military outposts. The new city of Kalmar was built on Kvarnholmen around the mid-1600s. The transfer from the old town was largely completed by 1658. The new, fortified town was planned following current baroque patterns. Cathedral and town hall face each other across the new main square, Stortorget . The cathedral

612-531: The Megaloptera as sister to Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage, though these results were considered tentative. The fossil record has contributed to the understanding of the group's phylogeny. Relationships within the Myrmeleontiformia are still in flux. A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found

648-629: The Neropterid group orders by Engel, Winterton, and Breitkreuz (2018) included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades, an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder " Hemerobiiformia " and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade. Neuroptera The fossil genus † Mesohemerobius Ping, 1928 from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as incertae sedis within Neuroptera, while

684-471: The cocoon with its mandibles, and may even move about for a short while before undergoing the moult to the adult form. Adults of many groups are also predatory, but some do not feed, or consume only nectar . Beetles , wasps , and some lake flies parasitize neuropteran larvae. Neuropterans first appeared near the end of the Permian period , as shown by fossils of the Permithonidae from

720-675: The collection of Baron Charles De Geer from the Province of Pennsylvania . The dissertation begins by discussing improvements that the Linnaean system of taxonomy has brought to the study of insects, before describing the new species. One of the species described in Centuria Insectorum was " Papilio ecclipsis ". This was based on a specimen sent by William Charlton to James Petiver in 1702, who wrote: "It exactly resembles our English Brimstone Butterfly ( R. Rhamni ), were it not for those black spots and apparent blue moons on

756-529: The era (such as Carl Peter Thunberg , Adam Afzelius and Elias Magnus Fries ) are generally credited to their supervisors, and not the students themselves. Finally, most zoologists, and "Scandinavian authorities on Linnaeana" consider Linnaeus the author; in the interests of nomenclatural stability, it is preferable to continue doing so. The issue was raised in a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and, although

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792-447: The factory in 2005. A shipyard, Kalmar Shipyard  [ sv ] , was founded in 1679 and closed 1981. Volvo opened their Kalmar factory for building cars i.e. 264, 740, 760, 960 in 1974, but closed it 1994 and due to further relocation of industry jobs in the 1990s and 2000s around 2000 industrial jobs were lost. Kalmar has a university with over 9,000 students and a research facility for Telia Sonera . Kalmar has embarked on

828-474: The fossil families † Permoberothidae and † Permithonidae are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera + Megaloptera. The use of Neuroptera in biological control of insect pests has been investigated, showing that it is difficult to establish and maintain populations in fields of crops. Five species of Neuroptera are among 1681 insect species eaten by humans worldwide. The New Guinea Highland people claim to be able to maintain

864-483: The industry sector was initiated in the 19th century. The city is home to parts of Linnaeus University . The city plays host to the Live at Heart festival, one of Sweden's largest musical showcase events. Kalmar is adjacent to the main route to the island of Öland over the Öland Bridge . The area around Kalmar has been inhabited since ancient times . Excavations have found traces of Stone Age gravefields. However,

900-487: The lower wings. This is the only one I have seen." Carl Linnaeus examined the butterfly, and named it Papilio ecclipsis in Centuria Insectorum Rariorum , including it in his Systema Naturae from the 12th edition (1767) onwards. It was not until 1793 that the hoax was discovered by Johan Christian Fabricius , who recognised that the dark patches had been painted on, and that the specimen

936-590: The nature of their prey. In general, however, they have three pairs of thoracic legs, each ending in two claws. The abdomen often has adhesive discs on the last two segments. The larvae of most families are predators . Many chrysopids , hemerobiids and coniopterygids eat aphids and other pest insects , and some have been used for biological control (either from commercial distributors, but also abundant and widespread in nature). Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (including other insects, living and dead ) as camouflage , taken to an extreme in

972-559: The oldest evidence for there being a town is from the 11th century. According to a medieval folk tale , the Norwegian king Saint Olav had his ships moved to Kalmar. The oldest city seal of Kalmar is from somewhere between 1255 and 1267, making it the oldest known city seal in Scandinavia . In the 12th century the first foundations of a castle were established, with the construction of a round tower for guard and lookout. The tower

1008-933: The relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree. Raphidioptera (snakeflies) [REDACTED] Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) [REDACTED] Coniopterygidae (dustywings) Osmylidae (giant lacewings) [REDACTED] Nevrorthidae Sisyridae (spongillaflies) Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) Chrysopidae (green lacewings) [REDACTED] Rhachiberothidae (thorny lacewings) Mantispidae (mantidflies) [REDACTED] Symphrasinae Berothidae (beaded lacewings) Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings) [REDACTED] Ithonidae (moth lacewings) [REDACTED] Psychopsidae (silky lacewings) [REDACTED] Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings) [REDACTED] Nemopteridae (spoonwings) [REDACTED] Myrmeleontidae (antlions) [REDACTED] Ascalaphidae (owlflies) [REDACTED] Review of

1044-503: The stadium is 12,000 people and it is currently one of the newest stadiums in Sweden. The stadium was also built to host concerts and did so in the summer of 2011 when Swedish artists Håkan Hellström and The Ark performed. Kalmar has an oceanic climate using the -3°C isotherm or a warm-summer humid continental climate using the 0°C isotherm. Summers are warm and winters are fairly cold with temperatures normally hovering around zero. Kalmar

1080-437: The thesis at Swedish universities at the time was to prove his command of Latin, and responsibility for the text of the thesis rested mainly, if not entirely, with the professor. Linnaeus appeared to consider himself the author, referring in his later works to Amoenitates Academicæ without including an abbreviation for the author, as he did for works written by other people. Works presented by students of other taxonomists of

1116-484: The various adaptations found in most other holometabolan insect groups. They have four wings, usually similar in size and shape, and a generalised pattern of veins. Some neuropterans have specialised sense organs in their wings, or have bristles or other structures to link their wings together during flight. The larvae are specialised predators, with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking. The larval body form varies between different families, depending on

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1152-551: Was a common brimstone butterfly (now called Gonepteryx rhamni ). Although the curator at the British Museum "indignantly stamped the specimen to pieces" when he found out, William Jones created two replicas to replace the lost specimen. The 102 species described in Centuria Insectorum were divided into seven sections, broadly corresponding with modern insect orders . Exceptions are that thrips (Thysanoptera), mantises (Mantodea) and Orthoptera were included in

1188-400: Was a thesis presented and defended by one of Linnaeus' students, Boas Johansson (1742–1809) from Kalmar , it has been argued that authorship of the taxa named in it should be assigned to Johansson. The authorship, however, has been the subject of some controversy. Several lines of argument have been used to suggest that Linnaeus should be considered the author. The role of the person defending

1224-695: Was continuously expanded in the 13th century, and as such, Queen Margaret called an assembly there between the heads of state of Sweden and Norway, and on 13 July 1397, the Kalmar Union treaty was signed, creating a union which would last until 1523. Kalmar's strategic location, near the Danish border (at the time the Scanian lands , i.e. the provinces of Blekinge , Halland and Scania , were part of Denmark), and its harbour and trade, also involved it in several feuds. There are two events independently labelled

1260-615: Was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Elder and is one of the foremost examples of baroque classicism in Sweden. Its design reflects the complex interaction between the new style, liturgical considerations, tradition and the fortress-city requirements. The work began in 1660, but it was interrupted on several occasions, including when the Scanian War (1675–1679) raged. Construction resumed, and Kalmar Cathedral stood finished in 1703. In more recent times, Kalmar has been an industrial city with Kalmar Verkstad making steam engines , trains and large machinery, later bought by Bombardier who closed

1296-502: Was one of Sweden's most important cities. Its name was until the second half of the nineteenth century spelled Calmar. Between 1602 and 1913 it was the episcopal see of Kalmar Diocese , with a bishop, and the Kalmar Cathedral from 1702 is an example of classicistic architecture. It became a fortified city , with the Kalmar Castle as the center. After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Kalmar's importance diminished, until

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