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64-521: Lumen Technologies, Inc. (formerly CenturyLink ) is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Monroe, Louisiana , which offers communications, network services, security, cloud solutions, voice and managed services through its fiber optic and copper networks, as well as its data centers and cloud computing services. The company has been included in the S&;P 600 index since being removed from

128-525: A Portland -based Platform as a Service provider. In November CenturyLink acquired Tier 3 a Seattle -based infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform, and provider of advanced cloud management. However, Tier 3 became part of CenturyLink Cloud rather than Savvis. At the time, Tier 3 operated nine data centers in the Seattle region while Savvis operated 55. CenturyLink planned to build out two to four new datacenters in 2014. The CTO of Tier3, Jared Wray, took

192-669: A grandfather clause ; new customers can only get DirecTV if Prism TV isn't available. Embarq provided wireless phone service only for business accounts; they closed residential wireless business. Embarq provided business wireless phone service throughout much of its territory. Embarq operated as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator ( MVNO ) for Sprint PCS. Embarq utilized the CDMA band, and their handsets connect primarily to Sprint PCS towers. However, Embarq handsets were also capable of roaming onto CDMA networks from other carriers. Embarq DSL customers were offered free EarthLink services until

256-826: A "nationwide outage" caused 9-1-1 service to be disrupted across the country. In some areas the outage lasted nearly twelve hours and was the third shutdown of the year following outages in April and November 2018. ATM and point of sale credit card machines were also widely affected. The outage resulted in 886 calls to 911 failing to deliver. The FCC investigated but did not place any fine or recommendation on Lumen. In 2020, 911 outages in South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Colorado, Arizona, Utah and North Carolina led to additional FCC investigations. Lumen agreed to pay $ 3.8 million in civil damages for failing to deliver 911 calls. In 2022, additional outages, in South Dakota, resulted in

320-448: A 200 employee predictive analytics company. On March 30, 2016, CenturyLink announced the acquisition of netAura, a security services company that focuses on cybersecurity, security information and event management (SIEM), and vulnerability management that typically works with government customers. On October 31, 2016, CenturyLink announced its intent to acquire Level 3 Communications in a deal valued at around $ 25 billion. After securing

384-476: A Frost & Sullivan Award for their web security offering in 2021. In October 2023 Lumen announced sale of select CDN customer contracts to Akamai, winding down the CDN business. CenturyLink Small Business provides products and services around Internet, Phone, TV, and Cloud Applications. Like CenturyLink Residential, CenturyLink Small Business offers DirecTV, but the residential and business packages are designed for

448-523: A company that offers business and database applications hosted on DEC time-sharing systems ca. 1980. In 1980 United Telecom launched a national X.25 data service, Uninet. To enter the long-distance voice market, United Telecom acquired ISACOMM in 1981 and US Telephone in 1984. Southern Pacific Communications Company (SPCC), a unit of the Southern Pacific Railroad , began providing long-distance telephone service shortly after

512-519: A comprehensive lineup of DISH Network services to its customers. Discounts were available when eligible DISH Network programming was bundled with other qualifying Embarq products. In addition to the DISH Network partnership, Embarq also planned to test a TV service (tentatively called Embarq TV) in the near future. Details were scarce, but the service was rumored to have been an IPTV fiber-to-the-node service similar to AT&T 's U-verse . Testing

576-532: A criminal finding from the FCC: An investigation by the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau found that Lumen apparently willfully and repeatedly violated FCC rules by failing to notify public safety call centers in a timely manner of both 911 outages and by deploying a system that was insufficient to transmit all 911 calls reliably to public safety call centers in the second outage, creating a significant threat to

640-781: A deal was signed with Colt Technology Services in which Lumen EMEA, its subsidiary serving the Europe, Middle East, and Africa enterprise markets, would be sold to Colt for $ 1.8 billion. The deal allows Lumen to continue serving multinational enterprise customers via Colt's infrastructure. Lumen's products and services focus on three segments: enterprise business, small business, and residential. Lumen Enterprise Business provides products and services around network, cloud, security, voice, and managed services to enterprise customers. Lumen's network services include SD-WAN, MPLS/IPVPN, hybrid WAN, Ethernet, Internet access, wavelength services, dark fiber , and private lines. Lumen Cloud provides big data as

704-426: A family-operated business until it became incorporated in 1968. It went public in 1971. By 1967, Oak Ridge Telephone Company served three states with 10,000 access lines. That year, the company was incorporated as Central Telephone and Electronics. Clarke M. Williams served as president and chairman of the board. In 1971, the company was renamed Century Telephone Enterprises, Inc. In 1972, Century Telephone acquired

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768-659: A global provider of cloud infrastructure and hosted IT services for $ 2 billion, which represented all outstanding shares of Savvis common stock at $ 40 per share. This acquisition allowed CenturyLink to provide expanded managed hosting and cloud services . In October 2012, Savvis acquired the ITO Business Division of Ciber , which added managed services to their business. By December, CenturyLink launched Savvisdirect an expansion of CenturyLink's portfolio of Savvis cloud services for small businesses, IT administrators, and developers. In June 2013, Savis acquired AppFog,

832-427: A notice advertising its security and parental control software, before they could connect to the internet again. The provider claimed that this was required by a recently enacted state law, which requires all ISPs to inform users that they provide "the ability to block material harmful to minors". Bill sponsor and Utah State Senate member Todd Weiler stated that the law did not require that service be disrupted until

896-612: A number of other local telephone companies, merging them under the name United Telephone Company in 1911. In 1938, after emerging from bankruptcy , United Telephone Company became United Utilities. The company grew steadily through acquisitions and changed its name to United Telecommunications in 1972, at which time it provided local telephone service in many areas of the Midwest and South. United Telecom also operated many other types of businesses. United Telecommunications United Information Systems (UIS) group acquired On-Line Systems, Inc,

960-466: A result, CenturyLink shareholders prior to the merger wound up with 50.5% share of ownership in the combined company, while former Qwest shareholders gained the remaining 49.5%. The valuation of CenturyLink's purchase was $ 12 billion. The merger was completed on April 1, 2011. The addition of Qwest allowed CenturyLink to become the third largest telecommunications company in the United States, and

1024-546: A service, Internet of Things (IoT), multi-cloud management, private cloud, public cloud, bare metal, SaaS applications, and cloud connect. Lumen Security monitors more than a billion security events daily. Services include: cloud, infrastructure, DDoS, web application, email, and web security. The company also provides analytics and threat management, risk and compliance support, and threat research labs. CenturyLink offers voice products ranging from traditional landlines to unified communications and collaboration (UC&C) services and

1088-491: A small and fast growing number of locations. The service was first introduced to Omaha , Nebraska , and next rolled out to Las Vegas , Nevada , with plans for expansion to several other markets. Unlike the company's existing high speed Internet deployments, which utilize fiber-to the node/neighborhood to increase the speed of ADSL2+ speeds up to 20/2 Mbit/s, Vectored VDSL2+ speeds up to 140/10 Mbit/s, in these markets CenturyLink now installs their fiber optic cable all

1152-468: A total of 18 states and put them back in the wireless business. In late 1994 and early 1995, Sprint via Sprint Spectrum (a joint venture between Sprint and several cable companies) acquired near nationwide PCS spectrum. Later in 1995 the company began to offer wireless service under the Sprint PCS brand. On October 5, 1999, Sprint and MCI WorldCom announced a $ 129 billion merger agreement between

1216-555: Is the second largest U.S. communications provider to global enterprise customers, second to Comcast . CenturyLink has customers in more than 60 countries and has been named one of America's best customer service companies (alongside Frontier and Spectrum ). The Federal Communications Commission ordered CenturyLink to pay a record $ 16 million for failing to alert authorities of a preventable programming error that left nearly 11 million people in seven states without access to emergency services for six hours in 2014. On December 27, 2018,

1280-541: The S&P 500 in March 2023. Its communications services have included local and long-distance voice, broadband, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) , private line (including special access), Ethernet, hosting (including cloud hosting and managed hosting), data integration, video, network, public access, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), information technology, and other ancillary services. Lumen has gone through many acquisitions, divestments, and structural changes. In

1344-604: The United States are also known as local exchange carriers . With the advent of mobile telephony , telecommunications companies now include wireless carriers , or mobile network operators and even satellite providers ( Iridium ). Over time software companies have also evolved to perform telephone services such as: Net2Phone , WhatsApp , and others. In 1913, the Kingsbury Commitment allowed more than 20,000 independent telecommunications companies in

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1408-591: The "High Cost Support Loop" program. From 2004 to 2007 CenturyTel repurchased approximately $ 2 billion in shares. On October 27, 2008, Embarq announced that it would be acquired by CenturyTel, Inc. in an all-stock transaction valued at about $ 6 billion. CenturyTel's CEO Glen Post would remain CEO of the merged company following the acquisition, and remained CEO until 2018. Embarq was the former landline business of Sprint and served cities in 18 states, including Nevada, Florida, North Carolina, and Ohio. The deal made CenturyTel

1472-548: The 20th century, this primarily consisted of buying and selling local telecom providers. Larger mergers at the beginning of the 21st century added internet service providing to Lumen's core business. As Cloud computing became more important, Lumen acquired business to serve enterprise cloud customers. The earliest predecessor of Lumen was the Oak Ridge Telephone Company in Oak Ridge, Louisiana , which

1536-535: The CenturyLink Cloud CTO position after the acquisition. CenturyLink then closed savvisdirect by 2014, consolidating their cloud service offerings internally. On December 8, 2014, CenturyLink announced the acquisition of DataGardens, Inc., a Disaster Recovery as-a-Service (DRaaS) provider based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On December 11, 2014, CenturyLink announced the acquisition of Cognilytics,

1600-718: The Execunet ;II decision late in 1978. Prior attempts at offering long-distance service were not approved by the Federal Communications Commission , though the company's fax service (SpeedFAX) had been permitted. SPCC was headquartered in Burlingame, California , where Sprint still maintains a technology lab on Adrian Court. As mentioned above, SPCC was only permitted to provide Private Line service and not switched services. When MCI Communications released EXECUNET, SPCC went to court with

1664-527: The FCC to get the right to offer switched services. The SPRINT service was first marketed to six metropolitan areas, New York City , Boston , Philadelphia , Los Angeles , San Diego and Anaheim . The switches were located in Los Angeles and New York. A customer, required to have a Private Line connection to one of these switches in order to use the service, paid an access fee per Private Line. The customer

1728-688: The La Crosse Telephone Corporation, of Wisconsin. This began a multi-decade spree of acquisitions which grew the size of the company. The company went public in 1978 on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1985, Century Telephone sold several subsidiaries to Colonial Telephone for $ 4.66 million. In 1987, the stock price rapidly increased from its low that year, before dropping in the 1987 stock market crash . Earnings grew each year from their 1983 low, and by 1987 they reached nearly US$ 20 million. From 1991 to 1995

1792-552: The MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. FCC (Execunet II) decision late in 1978. The railroad had an extensive microwave communications system along its rights of way used for internal communications. In 1972 they began selling surplus time on that system to corporations for use as their own Private Line Network, thereby circumventing AT&T 's then-monopoly on public telephony, later expanding to fiber optic cables laid along those same rights of way subsequent to

1856-589: The Minnesota Attorney General's office. CenturyLink disagreed with the charges, but settled to avoid litigation costs. Telecommunications company A telecommunications company is a kind of electronic communications service provider, more precisely a telecommunications service provider (TSP), that provides telecommunications services such as telephony and data communications access. Many traditional solely telephone companies now function as internet service providers (ISPs), and

1920-486: The United States to use the long distance trunks of Bell Telephone Company . Embarq In 2009, it was purchased by CenturyTel, which rebranded as CenturyLink (now known as Lumen Technologies ) after the merger. C. L. Brown founded Brown Telephone Company in the small town of Abilene, Kansas . The company was a landline telephone company that operated as a competitor to the Bell System . Brown acquired

1984-480: The United States. In this time it paid down its long term debt to $ 2.7 billion and its net income fell to $ 337 million annually. In 2005, CenturyTel began offering satellite television services. In 2007, "workforce reduction" resulted in 600 employees laid-off and received $ 336 million in Federal and State subsidy. CenturyTel received an additional $ 333 million the previous year. Most of these funds were received through

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2048-417: The acquisition of Edison, New Jersey–based SEAL Consulting, a SAP services provider. CenturyLink ended 2017 with $ 1.3 billion in net income. By the end of 2018, CenturyLink had $ 35 billion in long term debt. It determined it had overestimated the value of its goodwill and wrote down a $ 2.7 billion loss. This resulted in a $ 1.7 billion loss in net income for 2018. On September 10, 2019, CenturyLink announced

2112-407: The acquisition of Streamroot, a provider of technology to improve video and static content delivery within bandwidth constrained areas. On September 14, 2020, CenturyLink, Inc announced that it had changed its name to Lumen Technologies, Inc. Effective with the opening of the trading day on September 18, 2020, the company stock ticker changed from CTL to LUMN. The CenturyLink brand will continue to be

2176-483: The combined company as "One Sprint". In April 2004, the separately traded wireless tracking stock , "PCS", was absorbed into the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) "FON" ticker symbol, Sprint's former ticker symbol. (FON stood for "Fiber Optic Network", which was Sprint's bragging right, but was also a homophone of the word "phone"). This was challenged in many lawsuits by Sprint PCS shareholders claiming

2240-606: The combined entity would be called CenturyLink . The acquisition was completed on July 1, 2009. The change to CenturyLink took place in October 2009. Embarq's coverage territory included that of the former incumbent local exchange carrier companies of Carolina Telephone & Telegraph , United Telephone Company, and Centel . Embarq provided its local service in 19 states. Embarq focused on sales of landline telephone service, high-speed internet, and DISH Network satellite TV. Embarq offered bundled services to their customers, with

2304-602: The company continued its acquisition strategy which added tens of thousand of phone lines and grew the long term debt from $ 205 million to $ 602 million with $ 115 million in annual net income. By 1995 it was the 16th largest communications company in the United States with over 3000 employees. Two hundred employees were unionized through the Communications Workers of America. In 1997 the company bought Pacific Telecom for $ 1.5 billion. This acquisition added 1.9 million cell lines to Century's network and nearly doubled

2368-415: The company grew to nearly 7000 employees with approximately 1500 of them organized in various unions. At this time the company had about $ 800 million in net income and $ 3.6 billion in debt. In 2003 the company acquired Digital Teleport ($ 39 million) which then formed some of its main assets and expanded the company's fiber network offering. By 2004, CenturyTel was the eighth largest local telephone provider in

2432-542: The company in "Growth", "Nurture", "Harvest" sections. These corresponded to high margin, low-margin, and very-low/negative margin. The goal was to move customers from Nurture to Grow products and to sell off the Harvest products. Landline sales continued to fall but Lumen focused on growing the profitable fiber services. This led to the $ 2.7 billion sale of its Latin American business which was rebranded as Cirion. In 2023,

2496-551: The convenience of one monthly bill and offered discounts for adding additional services. Embarq telephone service was a traditional landline Plain-old telephone system ( POTS ). Common offerings included features such as Caller ID , Call waiting , 3-way calling , Call forwarding , Voice mail , and Anonymous call rejection . Embarq offered many long-distance plans, including unlimited domestic direct-dialed calling. Depending on market and geographical region, Embarq offered several high-speed internet technologies. Embarq covered

2560-433: The customer-facing brand for traditional copper-based services. Fiber-based products and services use the brand Quantum Fiber . On August 3, 2021, Lumen announced it would sell its incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) operations in 20 states to Apollo Global Management for $ 7.5 billion. Essentially, Lumen was selling off much the core of the old CenturyTel and Embarq. Lumen retained ILEC operations in 16 states, mostly

2624-431: The different settings. CenturyLink Residential provides Internet (either DSL or Gigabit Fiber, depending on the package), voice, and TV, via partnership with DirecTV . The company also offers bundling with Verizon Wireless . CenturyLink residential and small business services are available in the following states: Quantum Fiber is a fiber to the premises service in the United States, providing broadband Internet to

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2688-513: The distinction between a telephone company and ISP has tended to disappear completely over time, as the current trend for supplier convergence in the industry develops. Additionally, with advances in technology development, other traditional separate industries such as cable television, Voice-over IP (VoIP) , and satellite providers offer similar competing features as the telephone companies to both residential and businesses leading to further evolution of corporate identity have taken shape. Due to

2752-489: The expansion of its gigabit fiber service to residential and business customers in six additional states, increasing the company's service coverage to select areas of 17 states. Lumen maintains and operates dark fiber within the United States for the Department of Defense, contracting announcements indicate. This is a continuation of CenturyLink's work. Gigabit Fiber markets On May 2, 2017, CenturyLink, Inc. completed

2816-521: The formation of Myembarq.com. In February 2007, Embarq customers were required to switch to Myembarq and Embarqmail. Embarq previously worked with NebuAd , a behavioral targeting advertising company to track customers' internet browsing habits. The goal was to deliver relevant ads based on browsing history. This has raised several legal and privacy concerns, along with the other internet providers using NebuAd and related services such as Charter Communications and WOW! . Embarq's use of NebuAd prompted

2880-566: The increased brand recognition of Sprint, as a result of the successful Candice Bergen "Dime Lady" advertisement campaign. In 1983, United Telecom's Telespectrum began offering cellular telephone services in United's territories. In 1988, Telespectrum was sold to Centel for $ 763 million to fund United's purchase of an additional 30% of U.S. Sprint. This purchase gave United operational control of US Sprint. In 1993, Sprint merged with Centel, which allowed Sprint to provide local service in

2944-509: The largest landline phone provider in the state of Colorado. The new company has 17 million access lines, 5 million broadband customers, and 1.4 million video subscribers across 37 states. The merger also made CenturyLink owner of one of the Former Regional Bell Operating Companies: the successor to US West , which had been purchased by Qwest in 2000. In July 2011, CenturyLink acquired Savvis , Inc.,

3008-659: The life and property of tens of thousands of people. In 2023, outages on Lumen's network, in Nebraska, resulted in no 911 calls being fulfilled for over 10 hours. In 2024, there were multiple 911 service disruptions in South Dakota. The FCC announced additional investigation into these outages. In these outages local officials claim service was not disrupted because the texting system was still operational. In December 2018, CenturyLink faced criticism for requiring residential customers in Utah to, via DNS hijacking , view and acknowledge

3072-655: The majority of their territory with ADSL at speeds of 768 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s, 3.0 Mbit/s, or 5.0 Mbit/s as line conditions allowed. In September 2007 Embarq began offering 10.0 Mbit/s to customers in Las Vegas. Beginning in January 2008, Embarq released the 10 Mbit/s tier across their entire footprint. Embarq offered fiber-to-the-premises ( FTTP ) in additional markets, such as parts of Las Vegas, Nevada , North Carolina and Florida . Embarq had an established partnership with Dish Network and offered

3136-626: The nature of capital expenditure involved in the past, most telecommunications companies were government owned agencies or privately-owned monopolies operated in most countries under close state-regulations. But today there are many private players in most regions of the world, and even most of the government owned companies have been opened up to competition in-line with World Trade Organization (WTO) policy agenda. Historically these government agencies were often referred to, primarily in Europe, as PTTs ( postal, telegraph and telephone services ). Telecommunications companies are common carriers , and in

3200-438: The necessary regulatory approvals, CenturyLink closed the transaction on November 1, 2017. This acquisition can now be viewed as a takeover from the inside. Level3 shareholders would only approve the deal if CenturyLink retired their CFO and eventually CEO. Eventually all former CenturyLink executives would be replaced by former Level3 managers leaving only HR and legal executives in place. On January 9, 2017, CenturyLink announced

3264-563: The new name and logo for the spin-off, which is called Embarq, were revealed. The spin-off was completed in May 2006. On October 27, 2008, Embarq announced that it would be acquired by Monroe, Louisiana -based CenturyTel , Inc. in an all-stock transaction valued at $ 11.6 billion, including the assumption of $ 5.8 billion in Embarq's debt. CenturyTel's CEO Glen Post became CEO of the combined company. On June 2, 2009, CenturyTel and Embarq announced that

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3328-492: The notice is acknowledged; the law only requires that this notice be delivered in a "conspicuous" manner (such as an advertisement within a bill or invoice) and does not require disruption of service. On January 8, 2020, CenturyLink was required to pay $ 8.9 million to customers in Minnesota in a settlement regarding over-billing. In addition to the payment, CenturyLink is required to reform billing practices and submit audits to

3392-553: The operations formerly served by Qwest . The sale closed in October 2022; the sold ILEC operations were rebranded as Brightspeed . Lumen has won multiple government contracts. Throughout 2021, it won a managed network service contract with United States Postal Service and a connectivity contract with US Army Recruiting and the US Navy Judge Advocate General Corps. Lumen continued to have difficulty generating profit in 2022. The executives divided

3456-409: The previously announced sale of its data centers and colocation business to funds advised by BC Partners, in a consortium including Medina Capital Advisors and Longview Asset Management. The deal was worth approximately $ 1.86 billion, with CenturyLink retaining an approximately 10% equity stake in the consortium's newly formed global secure infrastructure company, Cyxtera Technologies. As of 2018, Lumen

3520-415: The size of the company. After the acquisition Century's network served 21 states and 2 million customers. The company sold off some of its telephone assets to smaller competitors for hundreds of millions of dollars. In 2000, the company acquired 490,000 telephone lines from Verizon for $ 1.5 billion. It then sold "substantially all" of its wireless business to Alltel for $ 1.59 billion in 2002. Through 2002

3584-456: The stock was devalued through the ratio of 1 share of PCS stock for 1/2 share of FON stock. Sprint agreed to settle with the shareholders for $ 57.5 million. In December 2004, Sprint announced it would acquire NEXTEL Communications , renaming itself Sprint Nextel , and planned to spin off their local telephone operations. The $ 35 billion deal was completed in August 2005. In February 2006,

3648-539: The third-largest landline phone provider in Pennsylvania behind Verizon (through both Verizon Pennsylvania and Verizon North ) and Comcast . On June 2, 2009, a press release announced that the combined CenturyTel/Embarq entity would be called CenturyLink . Denver-based Monigle Associates was retained to formulate the new brand strategy. The acquisition was completed on July 1, 2009. On October 19, 2009, CenturyTel and Embarq brandings were retired, and all business

3712-543: The two companies. The deal would have been the largest corporate merger in history at the time. However, the deal did not go through because of pressure from the United States Department of Justice and the European Union on concerns of it creating a monopoly. In 2003, Sprint began recombining their local telecom, long-distance, wireline, and wireless business units into a new company, marketing

3776-522: The way to the home or business with speeds up to 1,000 Mbit/s download and 1,000 Mbit/s upload using Calix Optical Network Terminals. On February 2, 2014, CenturyLink announced the availability of Gigabit fiber service to multi-tenant businesses in Salt Lake City and surrounding communities. On August 5, 2014, CenturyLink announced the expansion of its gigabit fiber service to 16 additional markets. On September 15, 2015, CenturyLink announced

3840-546: Was completed and Embarq/CenturyLink rolled out IPTV to its customer base in Jefferson City, MO in October 2009. CenturyTel is providing its IPTV feed to the Jefferson City switching office from its service in Columbia, MO. CenturyLink now offers its Prism TV service in select markets, which was based on Embarq TV. Legacy Embarq customers who have DISH Network can still bundle their service with CenturyLink, but only under

3904-629: Was officially conducted under the CenturyLink banner, continuing to trade on the NYSE under the CenturyTel stock ticker CTL. The new corporate name, CenturyLink, Inc., did not become official until May 2010. On April 22, 2010, CenturyLink (at this point still legally known as CenturyTel, Inc.) announced it would acquire Qwest in a stock-for-stock transaction. Under the agreement, CenturyLink would swap 0.1664 of its shares for each share of Qwest; as

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3968-481: Was owned by F. E. Hogan Sr. In 1930, Hogan sold the company, with 75 paid subscribers, to William Clarke and Marie Williams, for $ 500. In 1946, Clarke McRae Williams received ownership of the family's telephone company as a wedding gift. Clarke purchased the Marion Telephone Company and eventually made it his base of operation as he grew his company through more acquisitions. The company remained as

4032-578: Was recognized in 2018 by Frost & Sullivan for "growth excellence in VoIP access and SIP trunking". Lumen's managed services include advanced professional services, IT consulting, and strategic partnerships. Lumen has developed the edge capabilities of its global CDN through its partnership with Section.io . They now offer a flexible edge framework on which you can bring applications to boost performance, optimize websites and secure web assets (using external apps such as ThreatX, Perimeter X, etc.). They received

4096-656: Was then billed at 2.6 cents per tenth of a minute increment. Southern Pacific Communications became part of GTE in 1982 under the name GTE Sprint. GTE had previously acquired a national X.25 provider, Telenet , in 1979. In 1986, GTE Sprint was merged with GTE Telenet, US Telecom, Uninet, and ISACOMM to form US Sprint. This was a partnership owned by GTE and United Telecom. In 1989 United Telecom purchased controlling interest in US Sprint. In 1991 United Telecom completed its acquisition of US Sprint. That same year United Telecom changed its name to Sprint due in large part to

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