Pontic Steppe
37-623: Chust or CHUST may refer to: Chust culture , late Bronze Age and early Iron Age culture which flourished in the Fergana Valley of eastern Uzbekistan Chien Hsin University of Science and Technology , a university in Taoyuan County, Taiwan Chust (Hasidic dynasty) , the name of several Hasidic dynasties Chust District , Namangan Region, Uzbekistan Chust, Uzbekistan ,
74-541: A 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus E. ( Asinus ) , including the kulan , onager, and kiang ), followed by the African zebras (subgenera E. ( Dolichohippus ) , and E. ( Hippotigris ) ). All other modern forms including
111-516: A cross between an onager and a donkey. In the Hebrew Bible there is a reference to the onager in Job 39:5: Who freed the wild donkey, loosed the ropes of the onager? In La Peau de Chagrin by Honoré de Balzac , the onager is identified as the animal from which comes the ass' skin or shagreen of the title. A short poem by Ogden Nash also features the onager: Have you ever harked to
148-506: A donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is about 3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged Equus livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus Equus ) lived around 5.6 (3.9–7.8) million years ago (Mya). Direct paleogenomic sequencing of
185-543: A few very hot wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat. The Persian onager is found in two subpopulations in southern and northern Iran. The larger population is found at Khar Turan National Park . However, it is extirpated from Afghanistan. The Turkmenian kulan used to be widespread in central to north Asia. However, it is now found in Turkmenistan and has been reintroduced in southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Asiatic wild asses are mostly active at dawn and dusk, even during
222-548: A lifestyle is also seen in the wild horse, the plains zebras ( E. quagga ) and mountain zebras ( E. zebra ). Southern populations of onagers in the Middle East and South Asia tend to have a purely territorial life, where areas partly overlap. Dominant stallions have home ranges of 9 km (3.5 sq mi), but they can also be significantly larger. These territories include food and rest stops and permanent or periodic water sources. The waters are usually at
259-512: A major decline to the Indian wild ass population in the 1960s. However, the subspecies is no longer under threat to such disease and is continuously increasing in number. Various breeding programs have been started for the onager subspecies in captivity and in the wild, which increases their numbers to save the endangered species. The species is legally protected in many of the countries in which it occurs. The priority for future conservation measures
296-486: A series of drought years could have devastating effects on this beleaguered species. Habitat loss and fragmentation are also major threats to the onager, a particular concern in Mongolia as a result of the increasingly dense network of roads, railway lines, and fences required to support mining activities. The Asiatic wild ass is also vulnerable to diseases . A disease known as the "South African horse sickness" caused
333-627: Is a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age culture which flourished in the Fergana Valley of eastern Uzbekistan from ca. 1500 BC to 900 BC. Settlements of the Chust culture varied in size between small dwelling sites to large settlements over 10 ha in size. Some sites occupy hilltop locations, while others indicate the presence of defensive structures. Domestic structures are not well known, with some built of mud-bricks. Large pits appear frequently in Chust sites. These were probably intended for
370-418: Is about 200 to 260 kg (440 to 570 lb) in size and 2.1 to 2.5 m (6 ft 11 in to 8 ft 2 in) in head-body length. Male onagers are usually larger than females. The genus Equus , which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus via the intermediate form Plesippus . One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens , described as zebra-like with
407-508: Is among the fastest mammals , as they can run as fast as 64–70 km/h (40–43 mph). The onager formerly had a wider range from southwest and central to northern Asia including the Levant region, Arabian Peninsula , Afghanistan and Siberia ; the prehistoric European wild ass subspecies ranged through Europe until the Bronze age. During early 20th century, the species lost most of its range in
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#1732772675871444-409: Is more limited than in the winter. Onagers also occasionally form large group associations of 450 to 1,200 individuals, but this usually only occurs in places with food or water sources. As these larger groups dissolve again within a day, no overarching hierarchy apart from the ranking of the individual herds seems to exist. Young male onagers also frequently form "bachelor groups" during the winter. Such
481-537: Is seasonal, and the gestation period of onagers is 11 months; the birth lasts a little more than 10 minutes. Mating and births occur from April to September, with an accumulation from June to July. The mating season in India is in the rainy season. The foal can stand and starts to nurse within 15 to 20 minutes. Females with young tend to form groups of up to five females. During rearing, a foal and dam remain close, but other animals and her own older offspring are displaced by
518-576: Is the most common subspecies, but its populations have drastically decreased to a few thousand due to years of poaching and habitat loss in East Asia . The Gobi Desert is the onager's main stronghold. It is regionally extinct in eastern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, and the Manchurian region of China. The Indian wild ass was once found throughout the arid parts and desert steppes of northwest India and Pakistan, but about 4,500 of them are found in
555-516: Is to ensure the protection of this species in particularly vulnerable parts of its range, to encourage the involvement of local people in the conservation of the onager, and to conduct further research into the behavior, ecology, and taxonomy of the species. Two onager subspecies, the Persian onager and the Turkmenian kulan are being reintroduced to their former ranges, including in other regions
592-694: The IUCN Red List in 2015. Of the five subspecies , one is extinct, two are endangered, and two are near threatened; its status in China is not well known. The specific name is from the Ancient Greek ἡμίονος , hēmíonos , from ἡμι- , hēmi- , 'half', and ὄνος , ónos , 'donkey'; thus, 'half-donkey' or mule . The term onager comes from the ancient Greek ὄναγρος , again from ὄνος , ónos , 'donkey', and ἄγριος , ágrios , 'wild'. The species
629-517: The Middle East and Eastern Asia . Today, onagers live in deserts and other arid regions of Iran , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , India , Mongolia and China . Other than deserts, it lives in grasslands , plains , steppes , and savannahs . Like many other large grazing animals, the onager's range has contracted greatly under the pressures of poaching and habitat loss . The onager has been classified as Near Threatened on
666-490: The Standard of Ur , c. 2550 BC . Clutton-Brock (1992) suggests that these were donkeys rather than onagers on the basis of a "shoulder stripe". However, close examination of the animals (equids, sheep and cattle ) on both sides of the piece indicate that what appears to be a stripe may well be a harness, a trapping, or a joint in the inlay. Genetic testing of skeletons from that era shows that they were kungas ,
703-539: The Asian wild ass can vary widely, depending on different habitats and ranges, and on threats by predators including humans. In Mongolia and Central Asia ( E. h. hemionus and E. h. kulan ), an onager stallion can adopt harem-type social groups, with several mares and foals in large home areas in the southwest, or in territory-based social groups in the south and southeast. Also, annual large hikes occur, covering 4.5 km (1.7 sq mi) to 40 km (15 sq mi), where hiking in summer
740-463: The Syrian wild ass used to occur in the Middle East. The two subspecies have been reintroduced to the wild of Israel since 1982, and had been breeding hybrids there, whilst the Persian onager alone has been reintroduced to Jordan and the deserts of Saudi Arabia. Onagers are notoriously difficult to tame. Equids were used in ancient Sumer to pull wagons c. 2600 BC , and then chariots on
777-577: The base of woody plants. The succulent plants of the Zygophyllaceae form an important component of its diet in Mongolia during spring and summer When natural water sources are unavailable, the onager digs holes in dry riverbeds to reach subsurface water. The onager is preyed upon by predators such as Persian leopards and striped hyenas . A few cases of onager deaths due to predation by leopards have been recorded in Iran. The greatest threat facing
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#1732772675871814-682: The capital of Chust District Chust knives , made in the Namangan Region Chust, Tajikistan , a village in Shahrinav District, Tajikistan Chust bug or Pentatomoidea , a superfamily of insects German, Czech, Slovak and Polish spelling of Khust , city in Ukraine Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chust . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
851-501: The dam. Occasionally, stallions in territorial wild populations expel the young to mate with the mare again. Wild Asian wild asses reach an age of 14 years, but in captivity, they can live up to 26 years. The onager is a herbivore and eats grasses, herbs, leaves, fruits, and saline vegetation when available. In dry habitats, it browses on shrubs and trees, but also feeds on seed pods such as Prosopis and breaks up woody vegetation with its hooves to get at more succulent herbs growing at
888-492: The domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus E. ( Equus ) which diverged about 4.8 (3.2–6.5) Mya. The onagers' favored habitats consist of desert plains, semideserts, oases , arid grasslands, savannahs, shrublands , steppes, mountainous steppes, and mountain ranges . The Turkmenian kulan and Mongolian wild asses are known to live in hot and colder deserts. The IUCN estimates about 28,000 mature individuals in total remain in
925-401: The east, or perhaps a group of Iranians who were retreating westwards from Xinjiang. It is one of the earliest sedentary Iranian cultures. Onagers Equus onager (Boddaert, 1785) The onager ( / ˈ ɒ n ə dʒ ər / )( Equus hemionus ), also known as hemione or Asiatic wild ass , is a species of the family Equidae native to Asia . A member of the subgenus Asinus ,
962-460: The edge of a coalfield and not in the center. Mares with foals sometimes find themselves in small groups, in areas up to 20 km (7.7 sq mi), which overlap with those of the other groups and dominant stallions. Such features are also seen among Grévy's zebras ( E. grevyi ) and the African wild asses. The Asian wild ass is sexually mature at two years old, and the first mating usually takes place at three to four years old. Breeding
999-565: The edge of settlements. Such pits often included both human and animal remains. Sometimes they contain hoards of skulls. The stone knives and sickles of the Chust culture, and its painted pottery, is similar to that of contemporary cultures further east in Xinjiang . The human remains of the Chust culture are of the Europoid type. Its people are generally considered Iranian . It has been suggested that they were part of an Iranian movement to
1036-434: The intense heat. Like most equids, onagers are social animals. Stallions are either solitary or live in groups of two or three. The males have been observed holding harems of females, but in other studies, the dominant stallions defend territories that attract females. Differences in behaviour and social structure likely are the result of changes in climate, vegetation cover, predation, and hunting. The social behavior of
1073-806: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chust&oldid=1040588030 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chust culture Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Chust culture
1110-520: The onager include: A sixth possible subspecies, the Gobi khulan ( E. h. luteus , also called the chigetai or dziggetai ) has been proposed, but may be synonymous with E. h. hemionus . Debates over the taxonomic identity of the onager occurred until 1980. As of 2015 , four living subspecies and one extinct subspecies of the Asiatic wild ass have been recognized. The Persian onager
1147-417: The onager is poaching for meat and hides, and in some areas for use in traditional medicine. The extreme isolation of many subpopulations also threatens the species, as genetic problems can result from inbreeding. Overgrazing by livestock reduces food availability, and herders also reduce the availability of water at springs. The cutting down of nutritious shrubs and bushes exacerbates the problem. Furthermore,
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1184-438: The onager was described and given its binomial name by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775. Six subspecies have been recognized, two of which are extinct. The onager weighs about 200–260 kg (440–570 lb) and reaches about 2.1 m (6.9 ft) head-body length. They are reddish-brown or yellowish-brown in color and have broad dorsal stripe on the middle of the back. The onager has never been domesticated. It
1221-551: The storage of grain. Barley , wheat and particularly millet have been recovered, along with agricultural tools such as sickles and hoes . Domestic animals that were part of the Chust culture include camels, asses, horses, cattle, sheep, goat and probably pig. Wild animals that appeared in their territories include onagers , gazelles and saiga antilope. Chust pottery was hand-made. They created both bronze objects and later iron objects. Objects made of bronze include spearheads and knives. Chust burials were normally in pits at
1258-823: The wild. During the late Pleistocene era around 40,000 years ago, the Asiatic wild ass ranged widely across Europe and in southwestern to northeastern Asia. It is also known from Middle Pleistocene fossils from the Nefud Desert of Saudi Arabia. The onager has been regionally extinct in Israel , Saudi Arabia , Iraq , Jordan , Syria , and southern regions of Siberia . The Mongolian wild ass lives in deserts, mountains, and grasslands of Mongolia and Inner Mongolian region of northern China. A few live in northern Xinjiang region of northwestern China, most of which live mainly in Kalamaili Nature Reserve . It
1295-672: Was commonly known as Asian wild ass, in which case the term onager was reserved for the E. h. onager subspecies, more specifically known as the Persian onager . Until this day, the species share the same name, onager . The onager is a member of the subgenus Asinus , belonging to the genus Equus and is classified under the family Equidae . The species was described and given its binomial name Equus hemionus by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775. The Asiatic wild ass, among Old World equids, existed for more than 4 million years. The oldest divergence of Equus
1332-487: Was formerly known as Equus onager , as it was thought to be a distinct species. The onager is generally reddish-brown in color during the summer, becoming yellowish-brown or grayish-brown in the winter. It has a black stripe bordered in white that extends down the middle of the back. The belly, the rump, and the muzzle are white, except for the Mongolian wild ass that has a broad black dorsal stripe bordered with white. It
1369-620: Was the onager followed by the zebras and onwards. A new species called the kiang ( E. kiang ), a Tibetan relative, was previously considered to be a subspecies of the onager as E. hemionus kiang , but recent molecular studies indicate it to be a distinct species, having diverged from the closest relative of the Mongolian wild ass's ancestor less than 500,000 years ago. Syrian wild ass ( E. h. hemippus ) Persian onager ( E. h. onager ) Indian wild ass ( E. h. khur ) Turkmenian kulan ( E. h. kulan ) Mongolian wild ass ( E. h. hemionus ) Six widely recognized subspecies of
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