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18-739: There are two theories on the origins of the Chalcidians: Harrison's theory has been rejected by some historians such as Bradeen (1952) but has been adopted by other historians, such as U. Kahrsted (1953) and M. Zahrnt (1971). N. G. L. Hammond (1992) notes the uncertainty about the tribe's origins but concludes that, at least, "The discovery that there was Submycenaean , Protogeometric , and Geometric pottery in Chalcidice like that of southern Greece, and sometimes having connections with Lefkandi , makes it certain that Chalcidice and southern Greece were in contact with one another". In

36-399: A person – or, less commonly, a place or thing – for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Eponym may also refer to someone or something named after, or believed to be named after, a person – or, less commonly, a place or thing. A person, place, or thing named after a particular person share an eponymous relationship. In this way, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of

54-578: A result the Chalcidians allied themselves with Philip II of Macedon , and the League once again expanded to include 34 cities, but in 348 BCE Philip captured and destroyed Olynthos, putting an end to the League. The actual form of the League is uncertain. It seems it was a genuinely federal state ( sympoliteia ), although Olynthos played the dominant role. The League had a federal citizenship, common laws, foreign policy, coinage, and military. There

72-476: A settlement pattern consisting of hamlets and villages. In addition to Athens and Salamis, Submycenaean pottery has been discovered in Corinth , Asine , Kalapodi , Lefkandi , and Tiryns . The quality of Submycenaean vases varies widely. Only a few shapes were produced, including stirrup jars with a pierced shoulder, belly amphorae , neck amphorae , lekythoi , and jars, some with trefoil-shaped mouths. By

90-707: Is less refined and carefully made compared to earlier pottery, leading one art historian to describe it as "rather unlovable". Eponymous An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after which or for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic . Eponyms are commonly used for time periods, places, innovations, biological nomenclature, astronomical objects, works of art and media, and tribal names. Various orthographic conventions are used for eponyms. The term eponym functions in multiple related ways, all based on an explicit relationship between two named things. Eponym may refer to

108-717: Is not extensively researched due to the limited number of discovered sites. The style was first identified in 1939 by Wilhelm Kraiker and Karl Kübler , based on finds from the Kerameikos and Pompeion cemeteries in Athens and Salamis . The existence of the style was initially disputed among archaeologists until later discoveries in Mycenae confirmed distinct Late Mycenaean and Submycenaean strata . Submycenaean pottery occurs primarily in contexts such as inhumations and stone-built cist graves. The distribution of finds suggests

126-500: The Elizabethan era , but the Elizabethan era can also be referred to as the eponym of Elizabeth I of England . Eponyms may be named for things or places, for example 10 Downing Street , a building named after its street address. Adjectives and verbs may be eponyms, for example bowdlerize . Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic . When Henry Ford is referred to as "the eponymous founder of

144-759: The Ford Motor Company ", his surname "Ford" and the name of the motor company have an eponymous relationship. The word "eponym" can also refer to the title character of a fictional work (such as Rocky Balboa of the Rocky film series ), as well as to self-titled works named after their creators (such as the album The Doors by the band the Doors ). Walt Disney created the eponymous Walt Disney Company , with his name similarly extended to theme parks such as Walt Disney World . Medical eponymous terms are often called medical eponyms , although that usage

162-526: The Peace of Nicias of 421 BCE, Athens and Sparta agreed that it should be broken up, but it seems clear that Athens failed to enforce this. Luckily for the Chalcidians, the attention of the two great powers was soon diverted away from them—indeed for this reason nothing is heard of Olynthos and the Chalcidians until 393/2 BCE — and the Spartan governors installed by Brasidas were soon withdrawn. In

180-508: The League uniting the northern Greek cities with the most Hellenised cities of Macedonia would have prevented the rise of Philip II of Macedon . Already in 375 BCE the Chalcidians threw off Spartan control and re-established the League, joining the Second Athenian League . They soon fell out with Athens over control of Amphipolis , and in the subsequent war lost a number of cities, including Torone and Potidaea . As

198-551: The aftermath of the Peace of Nicias, the city-states of Argilus , Akanthos , and Stageira , as well as other unnamed ones, joined. The League continued to expand in the early 4th century BCE. In 393/2 BCE, Amyntas III of Macedon temporarily transferred some territory to Olynthos, during a period when he was driven out of Macedon by the Illyrians . It was restored when Amyntas regained power. Eight years later, Amyntas, who

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216-546: The end of the Submycenaean period, the stirrup jar was replaced by the lekythos . The decoration on Submycenaean pottery is simple; motifs are limited to horizontal or vertical wavy lines, single or double hatched and overlapping triangles, and single or multiple concentric semicircles. Ornamental decoration is found on the shoulders of lekythoi , amphorae, and stirrup jars. Amphorae, amphoriskoi , and jugs typically feature one or several thick wavy lines. The overall style

234-486: The point of the sword. Sparta was keen to respond to the request. Among Sparta's allies there was no animosity against the Chalcidian League. Nevertheless, when the question was put, fear of annoying Sparta ensured that the proposal was carried, and a force of 10,000 was authorized to be sent. An advance force of 2,000 was sent under Eudamidas which succeeded in separating Potidaea from the League. The fighting

252-524: The spring of 432 BCE, during the first phase of the Peloponnesian War , several cities of Chalcidice broke away from the Athenian -dominated Delian League . The inhabitants of these cities abandoned them and moved to Olynthos in an act of synoecism , forming a single state and adopting the demonym "Chalcidians". Exactly what form it took is a matter of academic dispute. By the terms of

270-529: Was a citizen assembly that also had judicial functions. The League was apparently headed by an eponymous official, possibly a strategos . Its constitution was probably based on the Boeotian League . Political rights are likely to have been reserved to a group of 8000 designated by a property qualification. It included most but not all the Euboean colonies of Chalcidice. The symbol of the Chalcidians

288-472: Was again in trouble, handed over territory, this time to the entire League. The League were not so ready to return what they held, which now included Pella , the Macedonian capital. In 383 BCE, Amyntas appealed to Sparta and at the same time a similar appeal came from Akanthos and Apollonia , two League members who claimed that membership of the League was not voluntary but had been forced upon them at

306-464: Was long and arduous. Teleutias , the half-brother of the Spartan king, Agesilaus II , was killed and King Agesipolis suffered heavy losses before dying of fever. However, in 379 BCE the cities of the former League became "autonomous" and subject allies of Sparta. Freeman regards the Spartan dissolution of the League as one of the most "calamitous events" in Hellenic history for, in his view,

324-535: Was the lyre , struck upon the coins the League. 40°30′N 23°12′E  /  40.5°N 23.2°E  / 40.5; 23.2 Sub-Mycenaean pottery Submycenaean pottery is a style of Ancient Greek pottery that is transitional between the preceding Mycenaean pottery and the subsequent styles of Greek vase painting , particularly the Protogeometric style . The vases from this period date between 1030 and 1000 BC. Submycenaean pottery

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