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56-603: Located less than 10 km south of the Thai border , Changlun is home to Universiti Utara Malaysia , located in the Sintok suburb in the eastern part of the town. The PLUS Expressway passes through Changlun town, interchanging with the Changlun-Kuala Perlis Highway (national highway 194), an alternative route to the state of Perlis . Sultanate of Kedah Kedah is one of the oldest surviving sultanates in

112-408: A 1979 map published by Malaysia denoting its territorial sea and continental shelf. Thailand claims its continental shelf boundary extends from the terminus to co-ordinate 07° 22'.0 N, 103° 42' 30" E. A small slice of the disputed area is also subjected to a claim by Vietnam. As a temporary solution to the dispute, Malaysia and Thailand on 21 February 1979 signed a memorandum of understanding to create

168-423: A 7,250 km square joint development area encompassing the entire disputed area. This was later followed by an agreement on 30 May 1990. The agreement allows for joint exploitation and benefit of natural resources in the joint development area. In 1999, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam reached an agreement based on the principle of joint development for the area where the three countries have overlapping claims. All

224-684: A distance of 95 km. The border follows the deepest part or thalweg of the river. Work to survey and demarcate the watershed boundary began on 6 July 1973 and was completed, except for the 8.5 kilometre disputed section at Jeli Hill, on 26 September 1985. As for the Golok River section, work to survey the boundary began on 1 November 2000 and was completed on 30 September 2009. In the 1970s, both Malaysia and Thailand constructed walls along their common border, mostly in Perlis / Satun and Perlis / Songkhla as well as Kedah / Songkhla portions of

280-544: A signatory to enable the establishment of the common tripoint at 5°57′0″N 98°1′30″E  /  5.95000°N 98.02500°E  / 5.95000; 98.02500 . Agreements The 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty states that the maritime boundary between the two countries as follows: Subsequently, the two governments signed several agreements over their common maritime boundary in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The 1973 continental shelf boundary agreement between

336-697: A total of 9 border crossings between Thailand and Malaysia. All border crossings are permanent border crossings. Tak Bai: 6°14′11″N 102°05′26″E  /  6.236291°N 102.090596°E  / 6.236291; 102.090596  ( Tak Bai Ferry Terminal ) Kuah: 6°18′21″N 99°51′02″E  /  6.305715°N 99.850693°E  / 6.305715; 99.850693  ( Kuah Ferry Terminal ) Telaga: 6°21′59″N 99°41′08″E  /  6.366436°N 99.685685°E  / 6.366436; 99.685685  ( Telaga Harbour Marina ) Malaysia-Thailand joint development area The Malaysia–Thailand Joint Development Area

392-575: Is a 7,250 km square area in the Gulf of Thailand which was created as an interim measure to exploit the natural resources in the seabed or continental shelf claimed by the two countries and to share the proceeds equally. The arrangement does not extinguish the legal right to claims by both countries over the area. This is one of the first applications of the joint development a memorandum of understanding on 21 February 1979 in Chiang Mai, Thailand for

448-416: Is a wholly owned subsidiary company of Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd. while PTTEP International Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary company of PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited. The period for exploration ended on 20 April 2002 and the above contractors retained the gas fields holding areas in their respective blocks but had to relinquish the areas not deemed as gas fields holding areas back to

504-502: Is also claimed by Vietnam and is known as the Tripartite Overlapping Claim Area. The three countries have agreed to utilise the joint development formula for the exploitation of resources in the area but no further developments have been reported so far. Malaysia's continental shelf limit claim is from Point A to Point C via Point B and thence to Point G while Thailand's Exclusive Economic Zone claim limit

560-683: Is from Point A to Point G through Points D, E, and F. It has not delimited its continental shelf limits beyond Point G. The joint development area was originally divided into three blocks for exploration. They are Blocks A-18 (middle portion of the JDA), B-17 (northern portion) and C-19 (southern portion). On 21 April 1994, two production sharing contracts (PSC) were awarded by the Malaysia–Thailand Joint Authority (MTJA) to two groups of contractors. Each group of contractors also formed operating companies for exploration. They were: PC JDA LLtd

616-687: Is known as Block B-17-01 signed between PCJDAL and PTTEPI simultaneously on 30 September 2004, CPOC has also been designated the Operator for Block B-17-01. Both PCJDAL and PTTEPI have a fifty per cent (50%) participating interest of all rights, interests, privileges, duties and obligations under this JOA. Discoveries from these activities will open up to business expansion for CPOC. Since its inception in 1994, CPOC had carried extensive exploration activities leading to successful 9 gas field discoveries namely Muda, Tapi, Jengka, Amarit, Mali, Jengka West, Jengka South, Jengka East and Muda South. The major gas filed in

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672-575: Is still in progress in Bulan A. The additional gas is to be consumed by Thailand. Construction for the production complex in Block B-17 is in progress and production is expected to begin in October 2009. An initial contract production level of 270 million cubic feet per day (7,600,000 m /d) has been signed. The gas is to be consumed by Thailand. The joint development area is administered by

728-636: The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority on behalf of the two governments. The authority is recognised as a statutory body in both countries and is given full rights to exploit and develop non-living natural resources in the joint development area. The authority was created in 1991 and has its headquarters in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The authority is governed by MTJA Members consisting of equal representatives of Malaysian and Thai nationals (seven from each side) as appointed by

784-481: The Straits of Malacca which were signed in 1979 and 1971, respectively. The 1979 agreement also included Indonesia as a signatory as it also determined the common continental shelf border tripoint for the three countries. The 1979 agreement also established the territorial sea boundary in the Gulf of Thailand while a separate memorandum of understanding signed in 1979 established a short continental shelf boundary in

840-465: The sovereign states of Malaysia and Thailand and consists of a land boundary running for 595 km (370 mi) across the Malay Peninsula and maritime boundaries in the Straits of Malacca and the Gulf of Thailand / South China Sea . The Golok River forms the easternmost 95 km stretch of the land border. The land border is based on the 1909 treaty between Thailand (then known as Siam), and

896-532: The watershed of several mountain ranges in northern Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand, and 106 kilometres running along the thalweg of the Golok River (Malay: Sungai Golok ). From west to east, the border begins at a point which lies just north of the Perlis River estuary as defined in the schedule of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 where the westernmost land boundary terminus

952-642: The 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty had changed. The dispute over the continental shelf boundary between Malaysia and Thailand arises from the different baselines for Thailand which the two countries adopt in calculating the equidistant line for boundary. Thailand's proclaimed baseline runs from the terminus at Kuala Tabar (the eastern terminus of the Malaysia-Thailand land border as defined by the 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty) northwards to Ko Losin islet and then northwestwards to Ko Kra. Malaysia however does not regard Ko Losin as valid baseline point and calculates

1008-552: The Bangkok Treaty of 1869 where Siam ceded a piece of territory on the mainland opposite Penang to the United Kingdom. The territory became known as Province Wellesley (known as Seberang Perai today). The treaty also defined the border between British and Siamese territory and this border remains the boundary line between Penang and Kedah today, although both are now constituent states of Malaysia . On 9 July 1909,

1064-550: The British which had started to exert its influence over the northern Malay states of Kedah , Kelantan , Perlis , and Terengganu in the early 20th century, states which were previously under Siamese control. Currently, the bilateral border passes through four Malaysian states ( Kedah , Kelantan , Perak , and Perlis ) and four Thai provinces ( Narathiwat , Satun , Songkhla , and Yala ). Malaysia and Thailand have territorial sea and continental shelf boundary agreements for

1120-653: The Bumi, Suriya and Bulan fields as well as the expansion of Cakerawala C to sustain an additional contracted production level of 400 million cubic feet per day (11,000,000 m /d). The gas is piped to a receiving facility in Songkhla , Thailand and then piped to Malaysia where it feeds into the Peninsula Gas Utilisation system. An additional 5 wells were drilled on Cakerawala C, while 11 wells were drilled on Bumi A and seven wells on Suriya A. Drilling

1176-512: The Cakerawala gas field. It was completed in May 2002 and production began with 19 wells (14 wells on Cakerawala A platform and 5 wells on Cakerawala B platform) on 2 January 2005. Seven wells were later developed on Cakerawala. The initial contracted production level under Phase One was 390 million cubic feet per day (11,000,000 m /d). In 2006, Phase Two commenced with the development of

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1232-559: The Establishment of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority on 30 May 1990 establishing a joint development area (JDA). Both agreements do not settle disputed maritime border and sovereignty issue of the disputed area and the countries continue staking their overlapping continental shelf claims. Malaysia's 1979 map and Thailand's EEZ proclamation In December 1979 just after the two countries signed

1288-441: The Golok River and the second involves the continental shelf boundary in the Gulf of Thailand. Neither dispute has resulted in aggression between the two countries. The alignment of an 8.5 km stretch of the land border in the area known as Bukit Jeli (Jeli Hill) near the headwaters of the Golok River is currently being disputed by both countries. The resulting disputed territory has an area of 42 hectares. Negotiations to resolve

1344-704: The Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu during World War II when the Japanese handed them over to the kingdom, thus moving the Malay States-Siamese border southwards again. The states were returned to the British at the end of the war. There are two stretches of the Malaysia–Thailand border which is subject to dispute. The first involves the land border in the Bukit Jeli (Jeli Hill) at the headwaters of

1400-511: The MOU on the joint development area, Malaysia published a map showing its territorial sea and continental shelf and continued to assert its sovereignty over the entire joint development area. Malaysia's continental shelf boundary on the map corresponds with the western and northern limit of the joint development area. On 16 February 1988, Thailand issued a royal proclamation to establish its exclusive economic zone boundary with Malaysia, establishing

1456-644: The MTJA. The relinquished areas of the JDA (approximately 3,475 km square) was made into a new block named Block B-17-01. A PSC was signed on 30 September 2004 for the contractors for the new block. They are: Between 1994 and 2007, a total of 59 exploration and appraisal wells were drilled in the JDA. Thirty-seven wells were located in Block A-18 and 22 in Block B-17. Another three exploratory wells were drilled in

1512-643: The Operator under the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) dated 21 April 1994 between Petronas Carigali JDA Ltd (‘PCJDAL’) and PTTEPI in respect of the exploration and exploitation of petroleum under the Production Sharing Contract (‘PSC’) dated 21 April 1994 between the Malaysia – Thailand Joint Authority (MTJA) Block B-17 and C-19. Located in the area of overlapping continental shelf claimed by both Malaysia and Thailand at

1568-1094: The Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. Second World War The Battle of Jitra was fought between the invading Japanese and Allied forces during the Malayan Campaign of the Second World War, from 11–13 December 1941 including in Changlun. Changlun is a township in Kubang Pasu District , Kedah with population of 1506 as of 2010. As similar to most cities in Malaysia , Changlun population comprised 694 (46.1%) Malays , 583 (38.7%) Chinese , 86 (5.7%) Indian , 28 (1.9%) other Bumiputera and others such as Siamese and 115 (7.6%) Non-Malaysian. Primary Schools Secondary Schools Matriculation Shopping Centre Malaysia-Thailand border The Malaysia–Thailand border divides

1624-509: The United Kingdom and Siam signed another agreement in Bangkok. Known as the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 , the agreement stated the states of Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu belong to the United Kingdom while Pattani fell into Siamese hands. The treaty, in one of its four annexes, defined the border between British and Siamese territories. This border ultimately became today's border between Malaysia and Thailand. Thailand regained influences of

1680-402: The agreements specifically state that they do not compromise each country's sovereignty claim over the disputed area. The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area is a 7,250 km square area in the Gulf of Thailand which was created as an interim measure to deal with the overlapping claims of the continental shelf between the two countries. The formula allows for both countries to share

1736-407: The area of overlapping claim of the continental shelf by the two countries. The western and north-eastern boundaries of the JDA is that of Malaysia's continental shelf claim as asserted in its 1979 map issued by the country's Survey and Mapping Department. The southern boundary coincides with Thailand's exclusive economic zone boundary as proclaimed in 1988. A portion of the joint development area

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1792-399: The area. The boundary beyond that agreed is subject to dispute because of overlapping claims over the seabed. The overlapping claims led to the establishment of a joint development area in 1990 where both countries agreed to share mineral resources in a 7,250 square km wedge-shaped area. The 658-kilometre Malaysia-Thailand land boundary consists of 552-kilometre section on land running along

1848-454: The barrier's construction. Malaysia and Thailand share maritime borders in two areas: in the Straits of Malacca and in the Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea. At the western terminus of the land boundary, the 1909 Anglo-Siamese treaty determines the start of the maritime boundary as: The territorial sea boundary agreement between the two countries signed on 24 October 1979 determined

1904-795: The block, Muda, is about 260 km from Songkhla in Southern Thailand and about 380 km from Kemaman supply base in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The current activity for CPOC Block B-17 is on the field development planning stage (FDP), whereas Block B-17-01 is currently in the Exploration stage. The objective of Block B-17 development is to deliver the required Daily Contractual Quantity of 270 million cubic feet (7.6 million cubic metres ) per day at standard conditions sustained for next 10 years and 250 million cu ft (7.1 million m ) per day for

1960-448: The border to curb smuggling. The walls were of concrete, steel, and topped barbed wire as well as iron fencing at other stretches. As both countries constructed their walls on their own territory, a strip of "no man's land" about 10 m wide was created and this strip of land became a convenient refuge for smugglers (not all smuggling was deterred by the wall) and drug runners. In 2001, the two countries agreed to construct just one wall along

2016-508: The border which would be just inside Thai territory. The new border wall is 2.5 m high and made of a concrete lower half and steel fencing on the upper half. At the base, barbed wire runs along the length of the wall. The reason given for the construction of the wall was to curb smuggling and encroachment. However, security concerns arising from the South Thailand insurgency in the late 1990s and early 2000s have also been an impetus for

2072-403: The continental shelf boundary from the northern end-point to 6°50′0″N 102°21′12″E  /  6.83333°N 102.35333°E  / 6.83333; 102.35333 with one turning point in between. The boundary beyond the northern end-point is subject to dispute (see Disputes section below ). However, both countries have come to an agreement to put aside the border dispute and allow for

2128-457: The dispute through the joint subcommittee on co-operation along the border is on-going. The dispute arose in the 1990s when demarcation work for the land border almost reached completion. Malaysia's former Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar was quoted as saying that the failure was because of the inability to reach a consensus over a formula to solve the dispute. He said problems arose because the geographical features as described in border protocol of

2184-437: The equidistant line on a baseline running along the shore. While both countries have agreed on 24 October 1979 on their maritime boundary for this area running 29 nautical miles (54 km) out to sea, the boundary beyond the northeastern terminus of the territorial sea is subject to dispute. Malaysia's continental shelf boundary extends from the terminus at co-ordinate 07° 49' N, 103° 02' 30" E which corresponds to Point 43 in

2240-559: The establishment of the joint development area and authority to administer the area. This was followed by an agreement to constitute the joint development authority on 30 May 1990 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. As of the end of 2007, approximately 8.5 trillion standard cubic feet of gas reserves (proved and probable) from twenty two fields in the area have been discovered. Gas production from the Cakerawala gas field began on 2 January 2005. The joint development area basically coincides with

2296-500: The interests of the Kedah Sultanate , deciding what belonged to whom, Changlun was divided into two parts. The main border town of Changlun became the district of Kubang Pasu, now in Kedah of Malaysia. The rest remained as Thailand. Tambon Sadao, together with the former minor district (King Amphoe) Prik, forms modern Sadao. This resulting in adverse socio-demographic impacts that affected majority Malay population particularly in

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2352-770: The joint exploitation of natural resources of the disputed area. The two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Joint Authority for the Exploitation of the Resources of the Sea-Bed in a Defined Area of the Continental Shelf of the Two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand on 21 February 1979, followed by an Agreement on the Constitution and Other Matters Relating to

2408-494: The limits of its claims in the disputed area. The boundary follows the eastern boundary of the Joint Development Area . A small triangle in the northern portion of the joint development area is also subjected to an overlapping claim by Vietnam . In 1999, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam agreed to apply the joint development principles to this area. See section below . The border between Thailand or Siam and

2464-577: The lower part of Gulf of Thailand near the South China Sea. Geological, this overlapping area, situated in the northern part of the prolific Malay Basin, is known for its hydrocarbon potential. Under this Joint Operating Agreement (JOA’), PCJDAL and PTTEPI each entitled to a fifty per cent (50%) participating interest of all rights, interests, privileges, duties and obligations. The signed Gas Sales Agreement (GSA) between MTJA, PCJDAL and PTTEPI (as Sellers) and PTT Public Company Limited (as Buyer) which

2520-417: The mid-channel point between Langkawi and Tarutao to be at 6°28′30″N 99°39′12″E  /  6.47500°N 99.65333°E  / 6.47500; 99.65333 which was made the eastern starting point of the territorial sea boundary. Both countries also have a continental shelf boundary agreement for this segment of their maritime boundary. The agreement, signed 21 December 1978, included Indonesia as

2576-540: The new Block B-17-01. Twenty two gas fields have been declared in the JDA. As of the end of 2007, approximately 8.5 trillion standard cubic feet of proved and probable gas reserves have been discovered in the 22 fields. Some of these fields also have minor oil accumulations. The fields are: The main production complex in Block A-18 is the Cakerawala Production Complex which is located at

2632-441: The non-living natural resources from the area on a 50:50 basis. It however does not extinguish the sovereignty claims by both countries over the area. Malaysia's continental shelf limit claim is from Point A to Point C via Point B and thence to Point G while Thailand's Exclusive Economic Zone claim limit is from Point A to Point G through Points D, E, and F. It has not delimited its continental shelf limits beyond Point G. There are

2688-428: The other until it reaches Jeli Hill (Malay: Bukit Jeli ). Among the mountain peaks located along this section of the border are Kobeh Hill (Malay: Bukit Kobeh), which is the southernmost point of Thailand, and Ulu Titi Basah . At Bukit Jeli, an 8.5 km stretch of the border remains disputed by both countries (see below ). From Bukit Jeli, the boundary follows the Golok River until the river mouth at Kuala Tabar,

2744-1409: The respective Governments. Under the supervision of authority's board, the MTJA management consists of staff covering technical, legal and financial aspects of the petroleum business. The MTJA Members: Co-chairmen: Abu Talib Othman (Malaysia), Sivavong Changkasiri (Thailand) Members: Mohd Hassan Marican (President/Chief Executive Officer Petronas , Malaysia), Pornchai Rujiprapa (Permanent-Secretary, Ministry of Energy, Thailand), Dr Sulaiman Mahbob (Director-General, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department, Malaysia), Admiral Werapon Waranon (Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy, Thailand), Dr Halim Man (Secretary-General, Ministry of Energy, Water and Telecommunications, Malaysia), Porntip Jala (Secretary-General, Office of The Council of State, Thailand), Othman Hashim (Deputy Secretary-General I, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia), Krairit Nikuha (Director-General, Department of Mineral Fuels, Ministry of Energy, Thailand), Aziyah Baharuddin (Secretary, Tax Analysis Division, Ministry of Finance, Malaysia), Piyabhan Nimmanhaemin (Director-General, Comptroller-General's Department, Ministry of Finance, Thailand), Idrus Harun (Head, Advisory and International Law Division, Attorney-General's Chambers, Malaysia), and Vilawan Mangklatanakul (Director-General, Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand). CPOC serves as

2800-572: The ridgeline until it reaches the watershed for the Perak and Pattani Rivers. Mountain peaks along this section of the border including Lata Papalang. The border then moves eastward across the northern part of Peninsula Malaysia's Main Range (Malay: Banjaran Titiwangsa ) along the watershed of Malaysia's Perak River and Pergau River (in Kelantan ) on one hand, and Thailand's Pattani and Sai Buri Rivers on

2856-473: The south, namely Perak and Pahang were independent sultanates until the British started asserting influence over them in the late 1800s. In 1785, the British obtained the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah . The channel between the island and the mainland of peninsular Malaysia became the border between British territory and Kedah. On 6 May 1869, the United Kingdom and Siam signed an agreement known as

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2912-491: The sultanates of the Malay Peninsula ( Peninsular Malaysia today) has varied throughout history. The southern part of today Thailand has always been populated by Malays and traditional Malay sultanates of Kedah (of which Perlis , Setul was part), Kelantan , Pattani (which consist of the areas of Singgora, Yala, Ligor) and Terengganu came under Siamese influence in the 19th century. The Malay states immediately to

2968-635: The two governments only covered the Straits of Malacca segment and did not cover the border in the Gulf of Thailand but on 24 October 1979, an agreement and a memorandum of understanding were signed to determine the common maritime boundary of the two countries in the Gulf of Thailand. The first agreement established the territorial sea boundary from the mouth of the Golok River at 6°14′30″N 102°5′36″E  /  6.24167°N 102.09333°E  / 6.24167; 102.09333 to 6°27′30″N 102°10′0″E  /  6.45833°N 102.16667°E  / 6.45833; 102.16667 . The MOU established

3024-501: The world founded in 1136. Prior to becoming part of Malaysia, it had a well-defined territory and population supported by a working government and had previously entered into various legal relations with other nations like Siam and the British. Siam has been claiming that Kedah was part of their kingdom. Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909 When the British and Siam signed the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 without taking into consideration

3080-527: Was signed on 16 June 2005 will marked the milestone for future gas export via PTT pipeline from the field to onshore facilities in Thailand. The first gas will be expected by 1 July 2008. In September 2002, MTJA made an exclusive offer to PCJDAL and PTTEPI to jointly acquire the relinquished areas of Blocks A-18, B-17 and C-19 in the MTJDA under a new PSC. This relinquished area with an area 3475 square kilometres,

3136-717: Was to be at "the most seaward point of the northern bank of the estuary of the Perlis River". The treaty then states that the border moves northward from this point to the Sayun Range, an extension of the Si Thammarat Mountains of Thailand, for about 15 miles (24 km) before heading eastward along the watershed of Thailand's Lam Yai River and Malaysia's Perlis River towards the ridge of the Kedah-Singgora mountains where it moves southwards along

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