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56-599: Approximately 64 percent of its revenue came from overseas operations, with 30 percent from its home market of Thailand, and six percent from export operations. It recently acquired Bellisio Foods, one of the largest frozen food suppliers in the United States, for US$ 1 billion, as well as Westbridge Foods, a major British poultry producer with turnover of over £340 Million The company's core businesses are livestock and aquaculture. Livestock operations include chicken broilers, chicken layers, ducks, and swine. In aquaculture,

112-614: A lateral line that often breaks towards the end of the dorsal fin, and starts again two or three rows of scales below. Some Nile tilapia can grow as long as 60 centimetres (2 ft). Other than their temperature sensitivity, tilapia exist in or can adapt to a very wide range of conditions. An extreme example is the Salton Sea , where tilapia introduced when the water was merely brackish now live in salt concentrations so high that other marine fish cannot survive. Tilapia are also known to be mouth-brooding species, which means they carry

168-475: A skin graft material, for Müllerian agenesis , vaginal stenosis , and gender-affirming surgery . The skin-growing properties of tilapia skin are believed to be linked to its high type I collagen content and structural similarities to human skin. The material is also quite strong despite its low thickness. The current procedure for skin use calls for chemical sterilization with chlorhexidine, immersion in glycerol , followed by gamma ray sterilization, plus

224-754: A "traditional" dish, was first introduced in the Philippines in 1950 with Mozambique tilapia followed by Nile tilapia in 1972 from Thailand. Strains such as terapon (gunggong) and white goby ( biyang puti ) were abundant in Laguna de Bay . In 1988, WorldFish , Filipino and Norwegian researchers started aquaculture of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT). Other methods of tilapia population control are polyculture , with predators farmed alongside tilapia or hybridization with other species. Tilapia, introduced to

280-454: A 53rd week which is usually appended to the last quarter. It is then 98 days instead of 91 days long, which complicates comparisons. In the Chinese calendar , the quarters are traditionally associated with the 4 seasons of the year: Tilapia Tilapia ( / t ɪ ˈ l ɑː p i ə / tih- LAH -pee-ə ) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from

336-737: A bandage is first used in a 2017 clinical trial to treat burn injuries, after successful trial in rats. In the United States, tilapia skin has been used to successfully treat third-degree wounds to the paws of two black bears caught in California's Thomas wildfire , and also to treat burns on the paws of a black bear from California's Carr wildfire . Nile tilapia skin has completed a phase III clinical trial for superficial partial-thickness burns. The fish skin group showed faster healing, lower pain, reduced dressing changes, and lower treatment costs compared to silver sulfadiazine cream control. Nile tilapia skin has also been used in neovaginoplasty as

392-636: A consequence, none of the species that are of major economic importance remain in Tilapia , but are instead placed in Coptodon , Oreochormis , and Sarotherodon . Tilapia have been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. They have a preference for a floating aquatic plant, duckweed ( Lemna spp.), but also consume some filamentous algae. In Kenya , tilapia were introduced to control mosquitoes , which were causing malaria , because they consume mosquito larvae, consequently reducing

448-435: A consumption of 2.5 million. In modern aquaculture , wild-type Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as the dark color of their flesh is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a rough fish associated with poverty. However, they are fast-growing and give good fillets ; leucistic ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and are very popular. Hybrid stock

504-457: A few washes with saline in between. As with most fish, tilapia harbor a variety of parasites . For the monogeneans , these especially include species of the megadiverse genus Cichlidogyrus , which are gill parasites. Species of Enterogyrus are parasites in the digestive system. Tilapia, as important aquaculture fishes, have been introduced widely all over the world, and often carried their monogenean parasites with them. In South China ,

560-539: A food source, though, because they grow rapidly and tolerate high stocking densities and poor water quality. Smaller West African species, such as Coelotilapia joka and species from the crater lakes of Cameroon , are more popular as aquarium fish. In specialised cichlid aquaria, tilapia can be mixed successfully with nonterritorial cichlids, armored catfish , tinfoil barbs , garpike , and other robust fish. Some species, including Heterotilapia buttikoferi , Coptodon rendalli , Pelmatolapia mariae , C. joka , and

616-501: A length of 365 days in an ordinary year , with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year , with 8784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and

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672-434: A less nutritious fish than generally believed. The fish's omega-3 fatty acid content is often far lower than that of other commonly eaten fish species. Their omega-6 fatty acid levels are unusually high. Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in

728-493: A problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats such as Australia, whether deliberately or accidentally introduced , but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cold water. Traditionally a popular and affordable food in the Philippines with a mild taste, tilapia has been the fourth-most consumed fish in the United States since 2002, favored for its low cost and easy preparation. It

784-532: A range of 11 to 17 °C (52 to 62 °F). As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly. Because of this, tilapia are on the IUCN 's 100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species list. In

840-409: A second set of jaws for processing food (cf. morays ), allowing a division of labor between the "true jaws" ( mandibles ) and the " pharyngeal jaws ". This means they are efficient feeders that can capture and process a wide variety of food items. Their mouths are protrusible , usually bordered with wide and often swollen lips. The jaws have conical teeth. Typically, tilapia have a long dorsal fin, and

896-790: A support program for the farming of swine and broilers. The company selects farmers who have their own farms and farming equipment. Selected farmers receive support in the areas of animal breeds, animal feed, medication, and farming knowledge from the company. The company then undertakes to purchase all yield which meets the CPF standards. Broilers, ducks, and swine from the company's farms are brought to processing plants to be butchered into meat products according to customer specifications. The meats are packaged, frozen, and distributed as chilled and frozen meat products to wholesalers, domestic retailers, and importers in various countries. The company adds value to processed meat products by flavoring and cooking through

952-561: Is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures. Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male, typically done by adding male sex hormone in the food to the tilapia fry , causing any potential female tilapia to change sex to male. It can also be achieved through hybridization of certain tilapia species or

1008-571: Is commonly fried or broiled as part of a dish. The common name "tilapia" is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia , which is itself a latinization of either tlhapi , the Tswana word for "fish", or the Greek word "tilon," referring to a fish mentioned by Aristotle, combined with "apios," meaning "distant". Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith named the genus in 1840. The aquaculture of Nile tilapia dates from Ancient Egypt , where it

1064-959: Is difficult to ascertain, as the original newspaper, The Guardian , has not posted any additional stories and the company website's sustainability page says "For the latest general update covering our approach and achievements" to read a page from December 2013, which promises "a further progress update in Q1 2014." The president and CEO of Charoen Pokphand subsequently posted a "Statement to Shareholders" vowing to purchase only from certified processing plants, only acquire product from certified Thai fisheries, and that supply chain "...fishing vessels, fishmeal processing plants...must be certified by Thailand's Labor Standard or have been audited...by an external agency (Third Party)...." In Australia, Woolworths stocks only CPF-Vietnam products and Metcash, wholesale supplier to Independent Grocers of Australia (IGA), has eliminated CPF SKUs from their inventory. In January 2017,

1120-622: Is imported from abroad to breed parent stock which are then raised on the company's farms. The NGO World Animal Protection succeeded in persuading CPF, a major pork producer, to end the use of uses sow stalls in their pork production process by 2025. Products in this category can be further divided according to two types of production processes: animal farming for commercial purposes and processing and manufacture of cooked food products. Products from animal farming for commercial purposes include live chickens, eggs, live ducks, and live swine which are distributed to sales representatives throughout

1176-476: The Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Lunar Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. The astronomer's mean tropical year , which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of

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1232-499: The New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days ("leap days" or "intercalary days"). The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has

1288-439: The Philippines , and Indonesia , are underway in freshwater lakes. In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations. At 1.3 million tonnes per annum, China is the largest tilapia producer in the world, followed by Egypt with 0.5 million. The US, by comparison, produces 10 thousand tonnes against

1344-550: The United States District Court , Northern District of California ruled on multiple grounds in favour of CP Foods in relation to litigation brought against them and others, which claimed damages related to the alleged presence of human rights abuses in the supply chain for Thai shrimp. The Court's order - dismissal with prejudice - bars the plaintiffs from bringing such claims again. As of 24 January 2024 Calendar year A calendar year begins on

1400-664: The coelotilapine , coptodonine , heterotilapine , oreochromine , pelmatolapiine , and tilapiine tribes (formerly all were "Tilapiini"), with the economically most important species placed in the Coptodonini and Oreochromini. Tilapia are mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found living in brackish water . Historically, they have been of major importance in artisanal fishing in Africa, and they are of increasing importance in aquaculture and aquaponics . Tilapia can become

1456-687: The Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun boat: "You see the tilapia in its [true] form at the turquoise pool", and "I behold the tilapia in its [true] nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters." Tilapia were one of the three main types of fish caught in Talmudic times from the Sea of Galilee , specifically the Galilean comb ( Sarotherodon galilaeus ). Today, in Modern Hebrew,

1512-611: The Jones Point Park under the Woodrow Wilson Bridge , which is on the Potomac River . Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere consider them to be invasive species . Larger tilapia species are generally poor community aquarium fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom, and fight with other fish. The larger species are often raised as

1568-548: The Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew recounts the event took place. These species have been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years. Tilapia typically have laterally compressed, deep bodies. Like other cichlids, their lower pharyngeal bones are fused into a single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as

1624-460: The United States, tilapia are found in much of the south, especially Florida and Texas , and as far north as Idaho, where they survive in power-plant discharge zones. Tilapia are also currently stocked in the Phoenix, Arizona , canal system as an algal growth-control measure. In a Washington, D.C. fishing report from 21 June 2024, it was reported that an angler caught a Tilapia on a crankbait at

1680-416: The balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. They consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal ( Lemna spp.), most "undesirable" submerged plants, and most forms of algae. In the United States and countries such as Thailand , they are becoming the plant-control method of choice, reducing or eliminating

1736-418: The brackish-water Sarotherodon melanotheron , have attractive patterns and are quite decorative. Tilapia were originally farmed in their native Africa and Levant . Fast-growing, tolerant of stocking density, and adaptable, tilapia have been introduced to and are farmed extensively in many parts of Asia and are increasingly common aquaculture targets elsewhere. Farmed tilapia production in 2002 worldwide

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1792-602: The calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year. This may be termed a "year's time", but is not a "calendar year". The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. Since they are three months each, they are also called trimesters . In the Gregorian calendar : In some domains, weeks are preferred over months for scheduling and reporting, so they use quarters of exactly 13 weeks each, often following ISO week date conventions. One in five to six years has

1848-551: The company to expand its shrimp farming business, resulting in fully integrated operations that produce for the company's processing plants as well as other processing plants in Thailand. In the management of the company's shrimp farms, research and development and technology are applied to find ways to prevent the outbreak of disease in shrimp and farming methods, which are friendly to the environment and do not cause residue build-up. The company promotes "probiotic farming" which avoids

1904-414: The country. The products are also distributed in surrounding local areas, to wholesalers and retailers, or to the company's processing plants or other processing plants in Thailand. The company has offices across the country, which act as centers for technical information to farmers on how to properly raise animals to obtain fast growth as well as assistance with marketing and distribution. The company has

1960-517: The eastern and southern regions of Thailand. The company has developed fish breeds to distribute to farmers, including tabtim fish fry, developed from tilapia fish. In 2006, the company also succeeded in developing the morakot fish breed type, which was developed from basa fish . Products in this category can be further divided according to two types of production process: shrimp and fish farming for commercial purposes and processing and manufacture of cooked food products. "Traceability" has prompted

2016-500: The fertilized eggs and young fish in their mouths for several days after the yolk sac is absorbed. Historically, all tilapia have been included in their namesake genus Tilapia . In recent decades, some were moved into a few other genera, notably Oreochromis , and Sarotherodon . Even with this modification, apparently Tilapia was strongly poly– or paraphyletic . In 2013, a major taxonomic review resolved this by moving most former Tilapia spp. to several other genera. As

2072-526: The fish species is called amnoon (probably a compound of am , "mother" and noon , "fish"). In English, it is sometimes known by the name "St. Peter's fish", which comes from the narrative in the Gospel of Matthew about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth . Though the passage does not name the fish, different tilapia species ( Sarotherodon galilaeus , Oreochromis aureus , Coptodon zillii , and Tristramella ) are found in

2128-453: The fish, but they make the product unattractive to consumers. Simple quality-control procedures are known to be effective in ensuring the quality of fish entering the market. Tilapia have very low levels of mercury . Tilapia are low in saturated fat , calories, carbohydrates, and sodium, and are a good protein source. They also contain the micronutrients phosphorus , niacin , selenium , vitamin B 12 , and potassium . Tilapia may be

2184-567: The flax, ALA and the two types almost unique to animal sources ( DHA and EPA ), increased in the fish fed this diet. Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish, while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean , although soy-based diets with soy oil may also change in

2240-665: The forms of concentrate, powder and pellets for chickens, cows, swine, and ducks. The feed is distributed by more than 600 sales representatives throughout Thailand. A portion of the livestock feed is sold directly to large animal farms. The company researches and develops natural animal breeds. The goal is to obtain breeds that are disease-free and suited to the breeding environment in Thailand. The company produces parent stock broiler chicks, parent stock layer chicks, parent stock swine, broiler chicks, layer chicks, layers, and piglets for distribution to animal farms and domestic sales representatives. Grandparent stock used in livestock breeding

2296-411: The main product being shrimp feed. Aquatic feed is produced in the forms of concentrate, powder, and pellets and distributed through sales representatives who are in shrimp farming areas throughout the country. Agricultural products such as soybean meal, fish meal, and wheat flour are used in the production of aquatic feed. Following the company's policy of supporting sustained growth and development in

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2352-435: The numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the vector of the disease. These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as invasive species. Tilapia are unable to survive in temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus , has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at 7 °C (45 °F), while all other species of tilapia die at

2408-541: The preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade. Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapia cichlids are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis , Sarotherodon , and Coptodon (all were formerly in the namesake genus Tilapia ). Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and popular among artisanal and commercial fisheries . Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as Papua New Guinea ,

2464-514: The process of boiling, steaming, frying, baking and grilling according to customer specifications. Export products are distributed through importers in various countries in the European Union, Asia, and Japan. The aquaculture business includes mainly shrimp and some fish. The products can be classified into three main categories: animal feed, animal breeders, and meat and food products. The company produces and distributes aquatic feed, with

2520-433: The productive output of both. Arkansas stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, favoring tilapia as a robust forage species and for anglers. In Kenya, tilapia help control mosquitoes , which carry malaria parasites. They consume mosquito larvae , which reduces the numbers of adult females, the disease's vector . In Brazil , Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fish skin applied as

2576-494: The products have been manufactured according to customer specifications. In June 2014, after a several-month-long investigation, the British newspaper The Guardian claimed that Charoen Pokphand Foods (CPF) purchases fishmeal , which it then feeds to its farmed prawns, from suppliers that own, operate, or buy from fishing boats manned with slaves . The Guardian claimed that after the slaves are bought "for as little as £250",

2632-672: The question of desirability of Tilapia culture in other parts of India. Whole tilapia fish can be processed into skinless, boneless fillets. In some of the commercial strains, the yield has been reported up to 47% at harvest weight. Tilapia are among the commercially important aquaculture species that are susceptible to off-flavors (others include trout, barramundi , and channel catfish ). These 'muddy' or 'musty' flavors are normally caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol , organic products of ubiquitous cyanobacteria that are often present or bloom sporadically in water bodies and soil. These flavors are no indication of freshness or safety of

2688-413: The shrimp industry, the company has developed shrimp fry to distribute to farmers, which will increase their opportunity to successfully farm shrimp. In 2004, the company entered into a joint venture with an American company with shrimp breeding expertise to develop shrimp fry that are suitable to for farming conditions in Thailand. The company's culture farms and hatcheries are in the shrimp farming areas in

2744-679: The state in the 1950s as a cheap protein source, quickly spread across the state’s freshwater bodies because of its ability to thrive in polluted, low-oxygen environments. The Fisheries Research Committee has recommended the culture of this fish only in areas in the western slopes of the Western Ghats and the coastal strip between Cape Comorin and south of and excluding river Tapti, and in districts of Tinnevellv, Madurai and Ramnad in Madras south of and including river Vaigai. The Committee has suggested further investigation to enable it to examine

2800-458: The two main marine animals are shrimp and fish. Calendar year 2017 results: revenues of 501,507 million baht , net income of 15,259 million baht, and total assets of 593,497 million baht. It employed 126,341 persons in 2017. CPF's livestock business includes broilers , layers , swine , and ducks . Products can be divided into three main categories, animal feed , breeders , and meat and food products. The company produces livestock feed in

2856-418: The use of drugs and chemicals. Products derived from processing are one of the important products in the food products category of the aquaculture business. The main products are processed fresh shrimp and value-added processed shrimp, most of which are produced for export as chilled and frozen products and distributed through importers in various countries. The selling prices are also determined by agreement if

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2912-450: The use of so-called "supermales" that have homozygous male sex chromosomes (resulting in all their offspring receiving a male sex chromosome and thus becoming males). Males are preferred because they grow much faster than females. Additionally, because tilapia are prolific breeders, the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals. Tilapia, as

2968-439: The use of toxic chemicals and heavy metal-based algaecides. However, their environmental impact as an invasive species may outweigh their ecological benefit. Their tolerance for a wide range of environmental conditions allow them to thrive in polluted or otherwise degraded aquatic habitats. They are used for zoo ponds as a source of food for birds. Tilapia can be farmed with shrimp in a symbiotic manner, positively enhancing

3024-501: The working conditions on those boats included forced labor with 20-hour work days, forced drug use, starvation, and executions. In July 2014, CP Foods hosted a three-day meeting to create a task force on the issue, with representatives from retailers, local government authorities, and non-governmental organisations such as Oxfam and the Environmental Justice Foundation . The progress made at this meeting

3080-427: Was about 1.5 million tonnes (1.7 million short tons) annually, with an estimated value of US$ 1.8 billion, about equal to those of salmon and trout . Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain , and makes tilapia

3136-618: Was represented by the hieroglyph K1 , of the Gardiner list : 𓆛. The fish symbolized rebirth in Egyptian art , and was associated in Egyptian belief-systems with Hathor , goddess of fertility and abundance. The tilapia was also said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey across the sky, and a tilapia painted on tomb walls may recall part of spell 15 of the Book of

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