56-502: The Chaulukya dynasty ( IAST : Caulukya ), also Solanki dynasty , was a dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat in western India, between c. 940 CE and c. 1244 CE . Their capital was located at Anahilavada (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh . The family is also known as the "Solanki dynasty" in
112-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
168-450: A Jain nun. After her death, she was reborn as Draupadi and was married to five pandavas. His Kavyanuprakasha follows the model of Kashmiri rhetorician Mammata's Kavya-prakasha . He quoted other scholars like Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta in his works. Abhidhan-Chintamani (IAST abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi-kośa) is a lexicon while Anekarth Kosha is a lexicon of words bearing multiple meanings. Deshi-Shabda-Sangraho or Desi-nama-mala
224-600: A Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya". His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his Kumarapala-Charita mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in Kirti-Kaumudi ) and "Chulukya" (in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala). "Solanki" or "Solankhi"
280-509: A century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
336-583: A fire-pit on Mount Abu . A section of colonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual. The Chaulukya rulers have been called " Gurjararāja " and " Gurjareśvara " ("ruler of Gurjara"). Based on this legend, D. R. Bhandarkar and others theorized that
392-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
448-546: A historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two. This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day Mathura . C. V. Vaidya theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. G. H. Ojha opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of
504-552: A new grammar work in the style of Pāṇini 's Aṣṭādhyāyī . He named his work Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana after himself and the king. Siddharaja was so pleased with the work that he ordered it to be placed on the back of an elephant and paraded through the streets of Anhilwad Patan. Hemachandra also composed the Dvyashraya Kavya , an epic on the history of the Chaulukya dynasty , to illustrate his grammar. According to
560-541: A short syllable to a cadence of length n − 1, or a long syllable to one of n − 2. This recursion relation F ( n ) = F ( n − 1) + F ( n − 2) is what defines the Fibonacci sequence. He ( c. 1150 CE ) studied the rhythms of Sanskrit poetry. Syllables in Sanskrit are either long or short. Long syllables have twice the length of short syllables. The question he asked
616-649: Is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for
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#1732764696828672-401: Is a vernacular form of the term. The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word " Chalukya ". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of Vatapi , Navasarika , Vemulavada , Kalyani , Vengi and Lata . These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike
728-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
784-626: Is generally accepted. A prodigious writer, Hemachandra wrote grammars of Sanskrit and Prakrit , poetry , prosody , lexicons , texts on science and logic and many branches of Indian philosophy . His systematic exposition of the Jain path in the Yogaśāstra and its auto-commentary is a very influential text in Jain thought. According to Olle Quarnström it is "the most comprehensive treatise on Śvetāmbara Jainism known to us". The Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana includes six languages: Sanskrit ,
840-529: Is the lexicon of local or non-Sanskrit origin. Niganthu Sesa is a botanical lexicon. He composed the Chandonushasana , a work on prosody , with commentary. Hemachandra, following the earlier Gopala, described the Fibonacci sequence in around 1150, about fifty years before Fibonacci (1202). He was considering the number of cadences of length n , and showed that these could be formed by adding
896-481: Is the only known Apabhraṃśa grammar. He wrote the grammar in form of rules, with 8 Adhyayas (Chapters) and "Tattvaprakaashika prakash" with "maharnav nyaas" in one year. Jayasimha Siddharaja had installed the grammar work in Patan's (historically Anhilpur) state library. Many copies were made of it, and many schemes were announced for the study of the grammar. Scholars named Kaakal and Kaayasth took great efforts to teach
952-605: The Pariśiṣṭaparvan or Sthavirāvalīcarita , contains his own commentary and is in itself a treatise of considerable depth It has been translated into English as The Lives of the Jain Elders . In the test, Hemchandra accepts the polyandry of Draupadi and further suggests that Draupadi was Nagasri in one of her previous lives and had poisoned a Jain monk. Therefore, she had to suffer in hell and animal incarnations for several lives before being born as woman who later became
1008-607: The Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the Queen's step-well . Kumarapala started patronizing Jainism at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism. The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with
1064-708: The Muslim traders . The Vaghela dynasty , which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala . Various princely state dynasties calling themselves Solanki (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the Lunavada State , which was a tributary to the Marathas before coming under the British rule. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST )
1120-699: The Paramaras , the Ghurids , the Yadavas and others. Taking advantage of this, the Vaghelas , who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s. Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas. The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records. The four exceptions are: Hemachandra ,
1176-556: The Prabhachandra , there was an incident where Siddharaja wanted to kill his nephew Kumarapala because it was prophesied that the kingdom would meet its demise at Kumarapala's hands. Hemachandra hid Kumarapala under a pile of manuscripts to save him. However, such motifs are common in Indian folk literature, so it is unlikely it was an actual historical event. Also, many sources differ on Siddharaja's motives. Hemachandra became
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#17327646968281232-416: The "standard" Prakrit (virtually Maharashtri Prakrit ), Shauraseni , Magahi , Paiśācī , the otherwise-unattested Cūlikāpaiśācī and Apabhraṃśa (virtually Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, prevalent in the area of Gujarat and Rajasthan at that time and the precursor of Gujarati language ). He gave a detailed grammar of Apabhraṃśa and also illustrated it with the folk literature of the time for better understanding. It
1288-516: The 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals . Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign. " Gurjara " and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and
1344-407: The Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty — the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves. However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty
1400-428: The Chaulukyas were a branch of Gurjaras , whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin. Bhandarkar and Augustus Hoernle also believed that the name of the " Lata " region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras. However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves: it
1456-522: The Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive. According to the Agnikula myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary epic poem Prithviraj Raso , four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from
1512-538: The Gujarati language . Born as Changadeva, he was ordained in the Śvētāmbara school of Jainism in 1110 and took the name Somachandra. In 1125 he became an adviser to King Kumarapala and wrote Arhanniti , a work on politics from a Jain perspective. He also produced Trishashti-shalaka-purusha-charita (“Deeds of the 63 Illustrious Men”), a Sanskrit epic poem on the history of important figures of Jainism. Later in his life, he changed his name to Hemachandra. Hemachandra
1568-526: The Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya". According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion. Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or
1624-488: The advisor to Kumarapala. During Kumarapala's reign, Gujarat became a center of culture. Using the Jain approach of Anekantavada , Hemchandra is said to have displayed a broad-minded attitude, which pleased Kumarapala. Kumarapala was a Shaiva and ordered the rebuilding of Somnath at Prabhas Patan . Some Hindu saints who were jealous of Hemachandra's rising popularity with the Kumarapala complained that Hemachandra
1680-539: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Hemachandra Hemachandra
1736-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
Chaulukya dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
1848-451: The dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra 's Dvyashraya-Kavya . According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as
1904-482: The grammar. In 1125, he became an adviser to Kumarapala and wrote the Arhanniti , a work on politics from a Jain perspective. To illustrate the grammar, he produced the epic poetry Dvyashraya Kavya on the history of Chaulukya dynasty . It is an important source of history of region of the time. The epic poem Trīṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacharitra or "Lives of Sixty-Three Great Men" is a hagiographical treatment of
1960-589: The kingdom and raided the Somnath temple during 1024-1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the Chahamanas of Jalor and the Chahamanas of Naddula , served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by
2016-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
2072-556: The passions like attachment and malice which are the cause of the cycle of birth and death; whether he is Brahma , Vishnu , Shiva or Jina . Ultimately, the king became a devoted follower of Hemachandra and a champion of Jainism. Starting in 1121, Hemachandra was involved in the construction of the Jain temple at Taranga . His influence on Kumarapala resulted in Jainism becoming the official religion of Gujarat and animal slaughter
2128-543: The reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than
2184-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
2240-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
2296-600: The southern Ganga chief Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the Rashtrakutas . Most of the dynasty's rulers were Shaivaite , although they also patronized Jainism . The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for Digambara Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the Svetambara Jains. The earliest of
Chaulukya dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-541: The term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat. The Chaulukya kings were called " Gurjararāja " and " Gurjareśvara " because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time. Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Gurjaras of Nandipuri . Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even
2408-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
2464-414: The twenty four tirthankaras and other important persons instrumental in defining the Jain philosophical position, collectively called the " śalākāpuruṣa ", their asceticism and eventual liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, as well as the legendary spread of the Jain influence. It still serves as the standard synthesis of source material for the early history of Jainism. The appendix to this work,
2520-565: The vernacular literature. They belonged to the Solanki clan of Rajputs . Mularaja , the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the Chavda dynasty around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas , the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari . During the reign of Bhima I , the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud invaded
2576-508: The works of Bhoja from Dhar along with other things. One day Siddhraja came across the manuscript of Sarasvati-Kanthabharana (also known as the Lakshana Prakash ), a treatise on Sanskrit grammar . He was so impressed by it that he told the scholars in his court to produce a grammar that was as easy and lucid. Hemachandra requested Siddharaja to find the eight best grammatical treatises from Kashmir . He studied them and produced
2632-486: The young Hemachandra's intellect. His mother and maternal uncle concurred with Devachandra, in opposition to his father, that Hemachandra be a disciple of his. Devachandra took Hemachandra to Khambhat , where Hemachandra was placed under the care of the local governor Udayana. Chachiga came to Udayana's place to take his son back, but was so overwhelmed by the kind treatment he received, that he decided to willingly leave his son with Devachandra. Some years later, Hemachandra
2688-410: Was a 12th century ( c. 1088 – c. 1172/1173 CE ) Śvetāmbara Jain acharya ,scholar, poet, mathematician, philosopher , yogi , grammarian , law theorist , historian , lexicographer , rhetorician , logician , and prosodist . Noted as a prodigy by his contemporaries, he gained the title kalikālasarvajña , "the knower of all knowledge in his times" and father of
2744-401: Was a very arrogant person, that he did not respect the vedic deities and that he refused to bow down to Hindu God Shiva . When called upon to visit the temple on the inauguration with Kumarapala, Hemachandra readily bowed before the lingam but said: Bhava Bijankaura-janana Ragadyam Kshayamupagata Yasya, Brahma va Vishnu va Haro Jino va Namastasmai. I bow down to him who has destroyed
2800-546: Was banned in the state. The tradition of animal sacrifice in the name of religion was completely uprooted in Gujarat. As a result, even almost 900 years after Hemchandra, Gujarat still continues to be a predominantly lacto-vegetarian state, despite having an extensive coastline. He announced about his death six months in advance and fasted in his last days, a Jain practice called sallekhana . He died at Anhilavad Patan. The year of death differs according to sources but 1173
2856-467: Was born in Dhandhuka , in present-day Gujarat , on Kartika Sud Purnima (the full moon day of Kartika month). His date of birth differs according to sources but 1088 is generally accepted. His father, Chachiga-deva was a Modh Bania. His mother, Pahini, was a Jain . Hemchandra's original given name was Changadeva. In his childhood, the Jain monk Devachandra Suri visited Dhandhuka and was impressed by
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#17327646968282912-521: Was created by Brahma . The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows: the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka (pot or folded palm in Sanskrit ), which was filled with Ganges water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of
2968-444: Was initiated a Jain monk on Magha Sud Chauth (4th day of the bright half of Magha month) and was given a new name, Somchandra. Udayana helped Devchandra Suri in the ceremony. He was trained in religious discourse, philosophy, logic and grammar and became well versed in Jain and non–Jain scriptures. At the age of 21, he was ordained an acharya of the Śvētāmbara school of Jainism at Nagaur in present-day Rajasthan . At this time, he
3024-490: Was introduced to Jayasimha Siddharaja ( fl. 1092–1141) and soon rose to prominence in the Chaulukya royal court. According to the Prabhavakacarita of Prabhācandra , the earliest biography of Hemachandra, Jayasimha spotted Hemachandra while passing through the streets of his capital. The king was impressed with an impromptu verse uttered by the young monk. In 1135, when Siddharaja conquered Malwa , he brought
3080-425: Was named Hemachandra Suri. At the time, Gujarat was ruled by the Chaulukya dynasty from Anhilavada (Patan). It is not certain when Hemachandra visited Patan for the first time. As Jain monks are mendicants for eight months and stay at one place during Chaturmas , the four monsoon months, he started living at Patan during these periods and produced the majority of his works there. Probably around 1125, he
3136-522: Was the neighbouring Paramara rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin. The inscriptions from the reign of Bhima II prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves. The earliest copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention this legend either. The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by
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