The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism . Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style .
20-547: (Redirected from Chicago School ) Chicago school may refer to: University of Chicago [ edit ] Chicago school (architecture) Chicago school (economics) Chicago school (literary criticism) Chicago school (mathematical analysis) Chicago school (sociology) Other [ edit ] The Chicago School , a private university in Chicago, not associated with University of Chicago Topics referred to by
40-526: A corbel , bracket or similar is called an oriel window . " Rawashin " is a traditional and distinctive style of corbelled bay window in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia (e.g., as on the frontage of Nasseef House ). Most medieval bay windows and up to the Baroque era are oriel windows. They frequently appear as a highly ornamented addition to the building rather than an organic part of it. Particularly during
60-415: A building and forming a bay in a room. It typically consists of a central windowpane, called a fixed sash, flanked by two or more smaller windows, known as casement or double-hung windows. The arrangement creates a panoramic view of the outside, allows more natural light to enter the room, and provides additional space within the room. Bay windows are often designed to extend beyond the exterior wall, forming
80-468: A small nook or seating area inside, which can be used for various purposes such as reading, display, or simply enjoying the view. They are commonly found in residential buildings, particularly in living rooms, dining areas, or bedrooms, but can also be seen in commercial or public structures. Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window constructions, regardless of whether they are curved or angular, or run over one or multiple storeys . In plan,
100-420: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chicago school (architecture) A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems , such as the tube-frame structure . While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in
120-664: The Gothic period they often serve as small house chapels , with the oriel window containing an altar and resembling an apse of a church. Especially in Nuremberg these are even called Chörlein ( lit. ' little apse/ choir ' ), with the most famous example being the one from the parsonage of St. Sebaldus Church . In Islamic architecture , oriel windows such as the Arabic mashrabiya are frequently made of wood and allow viewing out while restricting visibility from
140-517: The Chicago School include Henry Hobson Richardson , Dankmar Adler , Daniel Burnham , William Holabird , William LeBaron Jenney , Martin Roche , John Root , Solon S. Beman , and Louis Sullivan . Frank Lloyd Wright started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture. The Home Insurance Building , which some regarded as the first skyscraper in
160-615: The US, Canada, and Australia. Following the pioneering model of pre-modern commercial architecture at the Oriel Chambers in Liverpool , they feature on early Chicago School skyscrapers, where they often run the whole height of the building's upper storeys. They also feature in bay-and-gable houses commonly found in older portions of Toronto . Bay windows were identified as a defining characteristic of San Francisco architecture in
180-714: The United States. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School. Myron Goldsmith , Bruce Graham , Walter Netsch , and Fazlur Khan were among its most influential architects. The Bangladeshi -born structural engineer Khan introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction . The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from
200-468: The city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to Carl Condit 's 1952 book The Chicago School of Architecture . Historians such as H. Allen Brooks , Winston Weisman and Daniel Bluestone have pointed out that the phrase suggests a unified set of aesthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used
220-434: The facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming bay windows . The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation; a single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows , that projected out over the street. Architects whose names are associated with
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#1732765968009240-543: The foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building , which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. This laid
260-399: The foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own John Hancock Center and Willis Tower . Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical , art deco , modern , and postmodern . Bay window A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of
280-416: The most frequently used shapes are isosceles trapezoid (which may be referred to as a canted bay window ) and rectangle . But other polygonal shapes with more than two corners are also common, as are curved shapes. If a bay window is curved it may alternatively be called bow window . Bay windows in a triangular shape with just one corner exist, but are relatively rare. A bay window supported by
300-451: The outside. Especially in warmer climates, a bay window may be identical to a balcony with a privacy shield or screen. Bay windows can make a room appear larger, and provide views of the outside which would be unavailable with an ordinary flat window. They are found in terraced houses , semis , and detached houses as well as in blocks of flats . Based on British models, their use spread to other English-speaking countries like Ireland,
320-502: The phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school." Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta ), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting the amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers . Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain
340-425: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chicago school . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_school&oldid=1222715198 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
360-489: The three parts of a classical column . The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent the capital. The " Chicago window " originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on
380-618: The use of steel for vertical and horizontal members. The Second Chicago School's first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown , who was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in
400-498: The world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931 . In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of historicist ones, and the standard Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and
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