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25-719: It was created an urban district by a county review order on 1 October 1933 as the merger of the former area of: The district lay on the edge of the Greater London Conurbation and experienced a rapid population growth, in part caused by London County Council out-county construction at Loughton , the Urban District's headquarters, and also in the south east of the district of the Hainault Estate (which also extended into neighbouring Ilford and Dagenham ). Extensive council house building by

50-606: A change in nomenclature: the authorities created by the 1858 act were simply entitled "local boards" and their areas as "local government districts". When the General Board of Health was abolished in 1858 its responsibilities in respect of local government passed to the Secretary of State of the Home Department , in whose department a Local Government Act Office was formed to administer the local boards. In 1871

75-492: A result of subsequent legislation, all urban and rural areas in Wales are today covered by 870 communities as sub-entities of 22 unitary authorities (or principal areas ). Local board of health A local board of health (or simply a local board ) was a local authority in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean

100-560: A separate agency was again formed entitled the Local Government Board , with a President who was frequently a Cabinet member. The Local Government Board also took over the duties of the Poor Law Board . The procedure for adopting the act and constituting a local board was laid out in sections 12 – 17 of the act, and was similar to that in the 1848 act. Changes made included: The method of electing members of

125-727: A single parish , while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have more problems with public health than rural areas, and so urban district councils had more funding and greater powers than comparable rural districts. Urban districts normally covered smaller towns, usually with populations of fewer than 30,000. When the 1894 Act came into force on 31 December 1894 there had been 753 urban districts, of which 692 had previously been local government districts , 30 had been improvement commissioners districts and 31 were places newly given urban powers in 1894. The number of urban districts initially increased after 1894 as more places sought urban powers, but implementation of

150-905: The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 ): these had a slightly higher status and the right to appoint a mayor . Urban districts in the outer London area were absorbed into London Boroughs in 1965 as a consequence of the London Government Act 1963 . All remaining urban districts in England and Wales were abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 , and replaced with a uniform system of larger districts – see Districts of England and Districts of Wales – which often covered both urban and rural areas. Many parish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts and, as

175-759: The Chigwell Urban District itself took place between Buckhurst Hill and Loughton . In 1948, the New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board brought the London Underground services of the Central line to six stations in the district; namely Roding Valley , Chigwell , Grange Hill , Buckhurst Hill , Loughton and Debden . The large LT Hainault depot was also mostly in

200-532: The U.D. The coat of arms were granted in 1951 and represent Or, a stag at rest proper, on a chief gules three axe-heads bendwise sinister with blades down-words argent. The Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London considered the entire district for inclusion in Greater London , however after strong local resistance, only a small area of 81 acres (330,000 m) around Hainault

225-462: The act was applied by Order in Council . Where a new district was created this was done by provisional order of the General Board, confirmed by Parliament. Members of local boards were either: Where a local board district coincided with a borough, or was entirely within a borough's limits, all the members were selected by the corporation. Where a district was entirely outside a municipality, all

250-458: The board remained the same, although existing or new boards could now be divided into wards. The Town Police Clauses Act 1847 had included model clauses for the government of towns which could be adopted in all or in part by existing borough corporations, local boards of health or improvement commissioners. The application of these was very uneven, so they were incorporated into the 1858 act, all local boards gaining these powers. Areas covered by

275-535: The clauses were: The local board also took over any lamps, lamp posts and gas posts provided by the Lighting and Watching Act 1833 , and was given a new power to provide a market place where one was required or inadequate. The number of local boards peaked at 721 in 1873. In that year the Public Health Act 1872 merged local boards into municipal boroughs and improvement commissioners where they shared

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300-471: The district and board did not change however, the local board assuming extra duties as a sanitary authority. Local boards and local government districts were finally abolished by the Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73), when all urban sanitary districts became urban districts . A new urban district council was to govern the district. The new council was to be directly elected by all those entitled to voted in parliamentary elections, replacing

325-407: The latter case a superintending inspector appointed by the General Board would hold an inquiry into the sewerage, drainage, supply of water, state of burial grounds and other matters relating to the sanitary condition of the town, and where necessary define boundaries for the district of the local board. Where the boundaries of a proposed local board's district were the same as an existing local unit,

350-582: The members were elected. In districts which were partly in and partly outside a borough the board had a mixture of selected and elected members. Selected members did not have to be members of the corporation. Borough mayors were ex officio board members. Those entitled to elect board members could have multiple votes depending on how much property they owned. This ranged from one vote for owners of property worth less than £50, to six votes for those holding more than £250 of property. It followed that board members were generally wealthy property owners or members of

375-475: The other two members being appointed by warrant. The board was originally to be dissolved after five years, but acts of parliament were passed annually allowing for its continuation. Chadwick was appointed a commissioner, and the board was strongly associated with him. In 1852, Edward Gotto was employed to carry out the national General Board of Health Survey. The board finally ceased to exist on 1 September 1858. Local boards could be formed in two ways: In

400-407: The professions. The powers and duties of a local board of health were enumerated in the act: The 1848 act was replaced by the Local Government Act 1858 ( 21 & 22 Vict. c. 98). The act came into force in all existing local board of health districts on 1 September 1858. The act made some changes to the procedure for constituting a local board and gave them some additional powers. There was also

425-444: The recommendations of a series of county reviews as established by the Local Government Act 1929 saw a net decrease of 159 between 1932 and 1938. In many instances smaller urban districts were merged with their surrounding rural districts, with the result that new districts emerged covering rural as well as urban parishes. At the same time, a number of larger urban districts became municipal boroughs (as already created, in 1835 under

450-511: The same district. 419 of the local boards had been formed under the Public Health Act 1848 , the remaining 302 under the Local Government Act 1858 . The number of local boards was inflated in 1862–63, as communities adopted the act in order to avoid being grouped into highway districts under the Highways Act 1862 . Many of these local government districts had a population of fewer than 500, and several fewer than 100. Further legislation

475-483: The streets, regulate environmental health risks including slaughterhouses and ensure the proper supply of water to their districts. Local boards were eventually merged with the corporations of municipal boroughs in 1873, or became urban districts in 1894. The first local boards were created under the Public Health Act 1848 ( 11 & 12 Vict. c. 63). The aim of the act was to improve the sanitary condition of towns and populous places in England and Wales by placing:

500-641: The supply of water; sewerage; drainage; cleansing; paving, and environmental health regulation under a single local body. The act could be applied to any place in England and Wales except the City of London and some other areas in the Metropolis already under the control of sewer commissioners . The Act was passed by the Whig government of Lord John Russell , in response to the urging of Edwin Chadwick . This

525-449: Was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an elected urban district council ( UDC ), which shared local government responsibilities with a county council . In England and Wales , urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) as subdivisions of administrative counties . A similar model of urban and rural districts

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550-615: Was also established in Ireland in 1899, which continued separately in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after 1921. They replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts (based on poor law unions ) whose functions were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had wider powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries and local planning. An urban district usually contained

575-406: Was passed in 1863 to limit the population of a new local government district to 3,000 or more. Some of these small authorities survived as urban districts until the county review orders of the 1930s. The Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) designated local government districts as urban sanitary districts , with the local board becoming the urban sanitary authority. The titles of

600-714: Was supported by reports, from the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns (formed in 1843) and local branches of the Health of Towns Association (formed in 1844), of poor and insanitary conditions in many UK cities. The act created a General Board of Health as a central authority to administer the act. There were three commissioners: the president of the board being the First Commissioner of Her Majesty's Woods and Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings ,

625-668: Was transferred from the urban district and Essex to form part of the London Borough of Redbridge in Greater London in 1965. The population of this area in 1961 was 7,071. On 1 April 1974 the remainder of the district was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 and the area has since formed part of the Epping Forest District . 51°38′N 0°04′E  /  51.63°N 0.07°E  / 51.63; 0.07 Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland) In England and Wales , an urban district

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