China Everbright Group is a Chinese state-owned enterprise . Everbright Group was a subsidiary (55.67 percent) of Central Huijin Investment . The Ministry of Finance of China owned the rest of the stake, which Central Huijin acquired on 8 December 2014.
56-531: China Everbright Group was ranked 210th in 2022 Fortune Global 500 . China Everbright Holdings was established in British Hong Kong in 1983, by three proxy persons for the Government of China: Wang Guangying , Zhang Lansheng ( Chinese : 张澜生 ) and Ren Xiguang ( Chinese : 任锡光 ), with Wang "owned" most of the shares until 1990, which was transferred to Qiu Qing ( Chinese : 邱晴 ),
112-774: A joint-stock company with limited liabilities (as Chinese : 中国光大集团股份公司 ). The company via its wholly owned subsidiary China Everbright Holdings ( Chinese : 中國光大集團有限公司 ), owned 49.74 percent stake of China Everbright Limited and 0.18 percent stake of China Everbright Bank. China Everbright Group also owned 29.68% stake of Everbright Securities, 23.96 per cent stake of China Everbright Bank directly. China Everbright Group also owned 41.39 percent stake in Everbright International and 4.98% stake in Shenwan Hongyuan . Fortune Global 500 The Fortune Global 500 , also known as Global 500 ,
168-476: A city limit. Since 2001, there has been significant change in the geographical distribution of the companies in the Global 500 rankings. Most of this growth is accounted for by a rapid increase in the number of Chinese Global 500 companies, of which there were 135 by 2021, increasing from only 10 in 2001. The share of European -based companies also declined, from 158 to 143, over the same period. The following
224-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
280-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
336-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
392-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
448-648: A parent company incorporated in Beijing (as China Everbright Group , was known as Chinese : 中国光大（集团）总公司 , incorporated in 1990 but could be traced back to 光大实业公司 , the name used in the document of the State Council) and a wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong ( China Everbright Holdings Co., Ltd. Chinese : 中国光大集团有限公司 was known as Violight Industry Co., Ltd. Chinese : 紫光实业有限公司 from 1983 to 1984). Due to foreign exchange controls ,
504-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
560-691: A truly global list of top industrial corporations as ranked by sales. Since 1995, the list has had its current form, listing also top financial corporations and service providers by revenue. Several inconsistencies exist in Fortune 's ranking of cities with the most Fortune 500 headquarters. On June 3, 2011, the Atlanta Business Chronicle stated examples of Fortune including regional headquarters for some cities, excluding regional headquarters for other cities and in some cases excluding headquarters that are physically located inside
616-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
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#1732787120537672-467: Is an annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide as measured by revenue . The list is compiled and published annually by Fortune magazine. Until 1989, it listed only non– United States industrial corporations under the title "International 500" while the Fortune 500 contained and still contains exclusively United States corporations. In 1990, United States companies were added to compile
728-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
784-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
840-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
896-549: Is the list of Top 10 companies in 2023: These are the Top 10 countries/territories with the highest revenues from the Top 500 companies as of August 2023: As of August 2023 , 28 (6%) of the Fortune Global 500 companies are located outside East Asia , North America , and Europe : The following are the top-ranked companies in 2023 for each sector: The following is the list of Top 10 companies in 2022: These are
952-422: Is the list of Top 10 companies: Fortune had previously listed Shell as a British/Dutch company, but as of the 2016 listing it is listed as Dutch. As of November 2017 , this is the list of the Top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies: The Global 500 includes Unilever under the heading "Britain/Netherlands", as the company is counted in the tally for both countries. As can be seen from
1008-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
1064-538: The IMF ( List of countries by GDP (nominal) ). Among the Fortune Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. The top-ranked companies in each sector are as follows: Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during
1120-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
1176-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
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#17327871205371232-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
1288-511: The 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
1344-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
1400-522: The State Council directly, Everbright Group was assigned to the People's Bank of China as the intermediate supervising entity. In 2000, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission were added as the supervisors for the financial businesses, with the Ministry of Finance excising the shareholders rights. State Economic and Trade Commission was also added as
1456-423: The Top 10 countries with the highest revenues from the Top 500 companies as of August 2022: As of August 2022 , 26 (5%) of the Fortune Global 500 companies are located outside East Asia , North America , and Europe : The following are the top-ranked companies in 2022 for each sector: The following is the list of Top 10 companies: As of August 2021 , this is the list of the Top 10 countries with
1512-546: The United Kingdom) are the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF ( List of countries by GDP (nominal) ). Among the Global 500, 379 companies (75.8%) are from these six countries. The following are the top-ranked companies in 2018 for each sector: The following are the top-ranked companies in 2018 for each industry: Most profitable The following is the Global 500 list sorted by profits: The following
1568-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
1624-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
1680-604: The company is counted in the tally for both countries. As shown in the table above, 436 (87.2%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, Germany, France and
1736-485: The company is counted in the tally for both countries. The following are the top-ranked companies in 2020 for each sector: As of August 2020 , just 24 (5%) of the Fortune Global 500 companies are located outside East Asia, North America, and Europe: The following is the list of Top 10 companies: As of July 2019 , this is the list of the Top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies: The Global 500 includes Unilever & Royal Dutch Shell under
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1792-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
1848-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
1904-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
1960-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
2016-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
2072-511: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
2128-502: The group was split into financial and non-financial company, the latter was led by China Everbright Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd. ( Chinese : 中国光大实业（集团）有限责任公司 ), which was owned by Central Huijin from 2007 to 2014 (merged back to China Everbright Group). In 2014, Central Huijin became a major shareholder of Everbright Group by injecting 90 billion shares of Everbright Bank and 100 percent stake of Everbright Industrial back into Everbright Group. The company also re-incorporated as
2184-400: The heading "Britain/Netherlands", as the company is counted in the tally for both countries. The following are the top-ranked companies in 2019 for each sector: The following is the list of Top 10 companies: As of July 2018 , this is the list of the Top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies: The Global 500 includes Unilever under the heading "Britain/Netherlands", as
2240-421: The highest revenues Top 500 companies: As of August 2021 , just 21 (4%) of the Fortune Global 500 companies are located outside East Asia, North America, and Europe: The following is the list of Top 10 companies: As of August 2020 , this is the list of the Top 10 countries with the highest earning Top 500 companies: The Global 500 includes Unilever under the heading "Britain/Netherlands", as
2296-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
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2352-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
2408-618: The main overseas businesses were centered on the Hong Kong–based subsidiary. Everbright Group founded China Everbright Bank in 1992, the stake in the bank was diluted by the subscription of new shares by Central Huijin Investment in 2007, as well as Everbright Group injected part of the stake of the bank to Everbright Group's subsidiary: China Everbright Limited in 1997. In 1993 China Everbright Group acquired 20 percent stake of Hong Kong–based International Bank of Asia . (The stake
2464-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
2520-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
2576-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
2632-626: The regulator if the business was in the scope of the commission. Lastly, the Chinese Communist Party committee inside the company (the de facto highest board of the company) would report to another supervising minister of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party . Zhu Xiaohua [ zh ] , the former chairman of the group who was arrested in 1999, was jailed in 2002. In 2007
2688-426: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
2744-479: The second chairman of the company. Wang was the chairman and one of the five executive directors along with Kong Dan and three others in 1985, which was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China . The State Council ratified the establishment of Everbright by a State Council document numbered No.89 [1983]. ( Chinese : 国务院国发[1983]89号文 , not published to the public). The group now had
2800-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
2856-430: The table above, 425 (85.0%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) are some of the world's largest economies as estimated by
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#17327871205372912-497: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
2968-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
3024-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
3080-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
3136-478: Was then injected to China Everbright Limited in 1997, which was sold in 2004.) Everbright Group also acquired several listed companies as reverse IPO to form China Everbright Limited ( SEHK : 165 ) in 1994 (renamed and restructured in 1997) and China Everbright International Limited ( SEHK : 257 ) in 1993. Everbright Securities was founded in Shanghai in 1996. In 1998, instead of reporting to
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