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75-528: While most of the assets of CSCEC were floated in the stock exchange as China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited (CSCECL), CSCEC retained some assets such as schools and hospitals, as well as the stake in China Construction International Corporation ( 中国对外建设总公司 ) which was not able to be transferred. Thus, CSCEC granted the listed company supervising rights. This construction firm has built several of

150-895: A bonus–malus CO 2 based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales. As of 2020 , monetary incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are available, among others, in several European Union member states , China, the United States, the UK, Japan, Norway, some provinces in Canada, South Korea, India, Israel, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Among the non-monetary incentives there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to bus lanes and high-occupancy vehicle lanes , free parking and free charging. In addition, in some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (purchase quota system for new vehicles), or have implemented permanent driving restrictions (no-drive days),

225-585: A gasoline engine ) to alleviate the range anxiety that accompanies current electric cars. Cumulative global sales of highway-legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles achieved the 1 million unit mark in September 2015, 5 million in December 2018. and the 10 million unit milestone in 2020. Despite the rapid growth experienced, however, the stock of plug-in electric cars represented just 1% of all passengers vehicles on

300-630: A battery that is continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking , they can not be recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source, and therefore, they do not belong to the category of plug-in electric vehicles. "Plug-in electric drive vehicle" is the legal term used in U.S. federal legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for federal tax credits depending on battery size and their all-electric range. In some European countries, particularly in France, "electrically chargeable vehicle"

375-416: A busy day. Opportunism can supplement or replace planning. Plug-in electric vehicle#New energy vehicles A plug-in electric vehicle ( PEV ) is any road vehicle that can utilize an external source of electricity (such as a wall socket that connects to the power grid ) to store electrical energy within its onboard rechargeable battery packs , to power an electric motor and help propel

450-401: A charging station or using a home charging system. They are known for their quiet operation, instant torque, and smooth ride, and are also more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. However, the range of a BEV is limited by the size of its battery, so it may not be suitable for long-distance travel. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV or PHV), also known as

525-554: A core part of many professional occupations, particularly in fields such as management and business . Once people have developed a plan, they can measure and assess progress , efficiency and effectiveness . As circumstances change, plans may need to be modified or even abandoned. In light of the popularity of the concept of planning, some adherents of the idea advocate planning for unplannable eventualities. Planning has been modeled in terms of intentions : deciding what tasks one might wish to do; tenacity : continuing towards

600-406: A goal in the face of difficulty and flexibility , adapting one's approach in response implementation. An implementation intention is a specification of behavior that an individual believes to be correlated with a goal will take place, such as at a particular time or in a particular place. Implementation intentions are distinguished from goal intentions, which specifies an outcome such as running

675-460: A marathon. Planning is one of the executive functions of the brain, encompassing the neurological processes involved in the formulation, evaluation and selection of a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal. Various studies utilizing a combination of neuropsychological , neuropharmacological and functional neuroimaging approaches have suggested there is a positive relationship between impaired planning ability and damage to

750-568: A new high when Baha Mar Resorts, a $ 3.4 billion casino and resort built and partially owned by CSCEC, opened after "extremely aggressive" efforts by the company to link with the Bahamas developer that started the project. It was the largest construction project undertaken by a Chinese company outside of China. The China State Construction Engineering Corporation is also constructing the new Athletics and Football Stadium in Grenada. In 2020, after

825-546: A new technology, have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology. There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug-in electric vehicles. PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as a gasoline-powered cars. Plug-in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required, which hurts overall sales and sales people commissions. Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance, resulting in loss of service revenue, and thus undermining

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900-471: A plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A plug-in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle and an all-electric vehicle : it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for propulsion, but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged, allowing operation in all-electric mode until

975-414: A pure electric vehicle, as the gasoline engine acts as a range extender. PHEVs can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system. They are a good option for those who want the benefits of electric driving, but also need the longer driving range and refueling convenience of a gasoline-powered vehicle. These contain two different energy recovery systems. The Mercedes-AMG ONE

1050-415: A salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase. Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales. As with any new technology, and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles, retailers are central to ensuring that buyers, especially those switching to

1125-601: A single electric-drive car could consume three times as much electricity as a typical home, overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same neighborhood recharge at the same time, or during the normal summer peak loads. To avoid such problems, utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand. When market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels, utilities will have to invest in improvements for local electrical grids in order to handle

1200-467: Is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is "an anticipatory decision making process" that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated decisions . It is selection of missions, objectives and "translation of knowledge into action." A planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one. A manager's job

1275-513: Is a plug-in dual hybrid . The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) and the Mercedes C254/X254 also have an electrically-assisted turbocharger / MGU-H . An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to electric propulsion, creating an all-electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle . There are several companies in

1350-416: Is crafted with a specific goal in mind in order to address a societal problem that has been prioritized by the government. Public policy planning includes environmental , land use , regional , urban and spatial planning . In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as "planning" and the professionals which operate the system are known as " planners ". It

1425-457: Is global. Lifecycle GHG emissions are complex to calculate, but compared to ICE cars generally while the EV battery causes higher emissions during vehicle manufacture this excess carbon debt is paid back after several months of driving. Internal combustion engines are relatively inefficient at converting on-board fuel energy to propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat, and the rest while

1500-437: Is heavily reliant on sufficient charging infrastructures to remain operationally practical. Plug-in hybrid vehicles are a good in-between option that provides most of electric cars' benefits when they are operating in electric mode, though typically having shorter all-electric ranges , but have the auxiliary option of driving as a conventional hybrid vehicle when the battery is low, using its internal combustion engine (usually

1575-443: Is listed among International Sponsors of War by Ukrainian National Agency on Corruption Prevention . In December 2023, China State Construction Engineers became a strategic partner with NWTN to develop new energy vehicles and green hydrogen projects. CCSCECL was responsible for managing the complex project construction process from planning and feasibility studies, to general contracting and financing assistance. NWTN will handle

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1650-400: Is planning, monitoring and controlling. Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization. It is done at all levels of the organization. Planning includes the plan, the thought process, action, and implementation. Planning gives more power over the future. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. This bridges the gap from where

1725-463: Is the formal term used to designate the vehicles eligible for these incentives. While the term "plug-in electric vehicle" most often refers to automobiles or "plug-in cars", there are several other types of plug-in electric vehicle, including battery electric multiple units , electric motorcycles and scooters , neighborhood electric vehicles or microcars , city cars , vans , buses, electric trucks or lorries , and military vehicles. In China ,

1800-470: Is the leading European country with cumulative sales of 1 million plug-in vehicles on the road, and also has led the continent plug-in sales since 2019. Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world, and also achieved in 2021 the world's largest annual plug-in market share ever registered, 86.2% of new car sales. A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle with rechargeable battery packs that can be charged from

1875-597: The Center for American Progress , PEVs are an important part of the group of technologies that will help the U.S. meet its goal under the Paris Agreement , which is a 26–28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2025. New Energy Vehicles are expected to help address issues related to environmental degradation at the global level. " Electric cars , as well as plug-in hybrids operating in all-electric mode , emit no harmful tailpipe pollutants from

1950-743: The electric grid , and the electricity stored on board drives or contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion. Plug-in electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid-enabled vehicles (GEV), and the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) calls them electrically chargeable vehicles (ECV). PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Even though conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have

2025-408: The frontal lobe . A specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex located in the frontal lobe has been implicated as playing an intrinsic role in both cognitive planning and associated executive traits such as working memory . Disruption of the neural pathways , via various mechanisms such as traumatic brain injury , or the effects of neurodegenerative diseases between this area of

2100-503: The phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales. For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles ( electric or hydrogen ). Also, some cities are planning to establish zero-emission zones (ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned. As of June 2020 , Oxford

2175-468: The power grid , thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their demand peaks. A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time. During such idle times the electricity stored in the batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid. In the U.S. this transfer back to

2250-705: The Middle East. The predecessor company opened its first overseas office in Kuwait in the late 1970s. The company broke from its regionally confined work pattern when it entered the U.S. market in 1985, opening an office in Atlanta . The U.S. subsidiary began by building housing developments with joint venture partners before undertaking its first sole development, Lantana Lakes, a 107-acre, $ 27 million complex of 42 homes, in 1987 in Jacksonville , Florida . In 2009,

2325-644: The U.S. have shown that this is a valid concern, as vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph (30 km/h) for all types of road users and not only the visually impaired. At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise. Therefore, in the 2010s laws were passed in many countries mandating warning sounds at low speeds. Lithium-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged, and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion. Reignition may occur days or months after

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2400-545: The U.S. offering conversions. The most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to plug-in hybrid, but due to the different technology used in hybrids by each carmaker, the easiest conversions are for 2004–2009 Toyota Prius and for the Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner Hybrid . PEVs have several advantages. These include improved air quality, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, noise reduction, and national security benefits. According to

2475-749: The additional cost of their lithium-ion battery pack. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) concludes that battery costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by 2022. BNEF projects that by 2040, long-range electric cars will cost less than US$ 22,000 expressed in 2016 dollars. BNEF expects electric car battery costs to be well below US$ 120 per kWh by 2030, and to fall further thereafter as new chemistries become available. Despite

2550-447: The additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts due to grid overload. Also, some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time-of-day rates, utilities can provide an incentive for plug-in owners to recharge mostly overnight when rates are lower. In the five years from 2014 to 2019, EVs increased in number and range, and doubled power draw and energy per session. Charging increased after midnight, and decreased in

2625-423: The battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER). BEVs are all-electric vehicles that use only electricity to power the motor, with no internal combustion engine. The energy stored in the rechargeable battery pack is used to power the electric motor, which propels the vehicle. BEVs have no tailpipe emissions and can be charged by plugging into

2700-422: The battery is depleted. PHEVs are a hybrid between a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle and an all-electric vehicle. They have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by a rechargeable battery pack. PHEVs operate as all-electric vehicles when the battery has a sufficient charge, and switch to gasoline power when the battery is depleted. This provides a longer driving range compared to

2775-636: The biggest source of dealer profits, their service departments. According to the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADS), dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales. Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for

2850-482: The case of cities with driving alternate-days based on the license plate number, such as San José, Costa Rica , since 2012, São Paulo and Bogotá since 2014, and Mexico City since 2015, all-electric vehicles were excluded from the driving restrictions. Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as ZEV mandates, national or regional CO 2 emissions regulations , stringent fuel economy standards, and

2925-686: The company was blacklisted for six years by the World Bank for collusion in the bidding process for the Philippines National Roads Improvement and Management Project. With the encouragement of the Chinese government and financing assistance from the Export-Import Bank of China , CSCEC has taken increasingly bold steps as a builder and investor of overseas projects. In 2011, the going abroad trend hit

3000-637: The coronavirus outbreak, CSCEC built two hospitals in Wuhan in the span of 10 to 12 days. The 1,000-bed Huoshenshan hospital was finished on February 3, while the 1,600-bed hospital Leishenshan was finished on February 5. On 28 August 2020, the United States Department of Defense released the names of companies with ties to the People's Liberation Army operating directly or indirectly in the United States. China State Construction Group Co., Ltd.

3075-691: The deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets. Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax credits , purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road , bridge and tunnel tolls , and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees. Some countries, like France, also introduced

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3150-710: The development and introduction of new energy vehicles, aiming to reduce the country's reliance on petroleum imports and better achieve energy security by promoting more electrified transportation powered by domestically generated , sustainable energy supply (see Energy policy of China ). A battery electric vehicle (BEV) uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs as its only source for propulsion. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. A plug-in hybrid operates as an all-electric vehicle or BEV when operating in charge-depleting mode, but it switches to charge-sustaining mode after

3225-422: The engine is idling. Electric motors , on the other hand, are more efficient at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle. Electric drive vehicles do not consume energy while at rest or coasting, and modern plug-in cars can capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through regenerative braking . Typically, conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of

3300-447: The fewer mechanical systems onboard last longer due to the better use of the electric engine. PEVs do not require oil changes and other routine maintenance checks. For many developing countries , and particularly for the poorest African countries, oil imports have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of payments , all leading to lower economic growth. Through

3375-468: The frontal cortex and the basal ganglia , specifically the striatum (corticostriatal pathway), may disrupt the processes required for normal planning function. Individuals who were born very low birth weight (<1500 grams) and extremely low birth weight are at greater risk for various cognitive deficits including planning ability. The other region activated in planning process is default mode network which contributes to activity of remembering

3450-446: The fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories, and diesel engines can reach on-board efficiencies of 20%, while electric drive vehicles typically have on-board efficiencies of around 80%. All-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also have lower maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles, since electronic systems break down much less often than the mechanical systems in conventional vehicles, and

3525-450: The full advantage of PHEVs, and in the case of EVs, to avoid the fear of the batteries running out energy before reaching their destination, commonly called range anxiety . Even house dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of opportunity charging at shopping centers. However, this infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors. A different approach to resolve

3600-434: The goals, managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing plan . Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may involve the achievement of certain goals or targets: efficient use of resources, reducing risk, expanding the organization and its assets, etc. Public policies include laws, rules, decisions, and decrees. Public policy can be defined as efforts to tackle social issues via policymaking. A policy

3675-421: The gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles for electric cars and plug-in hybrids , electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient energy supply . Plug-in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to

3750-563: The grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to $ 4,000 per year per car. In a V2G system it would also be expected that battery electric (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate. As of 2020 , plug-in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive as compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to

3825-452: The harmful emission to electric generation plants located outside the cities. Plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a well-to-wheel assessment , the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation . This fact has been referred to as the long tailpipe of plug-in electric vehicles. From

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3900-574: The introduction of the mass production all-electric Nissan Leaf and the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt in December 2011. Plug-in electric cars have several benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. All-electric vehicles have lower operating and maintenance costs, and produce little or no air pollution when under all-electric mode , thus (depending on the electricity source) reducing societal dependence on fossil fuels and significantly decreasing greenhouse gas emissions , but recharging takes longer time than refueling and

3975-561: The lithium-ion batteries. General Motors , Tesla , and Nissan have published a guide for firefighters and first responders to properly handle a crashed plug-in electric-drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems. With the exception of Tesla Motors , almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships, so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles, and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. Dealers decide which cars they want to stock, and

4050-669: The onboard source of power, such as particulates ( soot ), volatile organic compounds , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , ozone , lead , and various oxides of nitrogen . However, like ICE cars, electric cars emit particulates from brake and tyres. Depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants where they can be more easily captured from flue gases. Cities with chronic air pollution problems, such as Los Angeles , México City , Santiago, Chile , São Paulo , Beijing , Bangkok and Kathmandu may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting

4125-399: The organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order. An organization that plans well achieves goals faster than one that does not plan before implementation. Planning is not just a professional activity: it is a feature of everyday life, whether for career advancement, organizing an event or even just getting through

4200-401: The original fire has been extinguished. To reduce these risks, lithium-ion battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range. Several plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place since the introduction of mass-production plug-in electric vehicles in 2008. Most of them have been thermal runaway incidents related to

4275-445: The past and imagine the future. This network distributed set of regions that involve association cortex and paralimbic region but spare sensory and motor cortex this is make possible planning process disruption by active task that uses sensory and motoric regions. There are a variety of neuropsychological tests which can be used to measure variance of planning ability between the subject and controls. Test participants with damage to

4350-548: The peak hours of early evening. Electric cars and plug-in hybrids when operating in all-electric mode at low speeds produce less roadway noise as compared to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine , thereby reducing harmful noise health effects . However, blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets, hence plug-in electric cars and conventional hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds. Several tests conducted in

4425-533: The perspective of a full life cycle analysis , the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind , solar , hydroelectric , or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions. In the case of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher fuel economy . The magnitude of

4500-442: The point of generation; and the state of California , where most energy comes from natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits. The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as low carbon sources such as wind turbines dominate the generation mix. Nevertheless, the location of the plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect

4575-422: The potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore varies by country and by region. For example, France can obtain significant emission benefits from electric and plug-in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by nuclear power plants ; similarly, most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity, nuclear, or natural gas which have no or very low emissions at

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4650-567: The problems of range anxiety and lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was developed by Better Place but was not successful in the United States in the 2010s. As of 2020 battery swapping is available in China and is planned for other countries. The existing low-voltage network , and local transformers in particular, may not have enough capacity to handle the additional power load that might be required in certain areas with high plug-in electric car concentrations. As recharging

4725-449: The projects investment and operations. Planning Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal . Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel . Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in human evolution . Planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. It involves

4800-453: The right anterior, and left or right posterior areas of the frontal lobes, showed no impairment. The results implicating the left anterior frontal lobes involvement in solving the Tower of London were supported in concomitant neuroimaging studies which also showed a reduction in regional cerebral blood flow to the left pre-frontal lobe. For the number of moves, a significant negative correlation

4875-491: The schemes often exclude electric vehicles from the restrictions to promote their adoption. For example, in Beijing , the license plate lottery scheme specifies a fixed number of vehicle purchase permits each year, but to promote the electrification of its fleet, the city government split the number of purchase permits into two lots, one for conventional vehicles, and another dedicated for all-electric vehicle applicants. In

4950-476: The term new energy vehicles (NEVs) refers to automobile vehicles that are fully powered or predominantly powered by alternative energy other than fossil fuels , typically referring to electric motor -propelled vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs, mainly hydrogen fuel cell vehicles ). The Chinese Government began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster

5025-409: The use of logic and imagination to visualize not only a desired result, but the steps necessary to achieve that result. An important aspect of planning is its relationship to forecasting . Forecasting aims to predict what the future will look like, while planning imagines what the future could look like. Planning according to established principles - most notably since the early-20th century - forms

5100-478: The wheels. PEV is a subset of electric vehicles , and includes all-electric/battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Sales of the first series production plug-in electric vehicles began in December 2008 with the introduction of the plug-in hybrid BYD F3DM , and then with the all-electric Mitsubishi i-MiEV in July 2009, but global retail sales only gained traction after

5175-504: The widespread assumption that plug-in recharging will take place overnight at home, residents of cities, apartments, dormitories, and townhouses do not have garages or driveways with available power outlets, and they might be less likely to buy plug-in electric vehicles unless recharging infrastructure is developed. Electrical outlets or charging stations near their places of residence, in commercial or public parking lots , streets and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain

5250-439: The world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 7.84 million units, representing 46% of the world's stock of plug-in cars. Europe ranked next with about 5.6 million light-duty plug-in cars and vans at the end of 2021, accounting for around 32% of the global stock. The U.S. cumulative sales totaled about 2.32 million plug-in cars through December 2021. As of July 2021 , Germany

5325-572: The world's roads by the end of 2020, of which pure electrics constituted two thirds. As of December 2023 , the Tesla Model Y ranked as the world's top selling highway-capable plug-in electric car in history. The Tesla Model 3 was the first electric car to achieve global sales of more than 1,000,000 units. The BYD Song DM SUV series is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with global sales over 1,050,000 units through December 2023. As of December 2021 , China had

5400-662: The world’s tallest buildings and largest construction megaprojects (see Projects list below.) The CSCEC has numerous branches or subsidiaries. It is divided into five main divisions and twelve traditional core business areas, including eight Group's engineering offices and four Design Institutes, as well as its own national research laboratory. The main business units of the group are planning and design , project development , equipment leasing, trade, construction and facilities management. Its subsidiary and listed company , China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited (CSCECL) ( Chinese : 中国建筑股份有限公司 ) ( SSE : 601668 ),

5475-588: Was established in 2007. It was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2009 with its IPO price at RMB $ 4.18 per share . The shares closed at RMB$ 6.53, 56% higher than its IPO price, at the first trading day. It was the world's biggest IPO in 2009, raising the capital of US$ 7.3 billion. The CSCEC was founded in 1957 as a state company. Early on the country had an international profile building heavy industry and infrastructure in Asia, Africa, and

5550-580: Was included on the list. In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China State Construction Group. Because of the company's continued business with Russia during Russian invasion of Ukraine , China State Construction Engineering

5625-449: Was observed for the left prefrontal area: i.e. subjects that took more time planning their moves showed greater activation in the left prefrontal area. Patrick Montana and Bruce Charnov outline a three-step result-oriented process for planning: In organizations, planning can become a management process, concerned with defining goals for a future direction and determining on the missions and resources to achieve those targets. To meet

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