Misplaced Pages

#257742

36-671: The Chitarero were an indigenous Chibcha -speaking people in the Andes of north-eastern Colombia and north-western Venezuela. They were responsible for the death of the German conquistador Ambrosius Ehinger in 1533 by means of poisoned arrows . At the time of the Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations , their territory ranged from present-day Táchira (Venezuela) to the northwest and south of Norte de Santander Department and

72-499: A ction"; izhe – "street" i – open "i" as in "' i nca" – sié – "water" or "river" o – short "o" as in "b o x" – to – "dog" u – "ou" as in "y ou " – uba – "face" y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing" b – as in " b ed", or as in Spanish "ha b a"; – bohozhá – "with" ch – "sh" as in " sh ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter" f – between

108-734: A "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle" g – "gh" as in " g ood", or as in Spanish "abo g ado"; – gata – "fire" h – as in " h ello" – huïá – "inwards" ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer" k – "c" as in " c old" – kony – "wheel" m – "m" as in " m an" – mika – "three" n – "n" as in " n ice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister" p – "p" as in " p eople" – paba – "father" s – "s" as in " s orry" – sahawá – "husband" t – "t" as in " t ext" – yta – "hand" w – "w" as in " w ow!" – we – "house" zh – as in " ch orizo", but with

144-602: A city with several arenas for higher education and research with the Geophysical Institute being established in 1917, the Chr. Michelsen Institute in 1930, the Norwegian School of Economics in 1936 and finally the university in 1946. The University of Bergen was established by an act of parliament in 1946, as Norway's second university. The University of Bergen has an elected rector . The current rector

180-457: A grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with

216-439: A semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in cusmuy *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one. The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows: a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence" e – as in "

252-472: Is Margareth Hagen , who was elected for a four-year term starting August 1, 2021 after serving as interim rector. The university has 7 faculties, the newest being The Faculty of Fine Art, Music and Design which was established in 2017. The University of Bergen Library and the University Museum of Bergen have a faculty-like status. Most of the university campus and administration is located in

288-473: Is NOK 590 (approx. US$ 70) per semester, and provides access to several services, including cultural activities, childcare, refunds for many medical expenses and subsidized accommodation. 40kr of the fee is a donation to the SAIH, a student charity, but this is optional. The Faculty of Fine Art, Music and Design was established on 1 January 2017. It is composed of the earlier Grieg Academy – Department of Music, and

324-480: Is a public research university in Bergen , Norway . As of 2021, the university had over 4,000 employees and 19,000 students. It was established by an act of parliament in 1946 consolidating several scientific institutions that dated as far back as 1825. It is Norway's second-oldest university, and is considered to be one of the nation’s four so-called "established universities." It has faculties and programmes in all

360-533: Is an agglutinative language , characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an inflectional language , which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is Uwa . Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations. The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from

396-461: Is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013. These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013 It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of

SECTION 10

#1732801581258

432-663: The Andean civilizations called preceramic , the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation , a cultural grouping. As early as 1580

468-591: The Bergen Academy of Art and Design . Two Norwegian Centres of Research Excellence are hosted at the Faculty of Humanities: The faculty revised its structure and names in August 2007. The Faculty of Law was established as a separate faculty in 1980, with legal studies and research having been conducted at the university since 1969. The faculty is one of three Norwegian institutions which offer legal studies,

504-589: The Caro y Cuervo Institute in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken. " González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in the language. Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of

540-600: The New Kingdom of Granada and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in Santafé and its surroundings Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as Adolfo Constenla (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and Willem Adelaar with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from

576-761: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela , collected by Mutis , due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia Catherine the Great , who wanted to create a dictionary of all the languages of the world This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ]; The third book

612-595: The Nygård neighbourhood , which has resulted in the campus area often being referred to as Nygårdshøyden or simply H øyden , meaning "the hill". The University of Bergen has three strategic areas: In 2010 the university was ranked as number 135 worldwide by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 181st worldwide by the 2015/16 QS World University Rankings . UiB was also ranked number 148 worldwide in

648-734: The Seminarium Fredericianum in 1750 and the establishment of the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy in 1817. Academia and higher education would also be significantly advanced in the city with the establishment of Bergen Museum , later renamed University Museum of Bergen , in 1825. Founded by Wilhelm Frimann Christie and Jacob Neumann , the museum became a venue for both research and education specialized on natural science, and featured prominent researcher like Michael Sars , Daniel Cornelius Danielssen and Fridtjof Nansen . Bergen would eventually become

684-548: The Sumapaz Páramo . The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time. Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the University of Bergen , Norway. The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in

720-465: The 17th century and comparative linguistics. The proposal of Adolfo Constenla , Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains

756-454: The 17th century when the language was alive. In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha". fulano fulano muysca person cha male cho good guy COP fulano muysca cha cho guy fulano person male good COP University of Bergen The University of Bergen ( Norwegian : Universitetet i Bergen )

SECTION 20

#1732801581258

792-584: The Colombian state. Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos , Bernardo de Lugo , José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea . The Muysca language is part of the Chibcha linguistic family , which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America. In prehistorical times, in

828-543: The July 2010 Webometrics Ranking of World Universities . The URAP (University Ranking by Academic Performance) has ranked UiB for 2014/2015 as the 219th worldwide. The University of Bergen, in common with other Norwegian universities, does not charge tuition fees, except for students coming from outside the EU . Students are however required to be members of the student welfare organisation. As of 2022, this fee ( semesteravgift )

864-529: The Spanish, because of the general custom that the men had to carry hanging from the waist a calabazo or totumo ( calabash gourds) with maize wine or chicha as the Spanish called it. Asking what the thing they carried was called, the natives responded that it was a chitarero . They traded with other peoples in the region, including the Muisca , the Guane and Lache . Chibcha language The name of

900-417: The academic fields typical of a classical university, as well as such degree programmes as medicine and law that, traditionally, only the “established universities” are authorized by law to offer. It is also one of Norway's leading universities in many of the natural sciences, including marine research and climate research . It has consistently been ranked in the top 200 or top one percent of universities in

936-456: The authorities in Charcas, Quito , and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century. In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in

972-498: The first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language. Manuscript 158 of the National Library of Colombia has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ], a Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by

1008-644: The grapheme y . Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of

1044-399: The language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by

1080-470: The most accepted. In The languages of the Andes they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language. In his book Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca , González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122). González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as

1116-517: The northeast of Santander Department (Colombia). The Chicamocha River formed a southern boundary, the Valegra a southwestern, and the Surata a southeastern. One of their settlements became the Colombian town of Chinácota ; they were primarily known in the area of Pamplona, Colombia . At the refoundation of Pamplona in 1549 there were said to be 200,000 in the area. They were called "Chitareros" by

Chitarero - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-703: The other two being the law faculties at the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø . The faculty offers a five-year programme leading to a Master's degree in law and a three-year PhD programme, and currently has approximately 1900 students. As of January 1, 2023, the faculty is organised into the following seven departments: The Faculty is tied to a number of centres: Centres of Excellence in Research: Centres of Research-based Innovation: Centres of Excellence in Education: Other important units and centres: Since January 2013

1188-532: The region as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991 . Modern Muisca scholars as Diego Gómez have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to

1224-445: The tongue to the back – zhysky – "head" The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA. In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman". In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel,

1260-409: The vowel changes as follows: a - uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face" a - ita becomes eta – "his base" a - yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one") Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta , a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta Muysca

1296-608: The world, and as one of the best 10 or best 50 universities worldwide in some fields, such as earth and marine sciences. It is part of the Coimbra Group and of the U5 group of Norway's oldest and highest-ranked universities. The university traces its roots to several earlier scientific and scholarly institutions founded in Bergen . Academic activity had taken place in Bergen since the founding of Bergen Cathedral School in 1153,

#257742