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70-515: In Hermann de Tournai's account, a party of nine canons on a fund-raising tour from Laon Cathedral arrive at the town of Christchurch during a torrential rainstorm. They seek shelter at the local minster church but are rejected by the dean, who claims that the doors of the newly built church are not yet secure. In truth, the dean is concerned that their shrine and holy relics of the Virgin Mary would collect more offerings than his own altars. Being

140-524: A Principal Feast in the Anglican Communion . Many Christian denominations provide a special liturgy for this holy celebration. Since its date depends on the date of Easter , Pentecost is a " moveable feast ". The Monday after Pentecost is a legal holiday in many European, African and Caribbean countries. The term Pentecost comes from Koinē Greek : πεντηκοστή , romanized:  pentēkostē , lit.   'fiftieth'. One of

210-412: A deformed foot. The girl spends the night in prayer before the canons’ portable altar and the following morning her foot is found to be miraculously healed. Later that morning the merchants all go to the fair. The canons depart from the town, but before they have travelled very far they are overtaken by two horsemen who tell them that the town is being set ablaze by a terrible dragon that had flown in from

280-534: A particular loved one, or in honor of a living person on a significant occasion, such as their Confirmation day. In German-speaking and other Central European countries, and also in overseas congregations originating from these countries through migration, green branches are also traditionally used to decorate churches for Pentecost. Birch is the tree most typically associated with this practice in Europe, but other species are employed in different climates. In

350-716: A petition for all of those in hell, that they may be granted relief and even ultimate release from their confinement, if God deems this possible. In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , it is observed at the time of ninth hour (3:00 pm) on the Sunday of Pentecost. The Second Monday after Pentecost is the beginning of the Apostles' Fast (which continues until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29). Theologically, Orthodox do not consider Pentecost to be

420-771: Is a harvest festival that is celebrated seven weeks and one day after the first day of Passover in Deuteronomy 16:9, or seven weeks and one day after the Sabbath according to Leviticus 23:16. It is discussed in the Mishnah and the Babylonian Talmud , tractate Arakhin . The actual mention of fifty days comes from Leviticus 23:16. The Festival of Weeks is also known as the Feast of Harvest in Exodus 23:16 and

490-532: Is called the " Third Day of the Trinity ." The Afterfeast of Pentecost lasts for one week, during which fasting is not permitted, even on Wednesday and Friday. In the Orthodox Tradition , the liturgical color used at Pentecost is green , and the clergy and faithful carry flowers and green branches in their hands during the services. All of the remaining days of the ecclesiastical year , until

560-642: Is difficult to explain why early Christians later adopted this Jewish festival if there had not been an original Pentecost event as described in Acts. He also holds the description of the early community in Acts 2 to be reliable. Lüdemann views Acts 3:1–4:31 as historical. Wedderburn notes what he sees as features of an idealized description, but nevertheless cautions against dismissing the record as unhistorical. Hengel likewise insists that Luke described genuine historical events, even if he has idealized them. Biblical commentator Richard C. H. Lenski has noted that

630-536: Is less emphasis on the liturgical year , Pentecost may still be one of the greatest celebrations in the year, such as in Germany or Romania . In other cases, Pentecost may be ignored as a holy day in these churches. In many evangelical churches in the United States, the secular holiday, Mother's Day , may be more celebrated than the biblical feast of Pentecost. Some evangelicals and Pentecostals are observing

700-549: Is particularly typical, and distinctive to the heritage of the Moravian Church. Another custom is reading the appointed Scripture lessons in multiple foreign languages recounting the speaking in tongues recorded in Acts 2:4–12 . For some Protestants , the nine days between Ascension Day , and Pentecost are set aside as a time of fasting and universal prayer in honour of the disciples' time of prayer and unity awaiting

770-464: Is shown sitting in the center of them). At the top of the icon, the Holy Spirit, in the form of tongues of fire, is descending upon them. At the bottom is an allegorical figure, called Kosmos , which symbolizes the world. Although Kosmos is crowned with earthly glory he sits in the darkness caused by the ignorance of God. He is holding a towel on which have been placed 12 scrolls, representing

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840-452: Is sung during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost. Trumpeters or brass ensembles are often specially contracted to accompany singing and provide special music at Pentecost services, recalling the Sound of the mighty wind. While this practice is common among a wide spectrum of Western denominations (Eastern Churches do not employ instrumental accompaniment in their worship) it

910-671: Is the commemoration of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and Paul. The liturgical celebrations of Pentecost in Western churches are as rich and varied as those in the East. The typical image of Pentecost in the West is that of the Virgin Mary seated centrally and prominently among the disciples with flames resting on the crowns of their heads. Occasionally, parting clouds suggesting the action of

980-504: The Acts of the Apostles . The author begins by noting that the disciples of Jesus "were all together in one place" on the "day of Pentecost" ( ἡμέρα τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς ). The verb used in Acts 2:1 to indicate the arrival of the day of Pentecost carries a connotation of fulfillment. There is a "mighty rushing wind" (wind is a common symbol for the Holy Spirit) and "tongues as of fire" appear. The gathered disciples were "filled with

1050-682: The Eastern Orthodox Church , Pentecost is one of the Orthodox Great Feasts and is considered to be the highest ranking Great Feast of the Lord, second in rank only to Pascha (Easter). The service is celebrated with an All-night Vigil on the eve of the feast day , and the Divine Liturgy on the day of the feast itself. Orthodox churches are often decorated with greenery and flowers on this feast day, and

1120-735: The Feast of Weeks , as described in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 2:1–31). The Catholic Church believes the Holy Spirit descended upon Mary, the mother of Jesus, at the same time, as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 1:14). Pentecost is one of the Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church , a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , a Festival in the Lutheran Churches , and

1190-460: The Italian peninsula , rose petals were and are thrown from the galleries over the congregation, recalling the tongues of fire. (see below ) In modern times, this practice has been revived, and adapted as well, to include the strewing of origami doves from above or suspending them, sometimes by the hundreds, from the ceiling. The singing of Pentecost hymns is also central to the celebration in

1260-470: The Middle Ages , cathedrals and great churches throughout Western Europe were fitted with a peculiar architectural feature known as a Holy Ghost hole : a small circular opening in the roof that symbolized the entrance of the Holy Spirit into the midst of the congregation. At Pentecost, these Holy Ghost holes would be decorated with flowers, and sometimes a dove figure lowered through into the church while

1330-789: The Temple in Jerusalem and the focus of the festival shifted from agriculture to the Israelites receiving the Torah . By this time, some Jews were already living in the Diaspora . According to Acts 2:5–11 there were Jews from "every nation under heaven" in Jerusalem, possibly visiting the city as pilgrims during Pentecost. The narrative in Acts 2 of the Pentecost includes numerous references to earlier biblical narratives like

1400-651: The Tower of Babel , and the flood and creation narratives from the Book of Genesis. It also includes references to certain theophanies , with certain emphasis on God's incarnate appearance on biblical Mount Sinai when the Ten Commandments were presented to Moses . Theologian Stephen Wilson has described the narrative as "exceptionally obscure" and various points of disagreement persist among bible scholars. Some biblical commentators have sought to establish that

1470-629: The University of Michigan (1897-1916). He later joined the faculties of Stanford University (1915-1925), Harvard (1925-1929), and the University of California, Berkeley (1929-1946). He specialized in the literature of medieval Britain, focusing especially on the works of Geoffrey Chaucer and Geoffrey of Monmouth . His works include The Development and Chronology of Chaucer's Works , The Modern Reader's Chaucer , The Siege of Troy in Elizabethan Literature , and A Concordance to

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1540-478: The gifts and Fruits of the Spirit . Red flowers at the altar/preaching area, and red flowering plants such as geraniums around the church are also typical decorations for Pentecost masses/services. These symbolize the renewal of life, the coming of the warmth of summer, and the growth of the church at and from the first Pentecost. In the southern hemisphere, for example, in southern Australia, Pentecost comes in

1610-552: The resurrection and exaltation . In his sermon, Peter quotes Joel 2:28–32 and Psalm 16 to indicate that first Pentecost marks the start of the Messianic Age . About one hundred and twenty followers of Christ (Acts 1:15) were present, including the Twelve Apostles ( Matthias was Judas 's replacement) (Acts 1:13, 26), Jesus's mother Mary, other female disciples and his brothers ( Acts 1:14 ). While those on whom

1680-495: The οἶκος ("house") given as the location of the events in Acts 2:2 was one of the thirty halls of the Temple where St. John's school is now placed (called οἶκοι ), but the text itself is lacking in specific details. Richard C. H. Lenski and other scholars contend that the author of Acts could have chosen the word ἱερόν (sanctuary or temple) if this meaning were intended, rather than "house". Some semantic details suggest that

1750-463: The "birthday" of the church; they see the church as having existed before the creation of the world (cf. The Shepherd of Hermas ). In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , the "Apostles Fast" has a fixed end date on the fifth of the Coptic month of Epip (which currently falls on July 12, which is equivalent to June 29, due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian calendar offset). The fifth of Epip

1820-473: The "house" could be the "upper room" ( ὑπερῷον ) mentioned in Acts ;1:12–26 , but there is no literary evidence to confirm the location with certainty and it remains a subject of dispute amongst scholars. The events of Acts Chapter 2 are set against the backdrop of the celebration of Pentecost in Jerusalem. There are several major features to the Pentecost narrative presented in the second chapter of

1890-646: The "mighty wind"; rays of light and the Dove are also depicted. the Western iconographic style is less static and stylized than that of the East, and other very different representations have been produced, and, in some cases, have achieved great fame such as the Pentecosts by Titian , Giotto , and el Greco . St. Paul already in the 1st century notes the importance of this festival to the early Christian communities: see: Acts 20:16 and 1 Corinthians 16:8 . Since

1960-661: The Christchurch Priory cartulary , the bulk of which was compiled by 1372. It records that the Holy Trinity minster church was undergoing major reconstruction instigated in about 1094 by Ranulf Flambard . It also confirms that an annual fair was held a week after Pentecost on the feast day of the church, which only later became known as Trinity Sunday . It indicates that the dean in 1113 was the self-serving Peter de Oglander, who "imbued with evil intent, took away for himself all things set aside by ancient custom for

2030-787: The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer and to the Romaunt of the Rose . The book for which he is chiefly remembered is his posthumously published study of Geoffrey of Monmouth , The Legendary History of Britain . Tatlock was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1937 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939. Tatlock married Marjorie Fenton in 1911, and they remained together until her death in 1937. The pair had two children:

2100-700: The Day of First Fruits in Numbers 28:26. In Exodus 34:22, it is called the "first fruits of the wheat harvest." Sometime during the Hellenistic period, the ancient harvest festival also became a day of renewing the Noahic covenant , described in Genesis 9:17 , which is established between God and "all flesh that is upon the earth". After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE , offerings could no longer be brought to

2170-571: The Easter Season in the Roman Catholic Church, the dismissal with the double alleluia is sung at the end of Mass. The Paschal Candle is removed from the sanctuary at the end of the day. In the Roman Catholic Church, Veni Sancte Spiritus is the sequence hymn for the Day of Pentecost. This has been translated into many languages and is sung in many denominations today. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, Veni Creator Spiritus

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2240-574: The Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. The timing of the narrative during the law giving festival of Pentecost symbolizes both continuity with the giving of the law, but also the central role of the Holy Spirit for the early church. The central role of Christ in Christian faith signified a fundamental theological separation from the traditional Jewish faith, which was grounded in the Torah and Mosaic Law. Peter's sermon in Acts 2:14–36 stresses

2310-430: The Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance". Some scholars have interpreted the passage as a reference to the multitude of languages spoken by the gathered disciples, while others have taken the reference to "tongues" ( γλῶσσαι ) to signify ecstatic speech . In Christian tradition, this event represents fulfillment of the promise that Christ will baptize his followers with

2380-583: The Holy Spirit. Out of the four New Testament gospels, the distinction between baptism by water and the baptism by Christ with "Holy Spirit and fire" is only found in Matthew and Luke. The narrative in Acts evokes the symbolism of Jesus's baptism in the Jordan River , and the start of his ministry, by explicitly connecting the earlier prophecy of John the Baptist to the baptism of the disciples with

2450-406: The Holy Spirit. Priests or ministers, and choirs wear red vestments , and in modern times, the custom has extended to the lay people of the congregation wearing red clothing in celebration as well. Red banners are often hung from walls or ceilings to symbolize the blowing of the "mighty wind" and the free movement of the Spirit. In some cases, red fans, or red handkerchiefs, are distributed to

2520-576: The Holy Spirit. Similarly among Roman Catholics , special Pentecost novenas are prayed. The Pentecost Novena is considered the first novena, all other novenas prayed in preparation of various feasts deriving their practice from those original nine days of prayer observed by the disciples of Christ. While the Eve of Pentecost was traditionally a day of fasting for Catholics, contemporary canon law no longer requires it. Both Catholics and Protestants may hold spiritual retreats , prayer vigils , and litanies in

2590-830: The Roman Catholic Church, all the Sundays from the holiday itself until Advent in late November or December are designated the 2nd, 3rd, etc. Sunday after Pentecost, again traditionally reckoned inclusively . Throughout the year, in Roman Catholic piety, Pentecost is the third of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary , as well as being one of the Stations of the Resurrection or Via Lucis. In some Evangelical and Pentecostal churches, where there

2660-474: The Saturday after Pentecost , the canons have arrived on the eve of the town's annual fair, so all the inns and lodging houses are full with merchants. However, one group of merchants kindly vacate their rooms in a newly built lodging house. The merchants then attend mass held at the house by the canons and agree to shun the church. That night the canons tend to a poor herdsman's daughter who had been born with

2730-524: The Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages, the Apostle Peter stood up with the eleven and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of the prophecy. In Acts 2:17 , it reads: "'And in the last days,' God says, 'I will pour out my spirit upon every sort of flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will see visions and your old men will dream dreams." He also mentions ( Acts 2:15 ) that it

2800-490: The Western tradition. Hymns such as Martin Luther 's " Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott " (Come, Holy Spirit, God and Lord), Charles Wesley 's "Spirit of Faith Come Down" and "Come Holy Ghost Our Hearts Inspire" or Hildegard von Bingen 's "O Holy Spirit Root of Life" are popular. Some traditional hymns of Pentecost make reference not only to themes relating to the Holy Spirit or the church, but to folk customs connected to

2870-607: The burning of an unnamed English town visited by the canons, but he ascribes this to lightning heaven-sent as a punishment for the ungodly behaviour of the inhabitants and makes no mention of a dragon. In the mid-12th century, Herman de Laon, otherwise Hermann de Tournai , a retired Flemish Abbot, elaborated on the canons’ English journey in De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudunensis (Of the Miracles of St Mary of Laon). Two short chapters describe

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2940-475: The canon's shrine and prays to be forgiven for all the wrong he had done. The background story to the canons’ visit is described in Monodies (Book 3), a contemporary document written by Guibert de Nogent . This mentions the fund-raising journeys undertaken by the canons of Laon after the cathedral of Notre-Dame was badly damaged by fire during a civil uprising at Easter in 1112. In Chapter XIII Guibert refers to

3010-590: The canons of Laon may have witnessed a rare example of prolonged ball lightning . Pentecost Pentecost (also called Whit Sunday , Whitsunday or Whitsun ) is a Christian holiday which takes place on the 49th day (50th day when inclusive counting is used) after Easter Day . It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles of Jesus while they were in Jerusalem celebrating

3080-527: The celebration is intentionally similar to the Jewish holiday of Shavuot , which celebrates the giving of the Mosaic Law . In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , Pentecost is one of the seven Major "Lord's Feasts". The feast itself lasts three days. The first day is known as " Trinity Sunday "; the second day is known as " Spirit Monday " (or "Monday of the Holy Spirit"); and the third day, Tuesday,

3150-701: The congregation to be waved during the procession, etc. Other congregations have incorporated the use of red balloons, signifying the "Birthday of the Church". These may be borne by the congregants, decorate the sanctuary, or released all at once. The celebrations may depict symbols of the Holy Spirit, such as the dove or flames, symbols of the church such as Noah's Ark and the Pomegranate , or especially within Protestant churches of Reformed and Evangelical traditions, words rather than images naming for example,

3220-543: The days leading up to Pentecost. In some cases vigils on the Eve of Pentecost may last all night. Pentecost is also one of the occasions specially appointed for the Lutheran Litany to be sung. On the morning of Pentecost, a popular custom is "to ascend hill tops and mountains during the early dawn of Whitsunday to pray. People call this observance 'catching the Holy Ghost.' Thus they express in symbolic language

3290-436: The dragon flying over the town and river (Folio 210v), is held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France . In the early 14th century the story appeared in the Nikolaus Saga written by Bergr Sokkason , an Icelandic monk and scholar. He probably had access to earlier Latin and Icelandic versions of the story. It was subsequently reproduced in other Icelandic sagas. Some key details of Hermann de Tournai's account are confirmed by

3360-410: The dragon's appearance in Christchurch was commemorated by a locally organised Christchurch Dragon Festival with contributions by local schools, the Christchurch Chamber of Trade & Commerce, Christchurch Library, and the Red House Museum . On 1 June 2013, the five-headed dragon was mentioned in Search for Christchurch, a poem especially written by performance poet Elvis McGonagall and read by him at

3430-533: The events that took place in "a town called Christikerca", though Hermann replaces Guibert de Nogent's lightning with a five-headed dragon. Hermann's account was reproduced in the Patrologia Latina (Vol 156, Col 979–982) published by Jacques-Paul Migne in the 19th century. In the early 13th century the story was retold in rhyming couplets by Prior Gautier de Coincy , a French poet-composer. An illustrated manuscript of this work, Miracles de Notre-Dame et Autres Poésies de Gautier de Coinci, which features depictions of

3500-416: The fair early, before the dragon had appeared. However, the church where the canons had been denied shelter has been entirely destroyed. The uncharitable dean is seen trying to save all his most valuable possessions by loading them on board a boat on the nearby river, but the dragon then swoops down and reduces the boat and everything on board to ashes. The repentant dean subsequently prostrates himself before

3570-426: The history of the early church which enabled the rapid spread of Christianity. Within a few decades important congregations had been established in all major cities of the Roman Empire. Concerning Acts 2 , Gerd Lüdemann considers the Pentecost gathering as very possible, and the apostolic instruction to be historically credible. Wedderburn acknowledges the possibility of a ‘mass ecstatic experience’, and notes it

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3640-468: The holiday as well, such as the decorating with green branches. Other hymns include "Oh that I had a Thousand Voices" (" O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte ") by German, Johann Mentzer Verse 2: " Ye forest leaves so green and tender, that dance for joy in summer air  ..." or "O Day Full of Grace" (" Den signede Dag ") by Dane , N. F. S. Grundtvig verse 3: " Yea were every tree endowed with speech and every leaflet singing  ...". As Pentecost closes

3710-413: The lifetime of some who may have been eyewitnesses, annual celebrations of the descent of the Holy Spirit have been observed. In the Roman Catholic liturgy, Pentecost marks the end and completion of the Easter season , and the birth or "great beginning" of the church. Before the Second Vatican Council Pentecost Monday as well was a Holy Day of Obligation during which the Catholic Church addressed

3780-399: The liturgical calendar and observe Pentecost as a day to teach the Gifts of the Holy Spirit . Across denominational lines Pentecost has been an opportunity for Christians to honor the role of the Holy Spirit in their lives, and celebrate the birth of the Christian Church in an ecumenical context. The main sign of Pentecost in the West is the colour red. It symbolizes joy and the fire of

3850-404: The liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, as at Easter, the liturgical rank of Monday and Tuesday of Pentecost week is a Double of the First Class and across many Western denominations, Pentecost is celebrated with an octave culminating on Trinity Sunday . However, in the modern Roman Rite (Ordinary Form), Pentecost ends after Evening Prayer on the feast day itself, with Ordinary Time resuming

3920-438: The meanings of "Pentecost" in the Septuagint , the Koine translation of the Hebrew Bible , refers to the festival of Shavuot , one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals , which is celebrated on the fiftieth day after Passover according to Deuteronomy 16:10 , and Exodus 34:22 , where it is referred to as the "Festival of Weeks" (Koinē Greek: ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων , romanized:  heortēn hebdomádōn ). The Septuagint uses

3990-420: The mellow autumntide, after the often great heat of summer, and the red leaves of the poinsettia have often been used to decorate churches then. These flowers often play an important role in the ancestral rites, and other rites, of the particular congregation. For example, in both Protestant and Catholic churches, the plants brought in to decorate for the holiday may be each "sponsored" by individuals in memory of

4060-437: The narrative of Pentecost was read. Holy Ghost holes can still be seen today in European churches such as Canterbury Cathedral . Similarly, a large two dimensional dove figure would be, and in some places still is, cut from wood, painted, and decorated with flowers, to be lowered over the congregation, particularly during the singing of the sequence hymn , or Veni Creator Spiritus . In other places, particularly Sicily and

4130-421: The newly baptized and confirmed. Since the council, Pentecost Monday is no longer solemnized. Pentecost Monday remains an official festival in many Protestant churches, such as the (Lutheran) Church of Sweden , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , and others. In the Byzantine Catholic Rite Pentecost Monday is no longer a Holy Day of Obligation , but rather a simple holiday . In the Extraordinary Form of

4200-437: The next day. Marking the festival's importance, as the principal feast of the church and the fulfilment of Christ's purpose in coming into the world, namely bringing the Holy Spirit which had departed with Adam and Eve's fall, back into the world, all 33 following Sundays are "Sundays after Pentecost" in the Orthodox Church. In several denominations, such as the Lutheran, Episcopal, and United Methodist churches, and formerly in

4270-492: The official reopening of the newly refurbished Christchurch Library and Learning Centre. There is no accepted explanation for the Christchurch Dragon. However, the references to an abnormally violent rainstorm accompanied by lightning bears a resemblance to the Great Thunderstorm on Dartmoor in 1638. This has led to the speculation, supported by Christopher Chatfield, deputy director of the Ball Lightning Research Division of TORRO (Tornado & Storm Research Organisation), that

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4340-426: The preparation for the next Great Lent , are named for the day after Pentecost on which they occur. This is again counted inclusively, such that the 15th day of Pentecost is 14 days after Trinity Sunday. The exception is that the Melkite Greek Catholic Church marks Sundays "after Holy Cross ". The Orthodox icon of the feast depicts the Twelve Apostles seated in a semicircle (sometimes the Theotokos (Virgin Mary)

4410-456: The sea. Eager to see this incredible spectacle, the canons race back to Christchurch. The dragon is seen to be incredibly long and have five heads from which it breathes sulphurous flames. It is setting houses alight one by one, but the canons are astonished to find that the lodging house and herdsman's shelter are both completely unscathed and their occupants are safe inside. The kindly merchants have also all escaped unharmed, having departed from

4480-558: The spiritual fact that only by means of prayer can the divine Dove be 'caught' and the graces of the Holy Spirit obtained." John Strong Perry Tatlock John Strong Perry Tatlock (February 24, 1876 – June 24, 1948), known as J. S. P. Tatlock , was an American literary scholar and medievalist. Tatlock was born in Stamford, Connecticut , in February 1876, the son of Florence (Perry) and The Rev. William Tatlock. He attended Harvard University , receiving his Bachelor of Arts in 1896 and his Ph.D. in 1903. He began his academic career at

4550-472: The teaching of the Twelve Apostles. An extraordinary service called the "Kneeling Prayer" is observed on the night of Pentecost. This is a Vespers service to which are added three sets of long poetical prayers, the composition of Basil the Great , during which everyone makes a full prostration , touching their foreheads to the floor (prostrations in church having been forbidden from the day of Pascha (Easter) up to this point). Uniquely, these prayers include

4620-476: The term Pentēkostē in this context in the Book of Tobit and 2 Maccabees . The translators of the Septuagint also used the word in two other senses: to signify the year of Jubilee ( Leviticus 25:10 ) an event which occurs every 50th year, and in several passages of chronology as an ordinal number . The term has also been used in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism by Philo of Alexandria and Josephus to refer to Shavuot. In Judaism , Shavuot

4690-469: The use of the term "Pentecost" in Acts is a reference to the Jewish festival. He writes that a well-defined, distinct Christian celebration did not exist until later years, when Christians kept the name of "Pentecost" but began to calculate the date of the feast based on Easter rather than Passover. Peter stated that this event was the beginning of a continual outpouring that would be available to all believers from that point on, Jews and Gentiles alike. In

4760-418: The work of the church". However, the cartulary makes no mention of the church being badly damaged during construction. In 1933 John Strong Perry Tatlock , a specialist on medieval literature at the University of California, examined Hermann de Tournai's text and asserted that he could find nothing that contradicted the presumed date of 1113 for the canons’ journey. In 1985 much of Hermann de Tournai's account

4830-414: Was the third hour of the day (about 9:00 am). Acts 2:41 then reports: "Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls." Some critical scholars believe some features of the narrative are theological constructions. They believe that even if the Pentecost narrative is not literally true, it does signify an important event in

4900-413: Was translated by English folklorist Jeremy Harte. This is thought to be the earliest translation of Hermann de Tournai's text into English. A more recent translation (in French) of Hermann de Tournai's account appears in Les Miracles de Sainte Marie de Laon by Alain Saint-Denis (2008). Saint-Denis calculates the date of the dragon's appearance to be Sunday 1 June 1113. In May 2013 the 900th anniversary of

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