In literary theory and philosophy of language , the chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse . The term was taken up by Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin who used it as a central element in his theory of meaning in language and literature. The term itself comes from the Russian xронотоп , which in turn is derived from the Greek χρόνος (' time ') and τόπος (' space '); it thus can be literally translated as "time-space." Bakhtin developed the term in his 1937 essay "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel" (« Формы времени и хронотопа в романе »). Here Bakhtin showed how different literary genres operated with different configurations of time and space, which gave each genre its particular narrative character.
26-572: For Bakhtin, chronotope is the conduit through which meaning enters the logosphere . Genre is rooted in how one perceives the flow of events and its representation of particular worldviews or ideologies . Bakhtin scholars Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist state that the chronotope is "a unit of analysis for studying language according to the ratio and characteristics of the temporal and spatial categories represented in that language". They argue that Bakhtin's concept differs from other uses of time and space in literary analysis because neither category
52-590: A Bosnian Landscape , he argued that people and landscapes may sometimes be trapped between timespaces and thus "schizochronotopic" (from the Greek σχίζειν ( skhizein ): "to split"). He described two overarching chronotopes as "collective timespace themes", both of which relied on certain kinds of past and laid claims to the Field’s future. One was told through proximities, the other through distances between religious communities. For HadžiMuhamedović, schizochronotopia
78-415: Is a rift occurring within the same body/landscape, through which the past and the present of place have rendered each other unbidden. The concept of chronotope is also used in tourism research. Sociologist Hasso Spode explains the emergence of tourism in the 18th century as "time travel backwards". The tourist space thus functions as a romantic chronotopia . Anthropologist Antonio Nogués-Pedregal regards
104-516: Is an adaptation of the concepts biosphere and noosphere : logosphere is derived from the interpretation of words ' meanings, conceptualized through an abstract sphere. The logosphere is not active like Vernadsky’s noosphere , but still occupies a type of four-dimensional space . The chronotope is the conduit through which meaning enters the logosphere. Mikhail Bakhtin's chronotope , or time-space ( deterministic ) makes outside-the-logosphere ( unintelligible ) information relevant to
130-424: Is given a privileged status: they are inseparable and entirely interdependent. Bakhtin's concept is a way of analyzing literary texts that reveals the forces operating in the cultural system from which they emanate. Specific chronotopes are said to correspond to particular genres , or relatively stable ways of speaking, which themselves represent particular worldviews or ideologies. In the essay Forms of Time and of
156-403: Is not important for our purposes; we are borrowing it for literary criticism almost as a metaphor (almost, but not entirely). What counts for us is the fact that it expresses the inseparability of space and time (time as the fourth dimension of space). We understand the chronotope as a formally constitutive category of literature; we will not deal with the chronotope in other areas of culture. In
182-441: Is precisely the chronotope that defines genre and generic distinctions, for in literature the primary category in the chronotope is time. The chronotope as a formally constitutive category determines to a significant degree the image of man in literature as well. The image of man is always intrinsically chronotopic. Unlike Kant , who saw time and space as transcendental pre-conditions of experience, Bakhtin regards them as "forms of
208-525: The Chronotope in the Novel, Bakhtin describes his use of the term thus: We will give the name chronotope (literally, 'time space') to the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature. This term [space-time] is employed in mathematics, and was introduced as part of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The special meaning it has in relativity theory
234-793: The Western Apache . The work was also the 1996 Western States Book Award Winner in Creative Nonfiction. In this ethnography, Basso expressed his hope that anthropologists will spend more time investigating how places and spaces are perceived and experienced; for human relationships to geographical places are rich, deeply felt, and profoundly telling. Basso was married to Gayle Potter. In his 1988 article 'Speaking with Names', he acknowledged her as 'partner in fieldwork as in everything else, whose steady encouragement, graceful acumen, and sheer good sense helped immeasurably in moving things.' Basso died from cancer on August 4, 2013, at
260-459: The chronotope has been widely used in literary studies. The scholar Timo Müller for example argued that analysis of chronotopes highlights the environmental dimension of literary texts because it draws attention to the concrete physical spaces in which stories take place. Müller discusses the chronotope of the road, which for Bakhtin was a meeting place but in recent literature no longer brings people together in this way because automobiles have changed
286-424: The dangers of joining "with outsiders against members of their own community." Geographic features in the Western Apache landscape are chronotopes, Basso says, in precisely the way Bakhtin defines the term when he says they are "points in the geography of a community where time and space intersect and fuse. Time takes on flesh and becomes visible for human contemplation; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to
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#1732776118964312-407: The invention of the radio . French philosopher Gaston Bachelard proclaimed, "Everyone can hear everyone else and we can all listen in peace." This "domain of world speech" should be called the logosphere, he reasoned. This article relating to communication is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Keith Basso Keith Hamilton Basso (March 15, 1940 – August 4, 2013)
338-479: The literary artistic chronotope, spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thought-out, concrete whole. Time, as it were, thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history. This intersection of axes and fusion of indicators characterizes the artistic chronotope. The chronotope in literature has an intrinsic generic significance. It can even be said that it
364-483: The logosphere through narrative structure . Time takes on a protagonist 's 'flesh'. The adventure chronotope is thus characterized by a technical, abstract connection between space and time , by the reversibility of moments in a temporal sequence, and by their interchangeability in space. ...Every concretization, of even the most simple and everyday variety, would introduce its own rule-generating force , its own order , its inevitable ties to human life and to
390-464: The most immediate reality". They are not mere "mathematical" abstractions, but have a concrete and, depending on context, qualitatively variable form. This is particularly noticeable in Bakhtin's own object of study—that of artistic cognition in literary genres—but he implies that it is applicable in other contexts as well. Different structures or orders of the universe cannot be assumed to operate within
416-564: The movements of time and history and the enduring character of a people. ...Chronotopes thus stand as monuments to the community itself, as symbols of it, as forces operating to shape its members' images of themselves" (qtd. in Basso 1984: 44–45). Anthropologist of syncretism Safet HadžiMuhamedović built upon Bakhtin’s term in his ethnography of the Field of Gacko in the southeastern Bosnian highlands. In Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in
442-738: The rest of his time living and working on his ranch in Heber-Overgaard, Arizona . He retired at UNM in 2006. A classic contribution to ethnopoetics and the ethnography of speaking , Basso's 1979 book Portraits of the Whiteman examines complex cultural and political significance of jokes as a form of verbal art. Basso was awarded the Victor Turner Prize for Ethnographic Writing in 1997 for his ethnography , Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among
468-644: The road is described as part of the natural environment and the travelers are interested in that environment. Linguistic anthropologist Keith Basso invoked "chronotopes" in discussing Western [Apache] stories linked with places. In the 1980s when Basso was writing, geographic features reminded the Western Apache of "the moral teachings of their history" by recalling to mind events that occurred there in important moral narratives. By merely mentioning "it happened at [the place called] 'men stand above here and there,'" storyteller Nick Thompson could remind locals of
494-403: The same chronotope. For example, the chronotope of a biological organism like an ant will be qualitatively different from that of an organism like an elephant, or from that of a structure of a different order entirely, such as a star or a galaxy. Within the human world itself there is a huge variety of social activities that are defined by qualitatively different time/space fusions. The concept of
520-528: The space–time configurations of students’ technology-mediated creative learning practices over a year-long school musical project in a Finnish elementary school. The findings of their study suggest that "blended practices appeared to break away from traditional learning practices, allowing students to navigate in different time zones, spaces, and places with diverse tools situated in their formal and informal lives" (2013: 53). Logosphere Logosphere (Greek from logos / nous ) (coined by Mikhail Bakhtin )
546-613: The summer of 1959 in Arizona and began his 'passion for horses, history, and the language and lives of White Mountain Apaches '. He received his PhD in anthropology from Stanford University in 1967. In 1967, he started teaching at University of Arizona . Thereafter, in 1982, he moved to Yale University . He joined University of New Mexico (UNM) in 1988, and served as Regents Professor, followed by Distinguished Professor of Anthropology. At UNM, he taught one semester each year and spent
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#1732776118964572-419: The time specific to that life. ...Biographical time is not reversible vis-à-vis the events of life itself, which are inseparable from historical events. But with regard to character, such time is reversible[.] The term was later taken up by virtual reality enthusiasts to describe the logical universe . The logosphere, in decades past, has been used in reference to the new world of communication created by
598-463: The touristic consuming and shaping of places as a chronotope. The chronotope has also been adopted for the analysis of classroom events and conversations, for example by Raymond Brown and Peter Renshaw in order to view "student participation in the classroom as a dynamic process constituted through the interaction of past experience, ongoing involvement, and yet-to-be-accomplished goals" (2006: 247–259). Kumpulainen, Mikkola, and Jaatinen (2013) examined
624-420: The way we perceive the time and space of the road. Car drivers want to minimize the time they spend on the road. They are rarely interested in the road as a physical space, the natural environment around the road, or the environmental implications of their driving. This contrasts with earlier literary examples such as Robert Frost 's poem "The Road Not Taken" or John Steinbeck 's novel The Grapes of Wrath , where
650-615: Was a cultural and linguistic anthropologist noted for his study of the Western Apaches , specifically those from the community of Cibecue, Arizona . Basso was professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of New Mexico and earlier taught at the University of Arizona and Yale University . On 15 March 1940, Keith was born in Asheville, North Carolina to Etolia Simmons and Hamilton Basso . His mother, Etolia
676-779: Was a teacher. His father, Hamilton was a novelist, essayist, and editor, notably of The New Yorker . They both had roots in New Orleans. He moved with his parents to Connecticut when his father took a position as a staff writer for the New Yorker. At Connecticut, he engaged in fly fishing during the day and moved around his father's literary circle in the evenings. Early on, Keith was interested in reading literature and writing. His early inclination to anthropology started with Clyde Kluckhohn 's classes at Harvard University where he completed his undergraduate studies in 1962 with magna cum laude honours. During these years, he spent
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