Misplaced Pages

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55-413: Citizendium ( / ˌ s ɪ t ɪ ˈ z ɛ n d i əm / SIT -i- ZEN -dee-əm ; "the citizens' compendium of everything") is an English-language wiki -based free online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger , co-founder of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages . Larry Sanger had worked as paid staff with Jimmy Wales to make Nupedia and Misplaced Pages , though Sanger left for financial reasons. He had been

110-491: A Board of Directors . Sanger stated that final decisions about management structure will not be made "until more of the (future) primary stakeholders are on the scene." Citizendium articles are subject to an "approval" process after they have achieved reasonable quality. An "editor" can determine when an article is ready to be approved. Initially the project phased under the Tides Center as an incubator project and then

165-759: A gourmand . His compendium on food titled From Absinthe to Zest serves as an alphabet for food lovers. "Compendium" appears as a Latin pun in the English translation of the Franco-Belgian comics The Adventures of Asterix , where it is the name of one of the four Roman military camps surrounding the Gaulish village where the protagonists reside. Compendium Records was the name of a record store and label, which operated in Oslo , Norway, between 1974 and 1977. Andrew Keen Andrew Keen (born c. 1960 )

220-657: A "project planning document," Sanger detailed a series of initiatives designed to launch Citizendium into its next phase of development. The document outlined plans for a judicial board, an advisory board, a personnel manager, a new chairman of the editorial council, wider participation in the project by volunteers, a system of subpages for articles, and an expanded article checklist. At the project's first anniversary in September 2007, Citizendium included 3,000 articles written and revised by 2,000 people. A number of media reports appeared in late October and early November 2007 about

275-553: A 'solution' he offers is the Citizendium, or the Citizens' Compendium, which I like to describe briefly as Misplaced Pages with editors and real names. But how can Citizendium be a solution to the problems he raises, if it has experts working without pay, and the result is free? If it succeeds, won't it contribute to the decline of reference publishing?" The stated aim of the project is to create a "new compendium of knowledge" based on

330-455: A Medieval Latin use (com+pendere), literally meaning to weigh together. A field guide is a compendium of species found within a geographic area, or within a taxon of natural occurrence such as animals, plants, rocks and minerals, or stars. Bestiaries were medieval compendiums that catalogued animals and facts about natural history, and were particularly popular in England and France around

385-613: A complete set of Misplaced Pages articles. He stated that the experiment "represents a reconception of our project's basic aim". No announcement was made on Citizendium editions in languages other than English, but Sanger stated that they may be forthcoming after the English-language version was established and successfully working. In a review of Andrew Keen 's book The Cult of the Amateur , Sanger comments ironically on Keen's favorable treatment of Citizendium: "The first example of

440-546: A constant rate of creation of new articles at around 13–14 per day and a decline in the number of active authors. In August 2009, Richard Waters wrote in the Financial Times technology blog: "At best, Citizendium could be called a qualified success. Launched in March 2007, as of August 2009 it had 11,810 articles – 2,999,674 fewer than the English-language version of Misplaced Pages." Mathieu O'Neil, Principal Researcher at

495-425: A constitutional crisis, considering that we [Citizendium] never adopted a proper charter". Citizendium finally ratified its charter in September 2010. On 22 September 2010, Sanger stepped down as editor-in-chief, but said he would continue to support the project. According to statements and essays on Citizendium, the project was initially intended to begin as a fork of Misplaced Pages, carrying a copy of each article—under

550-510: A core of 25 contributors who made more than 100 edits. Median word count dropped from 468 words per article in October 2007 to 151 in May 2010. In June 2010, the number of users making 1, 20, or 100 edits per month all were at their lowest point since the project went public in March 2007. By October 2011, only about a dozen members made edits on a typical day, and an Ars Technica headline called

605-406: A day in the first month to over 500 prior to launch. After the launch, on 27 March 2007, a press release quotes Sanger as saying "You don't have to choose between content and accountability. We have shown that we can create open and credible content. We can, in fact, be open to all sorts of participants, but still hold people to higher standards of content and behavior as a community." Sometime after

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660-477: A fully functioning wiki within "one to two months." In an apparent attempt to quicken the pace of the project, on 2 October 2006, Citizendium web forum moderator Peter Hitchmough suggested what he called an " alpha test " of the concept. Hitchmough proposed the forking of a limited number of Misplaced Pages articles to a site where Citizendium web forum and mailing list members could "rewrite a complete section" of Misplaced Pages content. Larry Sanger reacted enthusiastically to

715-495: A legal non-profit organization. On 16 February 2007, in response to rising site vandalism, automatic account creation was put on hold while increased protections were being put in place to counter vandalism. The next day, page moves were limited to constables as an additional measure against vandalism. In addition, Sanger continued the process of un-forking the Citizendium from Misplaced Pages by inviting contributors to delete any Misplaced Pages content that had changed only superficially since it

770-667: A master's degree in political science from the University of California, Berkeley , studying under Ken Jowitt . After Berkeley, Keen taught modern history and politics at Tufts University , Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst . He currently lives in San Francisco , California with his family. Keen returned to Silicon Valley in 1995 and founded Audiocafe.com, which received funding from Intel and SAP . The firm folded in April 2000 and after

825-570: A more credible 💕." The project began its pilot phase in October and November 2006. On 18 January 2007, a change of plans was announced. Sanger announced on the CZ (Citizendium) mailing list that only articles marked "CZ Live", those which have been or will soon be worked on by Citizendium contributors, would remain on the site, and all other articles forked from Misplaced Pages would be deleted. Not all Citizendium contributors were supportive of this change, but Sanger emphasized that this deletion

880-578: A working email address. Sanger decided that Citizendium administrators would be called "constables," and need a bachelor's degree to qualify. He also instituted a minimum "maturity" requirement—25 years of age—for constables. The "head" constable is the Chief Constable (D. Matt Innis), and the head editor is the Managing Editor . Originally, Sanger operated as Editor-in-Chief , the "main individual in charge," part of and answerable to

935-454: Is a British-American entrepreneur and author. He is particularly known for his view that the current Internet culture and the Web 2.0 trend may be debasing culture, an opinion he shares with Jaron Lanier and Nicholas G. Carr among others. Keen is especially concerned about the way that the current Internet culture undermines the authority of learned experts and the work of professionals. Keen

990-735: Is a compendium of natural philosophy , metaphysics , language arts, and social science. The single volume Propædia is Encyclopædia Britannica ' s compendium of the many volumes of its Macropaedia . The Bible is a group of many writings of the law, prophets, and writings of the Hebrew Bible held to be comprehensive and complete within Judaism and called the Old Testament by Christianity. Some well known literary figures have written their own compendium. An example would be Alexandre Dumas , author of The Three Musketeers , and

1045-529: Is used in compound words to suggest, 'a being or bringing together of many objects' and also suggests striving for completeness with perfection. And compenso means balance, poise, weigh, offset. The entry on the word 'compendious' in the Online Etymology Dictionary says "concise, abridged but comprehensive", "concise compilation comprising the general principles or leading points of a longer 'system or work ' ". Its etymology comes from

1100-606: The GNU Free Documentation License version 1.2. These licensing decisions were announced on 21 December 2007, about a year after the launch of the pilot project. The project was announced by Sanger on 15 September 2006, at the Wizards of OS 4 conference in Berlin . He gave no deadline for the full launch of the wiki . However, on 2 October 2006, Sanger released a pilot project announcement that envisioned

1155-646: The 12th century. A cookbook is a compendium of recipes within a given food culture. An example would be the Catechism of the Catholic Church , a concise 598-question-and-answer book which summarises the teachings of the Catholic Church. Most nations have compendiums or compilations of law meant to be comprehensive for use by their judiciary; for example, the 613 commandments , or the United States Code . The collected works of Aristotle

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1210-500: The 2008 Dutch documentary The Truth According to Misplaced Pages and was also featured in the 2010 American documentary Truth in Numbers? . Keen stresses the importance of media literacy and claims that user generated blogs, wikis and other "democratized" media, cannot match the resources of mainstream media outlets. Pointing to examples like being able to gather teams together, travel to dangerous locations (sometimes spending years in

1265-528: The Answer , Keen presents the history of the internet and its impact on psychology, economy, and society. He argues that the more the internet develops, the more detrimental it is to those who use it. Keen writes: "It is more like a negative feedback loop, a digital vicious cycle in which it is us, the Web's users, who are its victims rather than beneficiaries". Keen goes on to argue that the internet has allowed for

1320-586: The Australian Department of Broadband, Communication and the Digital Economy, wrote in a March 2010 article on crowdsourcing that "new participants to Misplaced Pages know that their contributions will have a significant audience; becoming a Misplaced Pages editor is trivial and instantaneous; since it lacks this immediate quality, Citizendium failed to attract the crowd." In March 2010, the project had 90 contributors who made at least one edit, with

1375-515: The Citizendium community to prepare an orderly process for choosing a new editor-in-chief. Sanger said that he was spending more time on his WatchKnow project, partly because he needs to earn an income—he said the "Citizendium project doesn't earn me a dime"—and partly because the Citizendium community had demonstrated that it could function effectively without his close, daily involvement, and because "there are squeakier wheels in my life just now". He added that stepping aside may "precipitate something of

1430-547: The Citizendium project "dead in the water." In 2014, the number of Citizendium contributors was under 100 and the number of edits per day was about "a dozen or so" according to Winthrop University 's Dean of Library Services. In September 2015, only seven editors had been active in the previous 30 days. In November 2016, a referendum was held to abolish the governing Citizendium Charter and the Council in favor of Misplaced Pages-style discussion and consensus. It attracted nine votes, and

1485-712: The Future deals about how societies need to address the challenges caused by the Digital Revolution as they did with its counterpart the Industrial Revolution , which similarly disrupted human lives and various industries. Rather than a critique on current technology, How to Fix the Future showcases what global leaders are doing to mitigate the effects of new technology on politics, culture, society, etc. Keen argues that people must try to preserve human values in an increasingly digital world and ensure

1540-489: The Internet in amoral terms, saying it is a mirror of human culture. "We see irreverence, and vitality, and excitement. We see a youthfulness. But we also see, I think, many of the worst developments in modern cultural life, and, in particular, I think we see what I call digital narcissism , this embrace of the self. It's Time magazine's person of the year for last year was you." Keen is also heavily critical of anonymity on

1595-469: The Internet, believing that it makes users behave worse, not better. He says: "The Web's cherished anonymity can be a weapon as well as a shield." Showing that misbehavior using anonymity has been so widely adopted, new definitions such as " trolls " and " sock puppets " have emerged. In the book Digital Vertigo , Keen argues that the "hypervisibility" promoted by social networks like Facebook and Twitter traps users into sacrificing vitally important parts of

1650-456: The anniversary of Citizendium. An article in the Financial Times quoted Larry Sanger predicting strong growth for the project: "At some point, possibly very soon, the Citizendium will grow explosively – say, quadruple the number of its active contributors, or even grow by an order of magnitude. And it will experience that growth over the course of a month or two, and its growth will continue to accelerate from that higher rate." Citizendium

1705-469: The contributions of "intellectuals," defined as "educated, thinking people who read about science or ideas regularly." Citizendium aimed to foster an expert culture and a community that encourages participants (to be called "authors") to "respect" the expert contributions (by what he referred to as a "gentle process of guidance"). Experts are required to verify their qualifications openly, for transparency and publicly accepted authority. This contrasts with

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1760-556: The demise of Audiocafe.com, Keen worked at various technology companies including Pulse 3D, SLO Media, Santa Cruz Networks, Jazziz Digital and Pure Depth, where he was director of global strategic sales. Keen stated in October, 2007, that he is working on his new book, tentatively titled, Star Wars 2.0 . In 2013, Keen founded FutureCast, a salon-style event series hosted by the AT&;T Foundry and Ericsson, which brings together start-up entrepreneurs, investors, and technologists to discuss

1815-576: The digital revolution. He is currently the host of "Keen On" show, a TechCrunch chat show. In 2005, Keen wrote that Web 2.0 is a "grand utopian movement" similar to " communist society " as described by Karl Marx . He also states: It worships the creative amateur: the self-taught filmmaker, the dorm-room musician, the unpublished writer. It suggests that everyone--even the most poorly educated and inarticulate amongst us--can and should use digital media to express and realize themselves. Web 2.0 "empowers" our creativity, it "democratizes" media, it "levels

1870-598: The editor-in-chief of Nupedia, which had a editorial review process similar to what he founded at Citizendum. It was first announced in September 2006 as a fork of the English Misplaced Pages , but instead launched in March 2007 with an emphasis on original content. The project's aim was to improve on the Misplaced Pages model by providing increased reliability. It planned to achieve this by requiring virtually all contributors to use their real names, by strictly moderating

1925-428: The emergence of "new, leviathan-like monopolists like Apple , Google , and Amazon ," impeding economic competition and economic justice between the rich and poor. Keen also argues that the internet encourages intolerance and that "rather than fostering a cultural renaissance, it has created a selfie-centered culture of voyeurism and narcissism". Published in 2018 by Grove Atlantic, Keen's most recent book How to Fix

1980-466: The human experience, like privacy and solitude. He compares the experience of participating in modern social networks with Jeremy Bentham 's Panopticon , concluding that: "The future should be anything but social." He is not without his critics. Tim O'Reilly has said: "he was just pure and simple looking for an angle, to create some controversy to sell a book, I don't think there's any substance whatever to his rants." In his book The Internet Is Not

2035-474: The idea and at first suggested his already existing Textop wiki as the site for the alpha test. Sanger later posted that Textop would not be a good choice, but showed continued interest in the proposal. He envisioned a "restricted-access" wiki where the idea could be tried and requested further discussion. No access to the pilot version of Citizendium, even read-only, was allowed to the general public. Sanger stated: "Only invited people will be able to view and edit

2090-478: The latest version of MediaWiki. User accounts were not retained and had to be recreated on the new server. As of July 2023, Citizendium's web traffic was 70,000 visits per month. Compendium The word compendium arrives from the Latin word compeneri , meaning "to weigh together or balance". The 21st century has seen the rise of democratized, online compendia in various fields. The Latin prefix 'con-'

2145-487: The launch, it was noted that Citizendium's family-friendly policy would mean the project would likely tend to avoid articles on slang terms for sexual activity, and particularly explicit articles on sexual practices. The Citizendium has a "professionalism" policy for editors, which Sanger said is different from most online communities. On 29 June 2007, Sanger announced an initiative via the project-wide mailing list that he dubbed "Citizendium 2.0". Characterizing his comments as

2200-408: The office was vacated in 2016. As of 21 July 2023, it had 17,956 "live" and 6,322 "lemma" articles (lemmas are undeveloped articles which contain little more than a definition). Sanger said in a 17 October 2006 press release that Citizendium "will soon attempt to unseat Misplaced Pages as the go-to destination for general information online". In August 2007, he captioned its pages: "The world needs

2255-506: The open and largely anonymous nature of Misplaced Pages, where subject specialists have neither any verifiable special knowledge of their subject nor agreed special status. Sanger stated that editors would not have pre-approval rights over edits by ordinary authors, though editors would have somewhat undefined authority over articles that fall within their specific area of expertise. Unlike Misplaced Pages, Citizendium does not allow anonymous editing. Participants must register under their real names with

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2310-402: The pilot project in an attempt to motivate greater participation. On 22 January 2007, Citizendium experimented with a new self-registration procedure: read/write access was granted automatically after creation of the account. There were a few instances of vandalism after this change, though the vandalism was quickly reverted. On 19 January, Sanger announced the formal organization of Citizendium as

2365-495: The pilot project wiki." Sanger also said that constables for the pilot project will be chosen by the chief constable. In a press release on 17 October 2006, Sanger announced: "the fledgling Citizendium Foundation will launch a six-week pilot project open to potential contributors by invitation". Several editors and other project leaders were named. It was also announced that the Citizendium Foundation had "started

2420-407: The pilot wiki, 183 articles on the wiki were "live" (meaning "someone is or intends to be working on them") and there were about 300 total edits to the wiki on 7 November. In a 17 January 2007 post to the Citizendium forum, Sanger stated that "we have had only 10–20 (very) active people out of 500 accounts created." As a result, Sanger decided to delete all articles besides those marked "CZ live" from

2475-407: The playing field" between experts and amateurs. The enemy of Web 2.0 is "elitist" traditional media. On 5 June 2007, Keen released his first book The Cult of the Amateur , published by Doubleday Currency , and gave a talk at Google the same day. The book is critical of free, user-generated content websites such as Misplaced Pages, YouTube, Digg , Reddit and many others. He prominently featured in

2530-493: The process of applying for 501(c) (3) status [non-profit status]" and had "received a firm commitment for a significant seed grant from a foundation, as well as small personal donations." In a follow-up post to the press release, Sanger said that the initial group allowed access to the pilot would consist of "ten editors, three constables, six authors, and me." The pilot project began operations on 23 October 2006. On 8 November, Larry Sanger reported that 263 user names had access to

2585-420: The project for unprofessional behavior, by providing "gentle expert oversight" of everyday contributors, and through "approved articles" which have undergone a form of peer-review by topic experts with credentials. Active contributors increased through the first quarter of 2008 and then declined; by 27 October 2011, the site had fewer than 100 active members. The last managing editor was Anthony Sebastian, until

2640-453: The region) and having skilled and experienced editors oversee the process, Keen forecasts that if the current Web 2.0 mentality—where content is either given away or stolen—continues, in 25 years there will not exist a professional music business, newspaper industry or publishing business and challenges his audience to question whether they value these or not. Keen discusses often-overlooked problems with participatory technology. He describes

2695-520: The rules of the GNU Free Documentation License —as it existed on Misplaced Pages at the time of Citizendium's launch. However, after initiating the idea of not forking, and then soliciting comments on the matter from Citizendium mailing list and web forum members, Sanger said that a complete fork at launch was not a "foregone conclusion". On 18 January 2007, Sanger announced that the pilot would, as an experiment, only carry articles that had been, or would soon be, worked on by Citizendium contributors, instead of

2750-502: Was "an experiment" and a new set of Misplaced Pages articles could be uploaded if the experiment were deemed unsuccessful. In May 2009, Sanger reduced his direct activity at Citizendium, and, in a message on 30 July 2009, he reminded those on the Citizendium-l mailing list of his previously declared intention not to serve as editor-in-chief for more than two or three years after the start of the project. Sanger has reiterated his call for

2805-581: Was born in Hampstead , North London, to a Jewish family. He attended the University of London , studying History under Hugh Seton-Watson , a British historian and political scientist. Keen earned a bachelor's degree in history and then studied at the University of Sarajevo in Yugoslavia. Having been influenced by Josef Škvorecký , Danilo Kiš , Jaroslav Hašek and especially the writings of Franz Kafka ; Keen relocated to America, where he earned

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2860-652: Was honored on 5 December 2007, as an award finalist of the Society for New Communications Research. The Society describes itself as a nonprofit global think-tank "dedicated to the advanced study of new communications tools, technologies and emerging modes of communication, and their effect on traditional media, professional communications, business, culture and society." The Society chose Citizendium for an award because it considered it "a leading organization" in these respects. Library writer Walt Crawford noted in April 2009 that Citizendium appeared to be in an "extended lull", with

2915-594: Was imported. On 25 March 2007, Citizendium ended its pilot phase and went live, into its beta phase, and the site became publicly readable. The launch coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Misplaced Pages." The day prior to launch, Sanger released an essay, "Why the Citizendium Will (Probably) Succeed" in which he stated that activity at Citizendium grew from 100 edits

2970-404: Was passed. A new managing editor was to be elected at the same time, but there were no nominations. On 2 July 2020, Larry Sanger wrote that he had transferred legal ownership of the Citizendium domain name to Pat Palmer, saying that Citizendium had "stopped being 'my' project a long time ago. But until this morning, I still owned the domain name." In early 2022, Citizendium upgraded its software to

3025-564: Was supposed to be carried out under the auspices of the Citizendium Foundation, but in 2020, treasurer of the project stated that the foundation was never registered. Breakdown of articles in December 2007 Citizendium original articles are available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC BY-SA). Articles that originated in part from Misplaced Pages are also available under

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